Norspermidine Is Not a Self-Produced Trigger for Biofilm Disassembly
Formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilms, consisting of cells encapsulated within an extracellular matrix of exopolysaccharide and protein, requires the polyamine spermidine. A recent study reported that (1) related polyamine norspermidine is synthesized by B. subtilis using the equivalent of the Vib...
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Published in | Cell Vol. 156; no. 4; pp. 844 - 854 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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United States
Elsevier Inc
13.02.2014
Cell Press |
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Abstract | Formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilms, consisting of cells encapsulated within an extracellular matrix of exopolysaccharide and protein, requires the polyamine spermidine. A recent study reported that (1) related polyamine norspermidine is synthesized by B. subtilis using the equivalent of the Vibrio cholerae biosynthetic pathway, (2) exogenous norspermidine at 25 μM prevents B. subtilis biofilm formation, (3) endogenous norspermidine is present in biofilms at 50–80 μM, and (4) norspermidine prevents biofilm formation by condensing biofilm exopolysaccharide. In contrast, we find that, at concentrations up to 200 μM, exogenous norspermidine promotes biofilm formation. We find that norspermidine is absent in wild-type B. subtilis biofilms at all stages, and higher concentrations of exogenous norspermidine eventually inhibit planktonic growth and biofilm formation in an exopolysaccharide-independent manner. Moreover, orthologs of the V. cholerae norspermidine biosynthetic pathway are absent from B. subtilis, confirming that norspermidine is not physiologically relevant to biofilm function in this species.
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•Norspermidine is not found or synthesized in Bacillus subtilis biofilms•Exogenous norspermidine inhibits growth of wild-type cells•Exogenous norspermidine inhibits growth of exopolysaccharide-deficient cells•Lower levels of exogenous norspermidine promote biofilm formation
It has been reported that norspermidine is synthesized by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis and inhibits biofilm formation by condensing exopolysaccharide. Now it is shown that norspermidine is not synthesized by B. subtilis, and high levels of exogenous norspermidine inhibit cell growth in an exopolysaccharide-independent manner. |
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AbstractList | Summary Formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilms, consisting of cells encapsulated within an extracellular matrix of exopolysaccharide and protein, requires the polyamine spermidine. A recent study reported that (1) related polyamine norspermidine is synthesized by B. subtilis using the equivalent of the Vibrio cholerae biosynthetic pathway, (2) exogenous norspermidine at 25 mu M prevents B. subtilis biofilm formation, (3) endogenous norspermidine is present in biofilms at 50-80 mu M, and (4) norspermidine prevents biofilm formation by condensing biofilm exopolysaccharide. In contrast, we find that, at concentrations up to 200 mu M, exogenous norspermidine promotes biofilm formation. We find that norspermidine is absent in wild-type B. subtilis biofilms at all stages, and higher concentrations of exogenous norspermidine eventually inhibit planktonic growth and biofilm formation in an exopolysaccharide-independent manner. Moreover, orthologs of the V. cholerae norspermidine biosynthetic pathway are absent from B. subtilis, confirming that norspermidine is not physiologically relevant to biofilm function in this species. Formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilms, consisting of cells encapsulated within an extracellular matrix of exopolysaccharide and protein, requires the polyamine spermidine. A recent study reported that (1) related polyamine norspermidine is synthesized by B. subtilis using the equivalent of the Vibrio cholerae biosynthetic pathway, (2) exogenous norspermidine at 25 μM prevents B. subtilis biofilm formation, (3) endogenous norspermidine is present in biofilms at 50-80 μM, and (4) norspermidine prevents biofilm formation by condensing biofilm exopolysaccharide. In contrast, we find that, at concentrations up to 200 μM, exogenous norspermidine promotes biofilm formation. We find that norspermidine is absent in wild-type B. subtilis biofilms at all stages, and higher concentrations of exogenous norspermidine eventually inhibit planktonic growth and biofilm formation in an exopolysaccharide-independent manner. Moreover, orthologs of the V. cholerae norspermidine biosynthetic pathway are absent from B. subtilis, confirming that norspermidine is not physiologically relevant to biofilm function in this species. Formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilms, consisting of cells encapsulated within an extracellular matrix of exopolysaccharide and protein, requires the polyamine spermidine. A recent study reported that (1) related polyamine norspermidine is synthesized by B. subtilis using the equivalent of the Vibrio cholerae biosynthetic pathway, (2) exogenous norspermidine at 25 μM prevents B. subtilis biofilm formation, (3) endogenous norspermidine is present in biofilms at 50–80 μM, and (4) norspermidine prevents biofilm formation by condensing biofilm exopolysaccharide. In contrast, we find that, at concentrations up to 200 μM, exogenous norspermidine promotes biofilm formation. We find that norspermidine is absent in wild-type B. subtilis biofilms at all stages, and higher concentrations of exogenous norspermidine eventually inhibit planktonic growth and biofilm formation in an exopolysaccharide-independent manner. Moreover, orthologs of the V. cholerae norspermidine biosynthetic pathway are absent from B. subtilis, confirming that norspermidine is not physiologically relevant to biofilm function in this species. [Display omitted] •Norspermidine is not found or synthesized in Bacillus subtilis biofilms•Exogenous norspermidine inhibits growth of wild-type cells•Exogenous norspermidine inhibits growth of exopolysaccharide-deficient cells•Lower levels of exogenous norspermidine promote biofilm formation It has been reported that norspermidine is synthesized by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis and inhibits biofilm formation by condensing exopolysaccharide. Now it is shown that norspermidine is not synthesized by B. subtilis, and high levels of exogenous norspermidine inhibit cell growth in an exopolysaccharide-independent manner. Formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilms, consisting of cells encapsulated within an extracellular matrix of exopolysaccharide and protein, requires the polyamine spermidine. A recent study reported that (1) related polyamine norspermidine is synthesized by B. subtilis using the equivalent of the Vibrio cholerae biosynthetic pathway, (2) exogenous norspermidine at 25 μM prevents B. subtilis biofilm formation, (3) endogenous norspermidine is present in biofilms at 50–80 μM, and (4) norspermidine prevents biofilm formation by condensing biofilm exopolysaccharide. In contrast, we find that, at concentrations up to 200 μM, exogenous norspermidine promotes biofilm formation. We find that norspermidine is absent in wild-type B. subtilis biofilms at all stages, and higher concentrations of exogenous norspermidine eventually inhibit planktonic growth and biofilm formation in an exopolysaccharide-independent manner. Moreover, orthologs of the V. cholerae norspermidine biosynthetic pathway are absent from B. subtilis , confirming that norspermidine is not physiologically relevant to biofilm function in this species. • Norspermidine is not found or synthesized in Bacillus subtilis biofilms • Exogenous norspermidine inhibits growth of wild-type cells • Exogenous norspermidine inhibits growth of exopolysaccharide-deficient cells • Lower levels of exogenous norspermidine promote biofilm formation It has been reported that norspermidine is synthesized by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis and inhibits biofilm formation by condensing exopolysaccharide. Now it is shown that norspermidine is not synthesized by B . subtilis , and high levels of exogenous norspermidine inhibit cell growth in an exopolysaccharide-independent manner. Formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilms, consisting of cells encapsulated within an extracellular matrix of exopolysaccharide and protein, requires the polyamine spermidine. A recent study reported that (1) related polyamine norspermidine is synthesized by B. subtilis using the equivalent of the Vibrio cholerae biosynthetic pathway, (2) exogenous norspermidine at 25 μM prevents B. subtilis biofilm formation, (3) endogenous norspermidine is present in biofilms at 50-80 μM, and (4) norspermidine prevents biofilm formation by condensing biofilm exopolysaccharide. In contrast, we find that, at concentrations up to 200 μM, exogenous norspermidine promotes biofilm formation. We find that norspermidine is absent in wild-type B. subtilis biofilms at all stages, and higher concentrations of exogenous norspermidine eventually inhibit planktonic growth and biofilm formation in an exopolysaccharide-independent manner. Moreover, orthologs of the V. cholerae norspermidine biosynthetic pathway are absent from B. subtilis, confirming that norspermidine is not physiologically relevant to biofilm function in this species.Formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilms, consisting of cells encapsulated within an extracellular matrix of exopolysaccharide and protein, requires the polyamine spermidine. A recent study reported that (1) related polyamine norspermidine is synthesized by B. subtilis using the equivalent of the Vibrio cholerae biosynthetic pathway, (2) exogenous norspermidine at 25 μM prevents B. subtilis biofilm formation, (3) endogenous norspermidine is present in biofilms at 50-80 μM, and (4) norspermidine prevents biofilm formation by condensing biofilm exopolysaccharide. In contrast, we find that, at concentrations up to 200 μM, exogenous norspermidine promotes biofilm formation. We find that norspermidine is absent in wild-type B. subtilis biofilms at all stages, and higher concentrations of exogenous norspermidine eventually inhibit planktonic growth and biofilm formation in an exopolysaccharide-independent manner. Moreover, orthologs of the V. cholerae norspermidine biosynthetic pathway are absent from B. subtilis, confirming that norspermidine is not physiologically relevant to biofilm function in this species. |
Author | Kim, Sok Ho Stanley-Wall, Nicola R. Hobley, Laura Michael, Anthony J. Maezato, Yukari Fairlamb, Alan H. Wyllie, Susan |
AuthorAffiliation | 3 Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK 2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA 1 Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK – name: 2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA – name: 3 Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Laura surname: Hobley fullname: Hobley, Laura organization: Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Sok Ho surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Sok Ho organization: Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Yukari surname: Maezato fullname: Maezato, Yukari organization: Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Susan surname: Wyllie fullname: Wyllie, Susan organization: Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK – sequence: 5 givenname: Alan H. surname: Fairlamb fullname: Fairlamb, Alan H. organization: Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK – sequence: 6 givenname: Nicola R. surname: Stanley-Wall fullname: Stanley-Wall, Nicola R. email: n.r.stanleywall@dundee.ac.uk organization: Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK – sequence: 7 givenname: Anthony J. surname: Michael fullname: Michael, Anthony J. email: anthony.michael@utsouthwestern.edu organization: Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24529384$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Snippet | Formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilms, consisting of cells encapsulated within an extracellular matrix of exopolysaccharide and protein, requires the... Summary Formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilms, consisting of cells encapsulated within an extracellular matrix of exopolysaccharide and protein, requires the... Formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilms, consisting of cells encapsulated within an extracellular matrix of exopolysaccharide and protein, requires the... |
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SubjectTerms | Amino Acid Sequence Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis - growth & development Bacillus subtilis - physiology Biofilms - growth & development gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - metabolism Matters Arising Molecular Sequence Data Plankton - growth & development Sequence Alignment Spermidine - analogs & derivatives Spermidine - biosynthesis Spermidine - metabolism Spermidine - physiology Vibrio cholerae Vibrio cholerae - physiology |
Title | Norspermidine Is Not a Self-Produced Trigger for Biofilm Disassembly |
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