Depression, anxiety and 6-year risk of cardiovascular disease

• Published in: Journal of psychosomatic research Vol. 78; no. 2; pp. 123 - 129
• Main Authors: Seldenrijk, Adrie, Vogelzangs, Nicole, Batelaan, Neeltje M., Wieman, Iris, van Schaik, Digna J.F., Penninx, Brenda J.W.H.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Inc 01.02.2015
• Subjects: Adult; Anxiety - complications; Anxiety disorders; Anxiety Disorders - complications; Anxiety Disorders - diagnosis; Anxiety Disorders - drug therapy; Benzodiazepines - administration & dosage; Benzodiazepines - adverse effects; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology; Cardiovascular Diseases - psychology; Depression - complications; Depressive Disorder - complications; Depressive Disorder - diagnosis; Depressive Disorder - drug therapy; Depressive disorders; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Netherlands - epidemiology; Odds Ratio; Personality Inventory; Proportional Hazards Models; Psychiatric/Mental Health; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Self Report; Severity of Illness Index; Surveys and Questionnaires; Netherlands; Cardiovascular diseases; Anxiety disorders; Depressive disorders
• ISSN: 0022-3999; 1879-1360; 1879-1360
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.10.007

Depression and anxiety are considered etiological factors in cardiovascular disease (CVD), though their relative contribution and differentiation by clinical characteristics have not been studied intensively. We examined 6-year associations between depressive and anxiety disorders, clinical characteristics and newly-developed CVD. DSM-IV diagnoses were established in 2510 CVD-free participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Data on subtype, severity, and psychoactive medication were collected. The 6-year incidence of CVD was assessed using Cox regression analyses adjusted for sociodemographic, health and lifestyle factors. One-hundred-six subjects (4.2%) developed CVD. Having both current depressive and anxiety disorders (HR=2.86, 95%CI 1.49–5.49) or current depression only (HR=2.30; 95%CI 1.10–4.80) was significantly associated with increased CVD incidence, whereas current anxiety only (HR=1.48; 95%CI 0.74–2.96) and remitted disorders (HR=1.48; 95%CI 0.80–2.75) were not associated. Symptom severity was associated with increased CVD onset (e.g., Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology per SD increase: HR=1.51; 95%CI 1.25–1.83). Benzodiazepine use was associated with additional CVD risk (HR=1.95; 95%CI 1.16–3.31). Current depressive (but not anxiety) disorder independently contributed to CVD in our sample of initially CVD-free participants. CVD incidence over 6years of follow-up was particularly increased in subjects with more symptoms, and in those using benzodiazepines. [Display omitted] •We examine the relative impact of depression and anxiety on new-onset CVD.•Depression more than anxiety impacts 6-year CVD incidence.•Anxiety disorders not significantly increase CVD risk, but panic disorder does.•Severity of depressive or anxiety symptoms determines the size of CVD risk.•Benzodiazepine use may further elevate risk in depressed or anxious patients.