A question of origin: Where and how to collect seed for ecological restoration

Native plant species are routinely planted or sown in ecological restoration projects, but successful establishment and survival depend on where and how seeds are collected. Research suggests that it is important to use locally adapted seeds. Local populations often show a home-site advantage and no...

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Published inBasic and applied ecology Vol. 11; no. 4; pp. 300 - 311
Main Authors Vander Mijnsbrugge, Kristine, Bischoff, Armin, Smith, Barbara
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier GmbH 01.06.2010
Elsevier
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Abstract Native plant species are routinely planted or sown in ecological restoration projects, but successful establishment and survival depend on where and how seeds are collected. Research suggests that it is important to use locally adapted seeds. Local populations often show a home-site advantage and non-local genotypes may be maladapted to local environmental conditions. Furthermore, intraspecific hybridisation of local and non-local genotypes may have a negative impact on the genetic structure of local populations via mechanisms such as outbreeding depression. Many species show a strong small-scale genetic differentiation between different habitats so that matching habitats of the restoration and donor site can be more important than minimizing geographical separation. It is a challenge to identify appropriate seed sources because strong small-scale population differentiation makes it difficult to delineate geographically defined seed zones to which seed exchange should be limited. Moreover, it is important to consider the genetic diversity of introduced material because it may be crucial to avoid genetic bottlenecks, inbreeding depression and poor establishment of plant populations. Repeated propagation in stock, which is often required to obtain a sufficient amount of seeds, can further reduce genetic diversity and may select for particular genotypes. Negative impacts of improper seed choice for nursery planting stock may become detectable only after many years, especially in long-lived and slow growing plants. Although scientific information on many species remains limited, the increasing demand for translocation of seed means that mandatory regulations are necessary. Guidelines should prescribe a specification of seed provenance, a record of genetic diversity of wild collections and rules for subsequent processing such as direct transfer and propagation of stock or seed orchards. We use a literature review to evaluate current legislation and to develop recommendations for herbaceous and woody species. Es ist heute gängige Praxis, heimische Pflanzenarten zu Renaturierungszwecken auszubringen. Die erfolgreiche Etablierung hängt jedoch davon ab, wie und wo das Saat- oder Pflanzgut gewonnen wurde. Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass nur lokal angepasste Herkünfte eingesetzt werden sollten. Es ist vielfach festgestellt worden, dass sie eine höhere Fitness als fremde Herkünfte besitzen, und letztere sind daher schlecht an lokale Umweltbedingungen angepasst. Eine intraspezifische Hybridisierung mit gebietsfremden Populationen kann weiterhin einen negativen Einfluss auf die genetische Struktur von lokalen Populationen haben wie z.B. outbreeding depression. Einige Arten zeigen eine starke kleinräumige genetische Differenzierung zwischen verschiedenen Habitaten, so dass die Übereinstimmung von Spender- und Renaturierungsflächen wichtiger sein kann als eine minimale Entfernung. Diese kleinräumige Differenzierung macht es schwierig, geographische Regionen festzulegen, innerhalb derer ein Austausch von Pflanzenmaterial unbedenklich ist. Darüber hinaus muss die genetische Diversität des gesammelten und eingeführten Materials berücksichtigt werden, um genetische Flaschenhälse, Inzuchtdepression und eine geringe Etablierungsrate zu vermeiden. Eine wiederholte Kultivierung und Vermehrung von Pflanzenarten, die oft notwendig ist, um eine ausreichende Samenmenge zu produzieren, kann zu einer weiteren Reduktion der genetischen Diversität beitragen oder zu einer Selektion bestimmter Genotypen führen. Negative Auswirkungen einer ungeeigneten Auswahl von Herkünften werden insbesondere bei langlebigen und langsam wachsenden Arten häufig erst nach vielen Jahren feststellbar. Angesichts des wachsenden Bedarfs an Wildpflanzensaatgut sind verbindliche Regelungen notwendig, auch wenn die Datenlage für viele Arten immer noch unzureichend ist. Diese Richtlinien sollten Vorgaben zur Herkunft und Diversität des Saatgutes bei der Sammlung am natürlichen Standort machen und die nachfolgende Prozesskette von der Saatgutreinigung und Lagerung über die Vermehrung bis hin zur Ausbringung regeln. Unter Verwendung von Literaturdaten bewerten wir die gegenwärtige Gesetzgebung und entwickeln Empfehlungen sowohl für krautige Pflanzen als auch für Gehölze.
AbstractList Native plant species are routinely planted or sown in ecological restoration projects, but successful establishment and survival depend on where and how seeds are collected. Research suggests that it is important to use locally adapted seeds. Local populations often show a home-site advantage and non-local genotypes may be maladapted to local environmental conditions. Furthermore, intraspecific hybridisation of local and non-local genotypes may have a negative impact on the genetic structure of local populations via mechanisms such as outbreeding depression. Many species show a strong small-scale genetic differentiation between different habitats so that matching habitats of the restoration and donor site can be more important than minimizing geographical separation. It is a challenge to identify appropriate seed sources because strong small-scale population differentiation makes it difficult to delineate geographically defined seed zones to which seed exchange should be limited. Moreover, it is important to consider the genetic diversity of introduced material because it may be crucial to avoid genetic bottlenecks, inbreeding depression and poor establishment of plant populations. Repeated propagation in stock, which is often required to obtain a sufficient amount of seeds, can further reduce genetic diversity and may select for particular genotypes. Negative impacts of improper seed choice for nursery planting stock may become detectable only after many years, especially in long-lived and slow growing plants. Although scientific information on many species remains limited, the increasing demand for translocation of seed means that mandatory regulations are necessary. Guidelines should prescribe a specification of seed provenance, a record of genetic diversity of wild collections and rules for subsequent processing such as direct transfer and propagation of stock or seed orchards. We use a literature review to evaluate current legislation and to develop recommendations for herbaceous and woody species. / Es ist heute gängige Praxis, heimische Pflanzenarten zu Renaturierungszwecken auszubringen. Die erfolgreiche Etablierung hängt jedoch davon ab, wie und wo das Saat- oder Pflanzgut gewonnen wurde. Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass nur lokal angepasste Herkünfte eingesetzt werden sollten. Es ist vielfach festgestellt worden, dass sie eine höhere Fitness als fremde Herkünfte besitzen, und letztere sind daher schlecht an lokale Umweltbedingungen angepasst. Eine intraspezifische Hybridisierung mit gebietsfremden Populationen kann weiterhin einen negativen Einfluss auf die genetische Struktur von lokalen Populationen haben wie z.B. outbreeding depression. Einige Arten zeigen eine starke kleinräumige genetische Differenzierung zwischen verschiedenen Habitaten, so dass die Übereinstimmung von Spender- und Renaturierungsflächen wichtiger sein kann als eine minimale Entfernung. Diese kleinräumige Differenzierung macht es schwierig, geographische Regionen festzulegen, innerhalb derer ein Austausch von Pflanzenmaterial unbedenklich ist. Darüber hinaus muss die genetische Diversität des gesammelten und eingeführten Materials berücksichtigt werden, um genetische Flaschenhälse, Inzuchtdepression und eine geringe Etablierungsrate zu vermeiden. Eine wiederholte Kultivierung und Vermehrung von Pflanzenarten, die oft notwendig ist, um eine ausreichende Samenmenge zu produzieren, kann zu einer weiteren Reduktion der genetischen Diversität beitragen oder zu einer Selektion bestimmter Genotypen führen. Negative Auswirkungen einer ungeeigneten Auswahl von Herkünften werden insbesondere bei langlebigen und langsam wachsenden Arten häufig erst nach vielen Jahren feststellbar. Angesichts des wachsenden Bedarfs an Wildpflanzensaatgut sind verbindliche Regelungen notwendig, auch wenn die Datenlage für viele Arten immer noch unzureichend ist. Diese Richtlinien sollten Vorgaben zur Herkunft und Diversität des Saatgutes bei der Sammlung am natürlichen Standort machen und die nachfolgende Prozesskette von der Saatgutreinigu g und Lagerung über die Vermehrung bis hin zur Ausbringung regeln. Unter Verwendung von Literaturdaten bewerten wir die gegenwärtige Gesetzgebung und entwickeln Empfehlungen sowohl für krautige Pflanzen als auch für Gehölze.
Native plant species are routinely planted or sown in ecological restoration projects, but successful establishment and survival depend on where and how seeds are collected. Research suggests that it is important to use locally adapted seeds. Local populations often show a home-site advantage and non-local genotypes may be maladapted to local environmental conditions. Furthermore, intraspecific hybridisation of local and non-local genotypes may have a negative impact on the genetic structure of local populations via mechanisms such as outbreeding depression. Many species show a strong small-scale genetic differentiation between different habitats so that matching habitats of the restoration and donor site can be more important than minimizing geographical separation. It is a challenge to identify appropriate seed sources because strong small-scale population differentiation makes it difficult to delineate geographically defined seed zones to which seed exchange should be limited. Moreover, it is important to consider the genetic diversity of introduced material because it may be crucial to avoid genetic bottlenecks, inbreeding depression and poor establishment of plant populations. Repeated propagation in stock, which is often required to obtain a sufficient amount of seeds, can further reduce genetic diversity and may select for particular genotypes. Negative impacts of improper seed choice for nursery planting stock may become detectable only after many years, especially in long-lived and slow growing plants. Although scientific information on many species remains limited, the increasing demand for translocation of seed means that mandatory regulations are necessary. Guidelines should prescribe a specification of seed provenance, a record of genetic diversity of wild collections and rules for subsequent processing such as direct transfer and propagation of stock or seed orchards. We use a literature review to evaluate current legislation and to develop recommendations for herbaceous and woody species.
Native plant species are routinely planted or sown in ecological restoration projects, but successful establishment and survival depend on where and how seeds are collected. Research suggests that it is important to use locally adapted seeds. Local populations often show a home-site advantage and non-local genotypes may be maladapted to local environmental conditions. Furthermore, intraspecific hybridisation of local and non-local genotypes may have a negative impact on the genetic structure of local populations via mechanisms such as outbreeding depression. Many species show a strong small-scale genetic differentiation between different habitats so that matching habitats of the restoration and donor site can be more important than minimizing geographical separation. It is a challenge to identify appropriate seed sources because strong small-scale population differentiation makes it difficult to delineate geographically defined seed zones to which seed exchange should be limited. Moreover, it is important to consider the genetic diversity of introduced material because it may be crucial to avoid genetic bottlenecks, inbreeding depression and poor establishment of plant populations. Repeated propagation in stock, which is often required to obtain a sufficient amount of seeds, can further reduce genetic diversity and may select for particular genotypes. Negative impacts of improper seed choice for nursery planting stock may become detectable only after many years, especially in long-lived and slow growing plants. Although scientific information on many species remains limited, the increasing demand for translocation of seed means that mandatory regulations are necessary. Guidelines should prescribe a specification of seed provenance, a record of genetic diversity of wild collections and rules for subsequent processing such as direct transfer and propagation of stock or seed orchards. We use a literature review to evaluate current legislation and to develop recommendations for herbaceous and woody species. Es ist heute gängige Praxis, heimische Pflanzenarten zu Renaturierungszwecken auszubringen. Die erfolgreiche Etablierung hängt jedoch davon ab, wie und wo das Saat- oder Pflanzgut gewonnen wurde. Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass nur lokal angepasste Herkünfte eingesetzt werden sollten. Es ist vielfach festgestellt worden, dass sie eine höhere Fitness als fremde Herkünfte besitzen, und letztere sind daher schlecht an lokale Umweltbedingungen angepasst. Eine intraspezifische Hybridisierung mit gebietsfremden Populationen kann weiterhin einen negativen Einfluss auf die genetische Struktur von lokalen Populationen haben wie z.B. outbreeding depression. Einige Arten zeigen eine starke kleinräumige genetische Differenzierung zwischen verschiedenen Habitaten, so dass die Übereinstimmung von Spender- und Renaturierungsflächen wichtiger sein kann als eine minimale Entfernung. Diese kleinräumige Differenzierung macht es schwierig, geographische Regionen festzulegen, innerhalb derer ein Austausch von Pflanzenmaterial unbedenklich ist. Darüber hinaus muss die genetische Diversität des gesammelten und eingeführten Materials berücksichtigt werden, um genetische Flaschenhälse, Inzuchtdepression und eine geringe Etablierungsrate zu vermeiden. Eine wiederholte Kultivierung und Vermehrung von Pflanzenarten, die oft notwendig ist, um eine ausreichende Samenmenge zu produzieren, kann zu einer weiteren Reduktion der genetischen Diversität beitragen oder zu einer Selektion bestimmter Genotypen führen. Negative Auswirkungen einer ungeeigneten Auswahl von Herkünften werden insbesondere bei langlebigen und langsam wachsenden Arten häufig erst nach vielen Jahren feststellbar. Angesichts des wachsenden Bedarfs an Wildpflanzensaatgut sind verbindliche Regelungen notwendig, auch wenn die Datenlage für viele Arten immer noch unzureichend ist. Diese Richtlinien sollten Vorgaben zur Herkunft und Diversität des Saatgutes bei der Sammlung am natürlichen Standort machen und die nachfolgende Prozesskette von der Saatgutreinigung und Lagerung über die Vermehrung bis hin zur Ausbringung regeln. Unter Verwendung von Literaturdaten bewerten wir die gegenwärtige Gesetzgebung und entwickeln Empfehlungen sowohl für krautige Pflanzen als auch für Gehölze.
Native plant species are routinely planted or sown in ecological restoration projects, but successful establishment and survival depend on where and how seeds are collected. Research suggests that it is important to use locally adapted seeds. Local populations often show a home-site advantage and non-local genotypes may be maladapted to local environmental conditions. Furthermore, intraspecific hybridisation of local and non-local genotypes may have a negative impact on the genetic structure of local populations via mechanisms such as outbreeding depression. Many species show a strong small-scale genetic differentiation between different habitats so that matching habitats of the restoration and donor site can be more important than minimizing geographical separation. It is a challenge to identify appropriate seed sources because strong small-scale population differentiation makes it difficult to delineate geographically defined seed zones to which seed exchange should be limited. Moreover, it is important to consider the genetic diversity of introduced material because it may be crucial to avoid genetic bottlenecks, inbreeding depression and poor establishment of plant populations. Repeated propagation in stock, which is often required to obtain a sufficient amount of seeds, can further reduce genetic diversity and may select for particular genotypes. Negative impacts of improper seed choice for nursery planting stock may become detectable only after many years, especially in long-lived and slow growing plants. Although scientific information on many species remains limited, the increasing demand for translocation of seed means that mandatory regulations are necessary. Guidelines should prescribe a specification of seed provenance, a record of genetic diversity of wild collections and rules for subsequent processing such as direct transfer and propagation of stock or seed orchards. We use a literature review to evaluate current legislation and to develop recommendations for herbaceous and woody species. Es ist heute gA[curren]ngige Praxis, heimische Pflanzenarten zu Renaturierungszwecken auszubringen. Die erfolgreiche Etablierung hA[curren]ngt jedoch davon ab, wie und wo das Saat- oder Pflanzgut gewonnen wurde. Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass nur lokal angepasste Herkuenfte eingesetzt werden sollten. Es ist vielfach festgestellt worden, dass sie eine hoehere Fitness als fremde Herkuenfte besitzen, und letztere sind daher schlecht an lokale Umweltbedingungen angepasst. Eine intraspezifische Hybridisierung mit gebietsfremden Populationen kann weiterhin einen negativen Einfluss auf die genetische Struktur von lokalen Populationen haben wie z.B. outbreeding depression. Einige Arten zeigen eine starke kleinrA[curren]umige genetische Differenzierung zwischen verschiedenen Habitaten, so dass die Aoebereinstimmung von Spender- und RenaturierungsflA[curren]chen wichtiger sein kann als eine minimale Entfernung. Diese kleinrA[curren]umige Differenzierung macht es schwierig, geographische Regionen festzulegen, innerhalb derer ein Austausch von Pflanzenmaterial unbedenklich ist. Darueber hinaus muss die genetische DiversitA[curren]t des gesammelten und eingefuehrten Materials beruecksichtigt werden, um genetische FlaschenhA[curren]lse, Inzuchtdepression und eine geringe Etablierungsrate zu vermeiden. Eine wiederholte Kultivierung und Vermehrung von Pflanzenarten, die oft notwendig ist, um eine ausreichende Samenmenge zu produzieren, kann zu einer weiteren Reduktion der genetischen DiversitA[curren]t beitragen oder zu einer Selektion bestimmter Genotypen fuehren. Negative Auswirkungen einer ungeeigneten Auswahl von Herkuenften werden insbesondere bei langlebigen und langsam wachsenden Arten hA[curren]ufig erst nach vielen Jahren feststellbar. Angesichts des wachsenden Bedarfs an Wildpflanzensaatgut sind verbindliche Regelungen notwendig, auch wenn die Datenlage fuer viele Arten immer noch unzureichend ist. Diese Richtlinien sollten Vorgaben zur Herkunft und DiversitA[curren]t des Saatgutes bei der Sammlung am natuerlichen Standort machen und die nachfolgende Prozesskette von der Saatgutreinigung und Lagerung ueber die Vermehrung bis hin zur Ausbringung regeln. Unter Verwendung von Literaturdaten bewerten wir die gegenwA[curren]rtige Gesetzgebung und entwickeln Empfehlungen sowohl fuer krautige Pflanzen als auch fuer Gehoelze.
Author Bischoff, Armin
Vander Mijnsbrugge, Kristine
Smith, Barbara
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Kristine
  surname: Vander Mijnsbrugge
  fullname: Vander Mijnsbrugge, Kristine
  email: Kristine.VanderMijnsbrugge@inbo.be
  organization: Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Gaverstraat 4, B-9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Armin
  surname: Bischoff
  fullname: Bischoff, Armin
  organization: University of Fribourg, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Chemin du muse 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Barbara
  surname: Smith
  fullname: Smith, Barbara
  organization: The Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, Burgate Manor, Fordingbridge, Hampshire SP6 1EF, UK
BackLink https://institut-agro-rennes-angers.hal.science/hal-00729690$$DView record in HAL
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Issue 4
Keywords Seed orchard
Seed provenance
Home-site advantage
Commercial seed collection
Local adaptation
Inbreeding and outbreeding depression
Seed transfer
Habitat differentiation
Seed collection zones
GRAINE
LOCAL ADAPTATION
SEED ORCHAR
GENOTYPE
TRANSFERT DES SEMENCES
DIVERSITE GENETIQUE
SEMENCE
HABITAT DIFFERENTIATION
ECHANGE DES SEMENCES
COMMERCIAL SEED COLLECTION
RESTAURATION ECOLOGIQUE
SEED PROVENANCE
COLLECTE DES SEMENCES
HOME-SITE ADVANTAGE
SEED TRANSFER
HABITAT
INBREEDING DEPRESSION
PLANTE INDIGENE
SEED COLLECTION ZONES
PROVENANCE DES SEMENCES
Language English
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Snippet Native plant species are routinely planted or sown in ecological restoration projects, but successful establishment and survival depend on where and how seeds...
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SubjectTerms Commercial seed collection
ecological restoration
environmental factors
genetic variation
genotype
guidelines
Habitat differentiation
habitats
Home-site advantage
hybridization
inbreeding
Inbreeding and outbreeding depression
inbreeding depression
indigenous species
Life Sciences
Local adaptation
outbreeding depression
plant establishment
planting
provenance
Seed collection zones
seed exchange
Seed orchard
seed orchards
Seed provenance
Seed transfer
seeds
Vegetal Biology
woody plants
Title A question of origin: Where and how to collect seed for ecological restoration
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Volume 11
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