Plant species richness: the world records

Questions: The co-existence of high numbers of species has always fascinated ecologists, but what and where are the communities with the world records for plant species richness? The species—area relationship is among the best-known patterns in community ecology, but does it give a consistent global...

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Published inJournal of vegetation science Vol. 23; no. 4; pp. 796 - 802
Main Authors Wilson, J. Bastow, Peet, Robert K., Dengler, Jürgen, Pärtel, Meelis
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.08.2012
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Abstract Questions: The co-existence of high numbers of species has always fascinated ecologists, but what and where are the communities with the world records for plant species richness? The species—area relationship is among the best-known patterns in community ecology, but does it give a consistent global pattern for the most saturated communities, the global maxima? Location: The world. Methods: We assembled the maximum values recorded for vascular plant species richness for contiguous areas from 1 mm2 up to 1 ha. We applied the power function to relate maximal richness to area and to make extrapolations to the whole Earth. Results: Only two community types contain global plant species maxima. The maxima at smaller spatial grain were from oligo- to meso-trophic, managed, semi-natural, temperate grasslands (e.g. 89 species on 1 m 2 ), those at larger grains were from tropical rain forests (e.g. 942 species on 1 ha). The maximum richness values closely followed a power function with z = 0.250: close to Preston's 'canonical' value of 0.262. There was no discernable difference between maxima using rooted presence (i.e. including only plants rooted in the plot) vs shoot presence (i.e. including any plant with physical cover over the plot). However, shoot presence values must logically be greater, with the curves flattening out at very small grain, and there is evidence of this from point quadrats. Extrapolating the curve to the terrestrial surface of the Earth gave a prediction of 219 204 vascular plant species, surprisingly close to a recent estimate of 275 000 actual species. Conclusions: Very high richness at any spatial grain is found only in two particular habitat/community types. Nevertheless, these high richness values form a very strong, consistent pattern, not greatly affected by the method of sampling, and this pattern extrapolates amazingly well. The records challenge ecologists to consider mechanisms of species co-existence, answers to the 'Paradox of the Plankton'.
AbstractList Questions: The co-existence of high numbers of species has always fascinated ecologists, but what and where are the communities with the world records for plant species richness? The species—area relationship is among the best-known patterns in community ecology, but does it give a consistent global pattern for the most saturated communities, the global maxima? Location: The world. Methods: We assembled the maximum values recorded for vascular plant species richness for contiguous areas from 1 mm2 up to 1 ha. We applied the power function to relate maximal richness to area and to make extrapolations to the whole Earth. Results: Only two community types contain global plant species maxima. The maxima at smaller spatial grain were from oligo- to meso-trophic, managed, semi-natural, temperate grasslands (e.g. 89 species on 1 m 2 ), those at larger grains were from tropical rain forests (e.g. 942 species on 1 ha). The maximum richness values closely followed a power function with z = 0.250: close to Preston's 'canonical' value of 0.262. There was no discernable difference between maxima using rooted presence (i.e. including only plants rooted in the plot) vs shoot presence (i.e. including any plant with physical cover over the plot). However, shoot presence values must logically be greater, with the curves flattening out at very small grain, and there is evidence of this from point quadrats. Extrapolating the curve to the terrestrial surface of the Earth gave a prediction of 219 204 vascular plant species, surprisingly close to a recent estimate of 275 000 actual species. Conclusions: Very high richness at any spatial grain is found only in two particular habitat/community types. Nevertheless, these high richness values form a very strong, consistent pattern, not greatly affected by the method of sampling, and this pattern extrapolates amazingly well. The records challenge ecologists to consider mechanisms of species co-existence, answers to the 'Paradox of the Plankton'.
Questions The co‐existence of high numbers of species has always fascinated ecologists, but what and where are the communities with the world records for plant species richness? The species–area relationship is among the best‐known patterns in community ecology, but does it give a consistent global pattern for the most saturated communities, the global maxima? Location The world. Methods We assembled the maximum values recorded for vascular plant species richness for contiguous areas from 1 mm2 up to 1 ha. We applied the power function to relate maximal richness to area and to make extrapolations to the whole Earth. Results Only two community types contain global plant species maxima. The maxima at smaller spatial grain were from oligo‐ to meso‐trophic, managed, semi‐natural, temperate grasslands (e.g. 89 species on 1 m2), those at larger grains were from tropical rain forests (e.g. 942 species on 1 ha). The maximum richness values closely followed a power function with z = 0.250: close to Preston's ‘canonical’ value of 0.262. There was no discernable difference between maxima using rooted presence (i.e. including only plants rooted in the plot) vs shoot presence (i.e. including any plant with physical cover over the plot). However, shoot presence values must logically be greater, with the curves flattening out at very small grain, and there is evidence of this from point quadrats. Extrapolating the curve to the terrestrial surface of the Earth gave a prediction of 219 204 vascular plant species, surprisingly close to a recent estimate of 275 000 actual species. Conclusions Very high richness at any spatial grain is found only in two particular habitat/community types. Nevertheless, these high richness values form a very strong, consistent pattern, not greatly affected by the method of sampling, and this pattern extrapolates amazingly well. The records challenge ecologists to consider mechanisms of species co‐existence, answers to the ‘Paradox of the Plankton’. Extraordinarily high plant species richness is often claimed, but we assemble the world record values from areas 1 mm2 ‐ 1 ha. Up to 50 m2, all the maxima are in temperate nutrient‐poor grasslands; at larger spatial grain all are from tropical rain forest. The maximum values fall closely on a power‐law line with a slope of z = 0.25.
Author Dengler, Jürgen
Wilson, J. Bastow
Peet, Robert K.
Pärtel, Meelis
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: J. Bastow
  surname: Wilson
  fullname: Wilson, J. Bastow
  email: bastow@bastow.ac.nz
  organization: Botany Department, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Robert K.
  surname: Peet
  fullname: Peet, Robert K.
  email: peet@unc.edu
  organization: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, NC, 27599-3280, Chapel Hill, USA
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Jürgen
  surname: Dengler
  fullname: Dengler, Jürgen
  email: dengler@botanik.uni-hamburg.de
  organization: Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology of Plants, Biocentre Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Meelis
  surname: Pärtel
  fullname: Pärtel, Meelis
  email: meelis.partel@ut.ee
  organization: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
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1991; 2
1985; 1
2010; 37
2004; 104
2000; 27
1990; 13
2010
2002; 130
2011; 83
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2009
2003; 14
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1999; 87
1995
1961; 95
2008; 11
1994; 29
2001; 28
1987; 19
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2004; 32
2009; 36
2005a; 86
2003; 91
2001; 291
2000; 403
2011; 22
2008; 43
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4
2007; 5
1962; 43
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2001; 12
1979; 41
2003; 62
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2006; 168
1988
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Snippet Questions: The co-existence of high numbers of species has always fascinated ecologists, but what and where are the communities with the world records for...
Questions The co‐existence of high numbers of species has always fascinated ecologists, but what and where are the communities with the world records for plant...
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SubjectTerms Biodiversity
Canonical hypothesis
Forest ecology
FORUM
Grasses
Macroecology
Oligo- to mesotrophic grassland
Paradox of the Plankton
Paradoxes
Plant biodiversity
Plants
Power function
Rooted presence
Scale dependence
Shoot presence
Spatial grain
Spatial scale
Species
Species-area relation
Synecology
Tropical rain forest
Tropical rain forests
Vascular plants
Vegetation
World flora
Title Plant species richness: the world records
URI https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-V4XRB570-9/fulltext.pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23251355
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fj.1654-1103.2012.01400.x
Volume 23
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