A randomized, double‐blind, crossover comparison among cetirizine, levocetirizine, and ucb 28557 on histamine‐induced cutaneous responses in healthy adult volunteers
Background: Cetirizine is a highly efficacious and long‐acting second‐generation H1‐receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria, in adults and children. Pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that cetirizine, a racemate mixt...
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Published in | Allergy (Copenhagen) Vol. 56; no. 1; pp. 50 - 57 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Copenhagen
Munksgaard International Publishers
01.01.2001
Blackwell |
Subjects | |
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Abstract | Background: Cetirizine is a highly efficacious and long‐acting second‐generation H1‐receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria, in adults and children. Pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that cetirizine, a racemate mixture composed of equal amounts of two enantiomers, does not undergo hepatic metabolism to any significant level. The enantiomers are excreted mainly unchanged, predominantly in the urine and to a lesser extent in the faeces.
Methods: The pharmacologic activity and potency of the two enantiomers of cetirizine in the management of allergic skin conditions were investigated by studying the effect of treatment with 5.0 mg cetirizine; 2.5 mg levocetirizine, the (R)‐enantiomer; and 2.5 mg ucb 28557, the (S)‐enantiomer, on histamine‐induced wheal and flare response in 18 healthy volunteers. Each treatment was administered as a single oral dose in randomized, double‐blind, and crossover manner, and the efficacy of treatment was assessed over a period of 32 h, as per cent inhibition of the histamine‐induced wheal and flare areas before treatment. Blood and urine samples were collected in a time‐dependent manner and analyzed for the total amounts of each study drug, to elucidate their pharmacokinetic profiles.
Results: Both cetirizine and levocetirizine caused a marked inhibition of histamine‐induced wheal and flare, whereas ucb 28557 was inactive in this model. Inhibition of the wheal response observed for cetirizine and levocetirizine was apparent by 1 h after dosage and lasted for mean durations of 24.4 and 28.4 h, respectively. In addition, the response for cetirizine and levocetirizine became maximal by 6 h after treatment, rising to 79.5% and 83.8%. Similarly, cetirizine and levocetirizine also markedly inhibited the histamine‐induced flare response. This effect was evident for both drugs by 1 h after dosage and lasted over a mean period of 28.4 and 26.0 h, respectively, for cetirizine and levocetirizine. The inhibitory effect of these compounds on histamine‐induced flare response was also maximal by approximately 6 h after dosage, peaking at 88.5% and 83.6%, respectively. Statistical evaluation showed that cetirizine and levocetirizine were equivalent for maximum inhibition of histamine‐induced wheal and flare. However, levocetirizine was found to be superior to cetirizine when area under the curve was compared. In contrast, ucb 28557 was not found to inhibit histamine‐induced wheal and flare responses at any time during the study period. Plasma concentrations of levocetirizine were found to be approximately double those of ucb 28557 at 4 and 8 h after dosing, and 50–60% of the drugs were excreted unchanged in urine over a period of 32 h.
Conclusions: The finding that, in this model, levocetirizine 2.5 mg has comparable antihistaminic activity to cetirizine 5 mg, whereas its other enantiomer ucb 28557 has no pharmacodynamic effect, suggests that the antihistaminic properties of cetirizine observed in the management of allergic skin conditions are likely to be attributable to levocetirizine. |
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AbstractList | Cetirizine is a highly efficacious and long-acting second-generation H sub(1)-receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria, in adults and children. Pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that cetirizine, a racemate mixture composed of equal amounts of two enantiomers, does not undergo hepatic metabolism to any significant level. The enantiomers are excreted mainly unchanged, predominantly in the urine and to a lesser extent in the faeces. The pharmacologic activity and potency of the two enantiomers of cetirizine in the management of allergic skin conditions were investigated by studying the effect of treatment with 5.0 mg cetirizine; 2.5 mg levocetirizine, the (R)-enantiomer; and 2.5 mg ucb 28557, the (S)-enantiomer, on histamine-induced wheal and flare response in 18 healthy volunteers. Each treatment was administered as a single oral dose in randomized, double-blind, and crossover manner, and the efficacy of treatment was assessed over a period of 32 h, as per cent inhibition of the histamine-induced wheal and flare areas before treatment. Blood and urine samples were collected in a time-dependent manner and analyzed for the total amounts of each study drug, to elucidate their pharmacokinetic profiles. Both cetirizine and levocetirizine caused a marked inhibition of histamine-induced wheal and flare, whereas ucb 28557 was inactive in this model. Inhibition of the wheal response observed for cetirizine and levocetirizine was apparent by 1 h after dosage and lasted for mean durations of 24.4 and 28.4 h, respectively. In addition, the response for cetirizine and levocetirizine became maximal by 6 h after treatment, rising to 79.5% and 83.8%. Similarly, cetirizine and levocetirizine also markedly inhibited the histamine-induced flare response. This effect was evident for both drugs by 1 h after dosage and lasted over a mean period of 28.4 and 26.0 h, respectively, for cetirizine and levocetirizine. The inhibitory effect of these compounds on histamine-induced flare response was also maximal by approximately 6 h after dosage, peaking at 88.5% and 83.6%, respectively. Statistical evaluation showed that cetirizine and levocetirizine were equivalent for maximum inhibition of histamine-induced wheal and flare. However, levocetirizine was found to be superior to cetirizine when area under the curve was compared. In contrast, ucb 28557 was not found to inhibit histamine-induced wheal and flare responses at any time during the study period. Plasma concentrations of levocetirizine were found to be approximately double those of ucb 28557 at 4 and 8 h after dosing, and 50-60% of the drugs were excreted unchanged in urine over a period of 32 h. The finding that, in this model, levocetirizine 2.5 mg has comparable antihistaminic activity to cetirizine 5 mg, whereas its other enantiomer ucb 28557 has no pharmacodynamic effect, suggests that the antihistaminic properties of cetirizine observed in the management of allergic skin conditions are likely to be attributable to levocetirizine. Cetirizine is a highly efficacious and long-acting second-generation H1-receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria, in adults and children. Pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that cetirizine, a racemate mixture composed of equal amounts of two enantiomers, does not undergo hepatic metabolism to any significant level. The enantiomers are excreted mainly unchanged, predominantly in the urine and to a lesser extent in the faeces. The pharmacologic activity and potency of the two enantiomers of cetirizine in the management of allergic skin conditions were investigated by studying the effect of treatment with 5.0 mg cetirizine; 2.5 mg levocetirizine, the (R)-enantiomer; and 2.5 mg ucb 28557, the (S)-enantiomer, on histamine-induced wheal and flare response in 18 healthy volunteers. Each treatment was administered as a single oral dose in randomized, double-blind, and crossover manner, and the efficacy of treatment was assessed over a period of 32 h, as per cent inhibition of the histamine-induced wheal and flare areas before treatment. Blood and urine samples were collected in a time-dependent manner and analyzed for the total amounts of each study drug, to elucidate their pharmacokinetic profiles. Both cetirizine and levocetirizine caused a marked inhibition of histamine-induced wheal and flare, whereas ucb 28557 was inactive in this model. Inhibition of the wheal response observed for cetirizine and levocetirizine was apparent by 1 h after dosage and lasted for mean durations of 24.4 and 28.4 h, respectively. In addition, the response for cetirizine and levocetirizine became maximal by 6 h after treatment, rising to 79.5% and 83.8%. Similarly, cetirizine and levocetirizine also markedly inhibited the histamine-induced flare response. This effect was evident for both drugs by 1 h after dosage and lasted over a mean period of 28.4 and 26.0 h, respectively, for cetirizine and levocetirizine. The inhibitory effect of these compounds on histamine-induced flare response was also maximal by approximately 6 h after dosage, peaking at 88.5%) and 83.6%, respectively. Statistical evaluation showed that cetirizine and levocetirizine were equivalent for maximum inhibition of histamine-induced wheal and flare. However, levocetirizine was found to be superior to cetirizine when area under the curve was compared. In contrast, ucb 28557 was not found to inhibit histamine-induced wheal and flare responses at any time during the study period. Plasma concentrations of levocetirizine were found to be approximately double those of ucb 28557 at 4 and 8 h after dosing, and 50-60% of the drugs were excreted unchanged in urine over a period of 32 h. The finding that, in this model, levocetirizine 2.5 mg has comparable antihistaminic activity to cetirizine 5 mg, whereas its other enantiomer ucb 28557 has no pharmacodynamic effect, suggests that the antihistaminic properties of cetirizine observed in the management of allergic skin conditions are likely to be attributable to levocetirizine. Background: Cetirizine is a highly efficacious and long‐acting second‐generation H1‐receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria, in adults and children. Pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that cetirizine, a racemate mixture composed of equal amounts of two enantiomers, does not undergo hepatic metabolism to any significant level. The enantiomers are excreted mainly unchanged, predominantly in the urine and to a lesser extent in the faeces. Methods: The pharmacologic activity and potency of the two enantiomers of cetirizine in the management of allergic skin conditions were investigated by studying the effect of treatment with 5.0 mg cetirizine; 2.5 mg levocetirizine, the (R)‐enantiomer; and 2.5 mg ucb 28557, the (S)‐enantiomer, on histamine‐induced wheal and flare response in 18 healthy volunteers. Each treatment was administered as a single oral dose in randomized, double‐blind, and crossover manner, and the efficacy of treatment was assessed over a period of 32 h, as per cent inhibition of the histamine‐induced wheal and flare areas before treatment. Blood and urine samples were collected in a time‐dependent manner and analyzed for the total amounts of each study drug, to elucidate their pharmacokinetic profiles. Results: Both cetirizine and levocetirizine caused a marked inhibition of histamine‐induced wheal and flare, whereas ucb 28557 was inactive in this model. Inhibition of the wheal response observed for cetirizine and levocetirizine was apparent by 1 h after dosage and lasted for mean durations of 24.4 and 28.4 h, respectively. In addition, the response for cetirizine and levocetirizine became maximal by 6 h after treatment, rising to 79.5% and 83.8%. Similarly, cetirizine and levocetirizine also markedly inhibited the histamine‐induced flare response. This effect was evident for both drugs by 1 h after dosage and lasted over a mean period of 28.4 and 26.0 h, respectively, for cetirizine and levocetirizine. The inhibitory effect of these compounds on histamine‐induced flare response was also maximal by approximately 6 h after dosage, peaking at 88.5% and 83.6%, respectively. Statistical evaluation showed that cetirizine and levocetirizine were equivalent for maximum inhibition of histamine‐induced wheal and flare. However, levocetirizine was found to be superior to cetirizine when area under the curve was compared. In contrast, ucb 28557 was not found to inhibit histamine‐induced wheal and flare responses at any time during the study period. Plasma concentrations of levocetirizine were found to be approximately double those of ucb 28557 at 4 and 8 h after dosing, and 50–60% of the drugs were excreted unchanged in urine over a period of 32 h. Conclusions: The finding that, in this model, levocetirizine 2.5 mg has comparable antihistaminic activity to cetirizine 5 mg, whereas its other enantiomer ucb 28557 has no pharmacodynamic effect, suggests that the antihistaminic properties of cetirizine observed in the management of allergic skin conditions are likely to be attributable to levocetirizine. Background: Cetirizine is a highly efficacious and long‐acting second‐generation H 1 ‐receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria, in adults and children. Pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that cetirizine, a racemate mixture composed of equal amounts of two enantiomers, does not undergo hepatic metabolism to any significant level. The enantiomers are excreted mainly unchanged, predominantly in the urine and to a lesser extent in the faeces. Methods: The pharmacologic activity and potency of the two enantiomers of cetirizine in the management of allergic skin conditions were investigated by studying the effect of treatment with 5.0 mg cetirizine; 2.5 mg levocetirizine, the ( R )‐enantiomer; and 2.5 mg ucb 28557, the ( S )‐enantiomer, on histamine‐induced wheal and flare response in 18 healthy volunteers. Each treatment was administered as a single oral dose in randomized, double‐blind, and crossover manner, and the efficacy of treatment was assessed over a period of 32 h, as per cent inhibition of the histamine‐induced wheal and flare areas before treatment. Blood and urine samples were collected in a time‐dependent manner and analyzed for the total amounts of each study drug, to elucidate their pharmacokinetic profiles. Results: Both cetirizine and levocetirizine caused a marked inhibition of histamine‐induced wheal and flare, whereas ucb 28557 was inactive in this model. Inhibition of the wheal response observed for cetirizine and levocetirizine was apparent by 1 h after dosage and lasted for mean durations of 24.4 and 28.4 h, respectively. In addition, the response for cetirizine and levocetirizine became maximal by 6 h after treatment, rising to 79.5% and 83.8%. Similarly, cetirizine and levocetirizine also markedly inhibited the histamine‐induced flare response. This effect was evident for both drugs by 1 h after dosage and lasted over a mean period of 28.4 and 26.0 h, respectively, for cetirizine and levocetirizine. The inhibitory effect of these compounds on histamine‐induced flare response was also maximal by approximately 6 h after dosage, peaking at 88.5% and 83.6%, respectively. Statistical evaluation showed that cetirizine and levocetirizine were equivalent for maximum inhibition of histamine‐induced wheal and flare. However, levocetirizine was found to be superior to cetirizine when area under the curve was compared. In contrast, ucb 28557 was not found to inhibit histamine‐induced wheal and flare responses at any time during the study period. Plasma concentrations of levocetirizine were found to be approximately double those of ucb 28557 at 4 and 8 h after dosing, and 50–60% of the drugs were excreted unchanged in urine over a period of 32 h. Conclusions: The finding that, in this model, levocetirizine 2.5 mg has comparable antihistaminic activity to cetirizine 5 mg, whereas its other enantiomer ucb 28557 has no pharmacodynamic effect, suggests that the antihistaminic properties of cetirizine observed in the management of allergic skin conditions are likely to be attributable to levocetirizine. |
Author | De Vos, C. Baltes, E. Devalia, J. L. Hanotte, F. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: J. L. surname: Devalia fullname: Devalia, J. L. – sequence: 2 givenname: F. surname: Hanotte fullname: Hanotte, F. – sequence: 3 givenname: E. surname: Baltes fullname: Baltes, E. – sequence: 4 givenname: C. surname: De Vos fullname: De Vos, C. |
BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=855627$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11167352$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Keywords | Human Immunopathology Skin disease Urticaria Antiasthma agent Cetirizine Antihistaminic Biological activity Chemotherapy Randomization Treatment Enantiomer Double blind study Antagonist H1 Histamine receptor Levocetirizine Comparative study |
Language | English |
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References | 1990; 40 1990; 86 1993; 46 1991; 19 1987; 135 1990; 20S 1990; 28 1997; 52 1999; 29 Suppl 3 1998; 316 1995 1999; 54 1993 1989; 26 1998; 5 1996; 76 1987; 59 1987; 15 1992; 5 Snyder SH (e_1_2_6_16_2) 1987; 59 e_1_2_6_18_2 e_1_2_6_12_2 e_1_2_6_13_2 e_1_2_6_11_2 e_1_2_6_17_2 e_1_2_6_14_2 e_1_2_6_15_2 e_1_2_6_20_2 White MV (e_1_2_6_10_2) 1987; 135 Bousquet J (e_1_2_6_7_2) 1992; 5 e_1_2_6_8_2 e_1_2_6_9_2 e_1_2_6_4_2 e_1_2_6_3_2 e_1_2_6_6_2 e_1_2_6_5_2 e_1_2_6_24_2 e_1_2_6_23_2 e_1_2_6_2_2 Steinijans VW (e_1_2_6_19_2) 1990; 28 e_1_2_6_22_2 e_1_2_6_21_2 e_1_2_6_26_2 e_1_2_6_25_2 |
References_xml | – volume: 86 start-page: 360 year: 1990 end-page: 370 article-title: antigen‐induced cutaneous mediator release: simultaneous comparisons of histamine, tryptase and prostaglandin D release and the effect of oral corticosteroid administration publication-title: J Allergy Clin Immunol – volume: 316 start-page: 1147 year: 1998 end-page: 1150 article-title: Allergy and the skin. I. Urticaria publication-title: BMJ – volume: 135 start-page: 1165 year: 1987 end-page: 1176 article-title: Histamine and asthma publication-title: Am Rev Respir Dis – volume: 86 start-page: 371 year: 1990 end-page: 379 article-title: Determinants of histamine release in cutaneous allergic reactions in humans publication-title: J Allergy Clin Immunol – volume: 86 start-page: 540 year: 1990 end-page: 547 article-title: A double‐blind, single‐dose, crossover comparison of cetirizine, terfenadine, loratadine, astemizole, and chlorpheniramine versus placebo: suppressive effects on histamine‐induced wheals and flares during 24 hours in normal subjects publication-title: J Allergy Clin Immunol – volume: 59 start-page: 4 year: 1987 end-page: 8 article-title: Receptor effects of cetirizine publication-title: Ann Allergy – volume: 40 start-page: 762 year: 1990 end-page: 781 article-title: Cetirizine. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical potential in allergic rhinitis, pollen‐induced asthma and chronic urticaria publication-title: Drugs – volume: 5 start-page: 1137 year: 1992 end-page: 1142 article-title: Antihistamines in the treatment of asthma publication-title: Eur Respir J – volume: 20S start-page: 3 year: 1990 end-page: 17 article-title: The pharmacology and mechanisms of action of histamine H ‐antagonists publication-title: Clin Exp Allergy – start-page: 22.1 year: 1995 end-page: 22.12 – volume: 52 start-page: 205 year: 1997 end-page: 209 article-title: Onset of action in the nasal antihistaminic effect of cetirizine and loratadine in patients with allergic rhinitis publication-title: Allergy – volume: 76 start-page: 448 year: 1996 end-page: 454 article-title: Comparative study of cetirizine and terfenadine versus placebo in the symptomatic management of seasonal allergic rhinitis publication-title: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol – volume: 29 Suppl 3 start-page: 125 year: 1999 end-page: 132 article-title: Non‐cardiac adverse effects of antihistamines (H ‐receptor antagonists) publication-title: Clin Exp Allergy – volume: 28 start-page: 105 year: 1990 end-page: 110 article-title: Update on the statistical analysis of bioequivalence studies publication-title: Int J Clin Pharmacol – start-page: 255 year: 1993: end-page: 301. – volume: 26 start-page: 585 year: 1989 end-page: 589 article-title: Mediators and nasal allergy publication-title: Clin Exp Allergy – volume: 5 start-page: 21 year: 1992 end-page: 24 article-title: H antagonists in the management of the itch of urticarias publication-title: Skin Pharmacol – start-page: 21.1 year: 1995 end-page: 21.12 – volume: 29 Suppl 3 start-page: 109 year: 1999 end-page: 112 article-title: Assessment of urticaria and angio‐oedema publication-title: Clin Exp Allergy – volume: 15 start-page: 657 year: 1987 end-page: 680 article-title: A comparison of the two one‐sided tests procedure and power approach for assessing the bioequivalence of average bioavailability publication-title: J Pharmacokinet Biopharm – volume: 54 start-page: 700 year: 1999 end-page: 707 article-title: A double‐blind, single‐dose, crossover comparison of cetirizine, ebastine, epinastine, fexofenadine, terfenadine, and loratadine, versus placebo: suppression of histamine‐induced wheal and flare response for 24 h in healthy male subjects publication-title: Allergy – volume: 5 start-page: 307 year: 1998 end-page: 311 article-title: Nasal effect of cetirizine and loratadine at 24 hours in patients with allergic rhinitis publication-title: Am J Ther – volume: 20S start-page: 31 year: 1990 end-page: 41 article-title: Histamine and asthma: an appraisal based on specific H ‐receptor antagonism publication-title: Clin Exp Allergy – volume: 19 start-page: 174 year: 1991 end-page: 179 article-title: Inhibitory effects of orally or sublingually administered cetirizine on histamine‐induced wheals, flares and their correlation with cetirizine plasma concentrations publication-title: J Int Med Res – volume: 46 start-page: 1055 year: 1993 end-page: 1080 article-title: Cetirizine: a reappraisal of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in selected allergic disorders publication-title: Drugs – ident: e_1_2_6_20_2 doi: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00032.x – volume: 28 start-page: 105 year: 1990 ident: e_1_2_6_19_2 article-title: Update on the statistical analysis of bioequivalence studies publication-title: Int J Clin Pharmacol contributor: fullname: Steinijans VW – ident: e_1_2_6_2_2 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3109.x – ident: e_1_2_6_11_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1990.tb02456.x – ident: e_1_2_6_9_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02750.x – ident: e_1_2_6_13_2 – ident: e_1_2_6_23_2 doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63462-X – ident: e_1_2_6_24_2 doi: 10.2165/00003495-199040050-00009 – ident: e_1_2_6_15_2 doi: 10.2165/00003495-199346060-00008 – ident: e_1_2_6_12_2 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3125.x – ident: e_1_2_6_21_2 doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(90)90091-H – ident: e_1_2_6_25_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb00976.x – ident: e_1_2_6_26_2 doi: 10.1097/00045391-199809000-00006 – ident: e_1_2_6_6_2 doi: 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80100-9 – ident: e_1_2_6_14_2 doi: 10.1159/000211012 – volume: 5 start-page: 1137 year: 1992 ident: e_1_2_6_7_2 article-title: Antihistamines in the treatment of asthma publication-title: Eur Respir J doi: 10.1183/09031936.93.05091137 contributor: fullname: Bousquet J – volume: 135 start-page: 1165 year: 1987 ident: e_1_2_6_10_2 article-title: Histamine and asthma publication-title: Am Rev Respir Dis contributor: fullname: White MV – ident: e_1_2_6_5_2 doi: 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80099-5 – ident: e_1_2_6_4_2 – volume: 59 start-page: 4 year: 1987 ident: e_1_2_6_16_2 article-title: Receptor effects of cetirizine publication-title: Ann Allergy contributor: fullname: Snyder SH – ident: e_1_2_6_3_2 doi: 10.1136/bmj.316.7138.1147 – ident: e_1_2_6_8_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1990.tb02459.x – ident: e_1_2_6_17_2 – ident: e_1_2_6_18_2 doi: 10.1007/BF01068419 – ident: e_1_2_6_22_2 doi: 10.1177/030006059101900213 |
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Snippet | Background: Cetirizine is a highly efficacious and long‐acting second‐generation H1‐receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as... Cetirizine is a highly efficacious and long-acting second-generation H1-receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis... Background: Cetirizine is a highly efficacious and long‐acting second‐generation H 1 ‐receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as... Cetirizine is a highly efficacious and long-acting second-generation H sub(1)-receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as allergic... |
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SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Anti-Allergic Agents - adverse effects Anti-Allergic Agents - pharmacokinetics Anti-Allergic Agents - pharmacology antihistamines Biological and medical sciences cetirizine Cetirizine - adverse effects Cetirizine - pharmacokinetics Cetirizine - pharmacology Cross-Over Studies Double-Blind Method equivalence histamine Histamine - pharmacology Histamine and antagonists. Allergy Histamine H1 Antagonists - adverse effects Histamine H1 Antagonists - pharmacokinetics Histamine H1 Antagonists - pharmacology Humans levocetirizine Male Medical sciences Pharmacology. Drug treatments Skin Tests Stereoisomerism ucb 28557 urinary excretion urticaria |
Title | A randomized, double‐blind, crossover comparison among cetirizine, levocetirizine, and ucb 28557 on histamine‐induced cutaneous responses in healthy adult volunteers |
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