Accessory cusp expression at the enamel-dentine junction of hominin mandibular molars
Studies of hominin dental morphology frequently consider accessory cusps on the lower molars, in particular those on the distal margin of the tooth (C6 or distal accessory cusp) and the lingual margin of the tooth (C7 or lingual accessory cusp). They are often utilized in studies of hominin systemat...
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| Published in | PeerJ (San Francisco, CA) Vol. 9; p. e11415 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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| ISSN | 2167-8359 2167-8359 |
| DOI | 10.7717/peerj.11415 |
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| Abstract | Studies of hominin dental morphology frequently consider accessory cusps on the lower molars, in particular those on the distal margin of the tooth (C6 or distal accessory cusp) and the lingual margin of the tooth (C7 or lingual accessory cusp). They are often utilized in studies of hominin systematics, where their presence or absence is assessed at the outer enamel surface (OES). However, studies of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) suggest these traits may be more variable in development, morphology and position than previously thought. Building on these studies, we outline a scoring procedure for the EDJ expression of these accessory cusps that considers the relationship between these accessory cusps and the surrounding primary cusps. We apply this scoring system to a sample of Plio-Pleistocene hominin mandibular molars of
Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Homo
sp.,
Homo habilis
and
Homo erectus
from Africa and Asia (
n
= 132). We find that there are taxon-specific patterns in accessory cusp expression at the EDJ that are consistent with previous findings at the OES. For example,
P. robustus
M
1
s and M
2
s very often have a distal accessory cusp but no lingual accessory cusp, while
H. habilis
M
1
s and M
2
s show the opposite pattern. The EDJ also reveals a number of complicating factors; some apparent accessory cusps at the enamel surface are represented at the EDJ only by shouldering on the ridges associated with the main cusps, while other accessory cusps appear to have little or no EDJ expression at all. We also discuss the presence of double and triple accessory cusps, including the presence of a double lingual accessory cusp on the distal ridge of the metaconid in the type specimen of
H. habilis
(OH 7–M
1
) that is not clear at the OES due to occlusal wear. Overall, our observations, as well as our understanding of the developmental underpinnings of cusp patterning, suggest that we should be cautious in our comparisons of accessory cusps for taxonomic interpretations. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Studies of hominin dental morphology frequently consider accessory cusps on the lower molars, in particular those on the distal margin of the tooth (C6 or distal accessory cusp) and the lingual margin of the tooth (C7 or lingual accessory cusp). They are often utilized in studies of hominin systematics, where their presence or absence is assessed at the outer enamel surface (OES). However, studies of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) suggest these traits may be more variable in development, morphology and position than previously thought. Building on these studies, we outline a scoring procedure for the EDJ expression of these accessory cusps that considers the relationship between these accessory cusps and the surrounding primary cusps. We apply this scoring system to a sample of Plio-Pleistocene hominin mandibular molars of
Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Homo
sp.,
Homo habilis
and
Homo erectus
from Africa and Asia (
n
= 132). We find that there are taxon-specific patterns in accessory cusp expression at the EDJ that are consistent with previous findings at the OES. For example,
P. robustus
M
1
s and M
2
s very often have a distal accessory cusp but no lingual accessory cusp, while
H. habilis
M
1
s and M
2
s show the opposite pattern. The EDJ also reveals a number of complicating factors; some apparent accessory cusps at the enamel surface are represented at the EDJ only by shouldering on the ridges associated with the main cusps, while other accessory cusps appear to have little or no EDJ expression at all. We also discuss the presence of double and triple accessory cusps, including the presence of a double lingual accessory cusp on the distal ridge of the metaconid in the type specimen of
H. habilis
(OH 7–M
1
) that is not clear at the OES due to occlusal wear. Overall, our observations, as well as our understanding of the developmental underpinnings of cusp patterning, suggest that we should be cautious in our comparisons of accessory cusps for taxonomic interpretations. Studies of hominin dental morphology frequently consider accessory cusps on the lower molars, in particular those on the distal margin of the tooth (C6 or distal accessory cusp) and the lingual margin of the tooth (C7 or lingual accessory cusp). They are often utilized in studies of hominin systematics, where their presence or absence is assessed at the outer enamel surface (OES). However, studies of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) suggest these traits may be more variable in development, morphology and position than previously thought. Building on these studies, we outline a scoring procedure for the EDJ expression of these accessory cusps that considers the relationship between these accessory cusps and the surrounding primary cusps. We apply this scoring system to a sample of Plio-Pleistocene hominin mandibular molars of Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Homo sp., Homo habilis and Homo erectus from Africa and Asia (n = 132). We find that there are taxon-specific patterns in accessory cusp expression at the EDJ that are consistent with previous findings at the OES. For example, P. robustus M 1 s and M 2 s very often have a distal accessory cusp but no lingual accessory cusp, while H. habilis M 1 s and M 2 s show the opposite pattern. The EDJ also reveals a number of complicating factors; some apparent accessory cusps at the enamel surface are represented at the EDJ only by shouldering on the ridges associated with the main How to cite this article Davies TW, Studies of hominin dental morphology frequently consider accessory cusps on the lower molars, in particular those on the distal margin of the tooth (C6 or distal accessory cusp) and the lingual margin of the tooth (C7 or lingual accessory cusp). They are often utilized in studies of hominin systematics, where their presence or absence is assessed at the outer enamel surface (OES). However, studies of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) suggest these traits may be more variable in development, morphology and position than previously thought. Building on these studies, we outline a scoring procedure for the EDJ expression of these accessory cusps that considers the relationship between these accessory cusps and the surrounding primary cusps. We apply this scoring system to a sample of Plio-Pleistocene hominin mandibular molars of Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Homo sp., Homo habilis and Homo erectus from Africa and Asia (n = 132). We find that there are taxon-specific patterns in accessory cusp expression at the EDJ that are consistent with previous findings at the OES. For example, P. robustus M1s and M2s very often have a distal accessory cusp but no lingual accessory cusp, while H. habilis M1s and M2s show the opposite pattern. The EDJ also reveals a number of complicating factors; some apparent accessory cusps at the enamel surface are represented at the EDJ only by shouldering on the ridges associated with the main cusps, while other accessory cusps appear to have little or no EDJ expression at all. We also discuss the presence of double and triple accessory cusps, including the presence of a double lingual accessory cusp on the distal ridge of the metaconid in the type specimen of H. habilis (OH 7–M1) that is not clear at the OES due to occlusal wear. Overall, our observations, as well as our understanding of the developmental underpinnings of cusp patterning, suggest that we should be cautious in our comparisons of accessory cusps for taxonomic interpretations. Studies of hominin dental morphology frequently consider accessory cusps on the lower molars, in particular those on the distal margin of the tooth (C6 or distal accessory cusp) and the lingual margin of the tooth (C7 or lingual accessory cusp). They are often utilized in studies of hominin systematics, where their presence or absence is assessed at the outer enamel surface (OES). However, studies of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) suggest these traits may be more variable in development, morphology and position than previously thought. Building on these studies, we outline a scoring procedure for the EDJ expression of these accessory cusps that considers the relationship between these accessory cusps and the surrounding primary cusps. We apply this scoring system to a sample of Plio-Pleistocene hominin mandibular molars of Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Homo sp., Homo habilis and Homo erectus from Africa and Asia (n = 132). We find that there are taxon-specific patterns in accessory cusp expression at the EDJ that are consistent with previous findings at the OES. For example, P. robustus M1s and M2s very often have a distal accessory cusp but no lingual accessory cusp, while H. habilis M1s and M2s show the opposite pattern. The EDJ also reveals a number of complicating factors; some apparent accessory cusps at the enamel surface are represented at the EDJ only by shouldering on the ridges associated with the main cusps, while other accessory cusps appear to have little or no EDJ expression at all. We also discuss the presence of double and triple accessory cusps, including the presence of a double lingual accessory cusp on the distal ridge of the metaconid in the type specimen of H. habilis (OH 7-M1) that is not clear at the OES due to occlusal wear. Overall, our observations, as well as our understanding of the developmental underpinnings of cusp patterning, suggest that we should be cautious in our comparisons of accessory cusps for taxonomic interpretations.Studies of hominin dental morphology frequently consider accessory cusps on the lower molars, in particular those on the distal margin of the tooth (C6 or distal accessory cusp) and the lingual margin of the tooth (C7 or lingual accessory cusp). They are often utilized in studies of hominin systematics, where their presence or absence is assessed at the outer enamel surface (OES). However, studies of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) suggest these traits may be more variable in development, morphology and position than previously thought. Building on these studies, we outline a scoring procedure for the EDJ expression of these accessory cusps that considers the relationship between these accessory cusps and the surrounding primary cusps. We apply this scoring system to a sample of Plio-Pleistocene hominin mandibular molars of Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Homo sp., Homo habilis and Homo erectus from Africa and Asia (n = 132). We find that there are taxon-specific patterns in accessory cusp expression at the EDJ that are consistent with previous findings at the OES. For example, P. robustus M1s and M2s very often have a distal accessory cusp but no lingual accessory cusp, while H. habilis M1s and M2s show the opposite pattern. The EDJ also reveals a number of complicating factors; some apparent accessory cusps at the enamel surface are represented at the EDJ only by shouldering on the ridges associated with the main cusps, while other accessory cusps appear to have little or no EDJ expression at all. We also discuss the presence of double and triple accessory cusps, including the presence of a double lingual accessory cusp on the distal ridge of the metaconid in the type specimen of H. habilis (OH 7-M1) that is not clear at the OES due to occlusal wear. Overall, our observations, as well as our understanding of the developmental underpinnings of cusp patterning, suggest that we should be cautious in our comparisons of accessory cusps for taxonomic interpretations. |
| ArticleNumber | e11415 |
| Author | Kullmer, Ottmar Spoor, Fred Skinner, Matthew M. Kimbel, William H. Davies, Thomas W. Hublin, Jean-Jacques Zanolli, Clément Alemseged, Zeresenay Gidna, Agness |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Thomas W. surname: Davies fullname: Davies, Thomas W. organization: Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Zeresenay surname: Alemseged fullname: Alemseged, Zeresenay organization: Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States – sequence: 3 givenname: Agness surname: Gidna fullname: Gidna, Agness organization: Paleontology Unit, National Museum of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania – sequence: 4 givenname: Jean-Jacques surname: Hublin fullname: Hublin, Jean-Jacques organization: Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, Collège de France, Paris, France – sequence: 5 givenname: William H. surname: Kimbel fullname: Kimbel, William H. organization: Institute of Human Origins, and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States – sequence: 6 givenname: Ottmar surname: Kullmer fullname: Kullmer, Ottmar organization: Department of Paleobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany, Department of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany – sequence: 7 givenname: Fred orcidid: 0000-0002-8829-7421 surname: Spoor fullname: Spoor, Fred organization: Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, Centre for Human Evolution Research, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom, Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom – sequence: 8 givenname: Clément surname: Zanolli fullname: Zanolli, Clément organization: Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33600 Pessac, France – sequence: 9 givenname: Matthew M. orcidid: 0000-0001-8321-3543 surname: Skinner fullname: Skinner, Matthew M. organization: Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom, Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2111212119 crossref_primary_10_1002_evan_21994 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0304455 crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_14523 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhevol_2024_103634 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_023_44375_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_archoralbio_2024_106067 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhevol_2024_103599 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhevol_2021_103124 |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2021 Davies et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 (the “License”), which permits using, remixing, and building upon the work non-commercially, as long as it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2021 Davies et al. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 2021 Davies et al. 2021 Davies et al. |
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| Keywords | Evolutionary Studies Tooth development Taxonomy Accessory cusps Enamel-dentine junction Discrete traits Hominin Homo Subjects Anthropology Taxonomy Tooth morphology Paleontology |
| Language | English |
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| Title | Accessory cusp expression at the enamel-dentine junction of hominin mandibular molars |
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