Airborne transmission of COVID‐19 virus in enclosed spaces: An overview of research methods
Since the outbreak of COVID‐19 in December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV‐2) has spread worldwide. This study summarized the transmission mechanisms of COVID‐19 and their main influencing factors, such as airflow patterns, air temperature, relative humidity, and...
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Published in | Indoor air Vol. 32; no. 6 |
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Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Malden
Hindawi Limited
01.06.2022
John Wiley and Sons Inc |
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Abstract | Since the outbreak of COVID‐19 in December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV‐2) has spread worldwide. This study summarized the transmission mechanisms of COVID‐19 and their main influencing factors, such as airflow patterns, air temperature, relative humidity, and social distancing. The transmission characteristics in existing cases are providing more and more evidence that SARS CoV‐2 can be transmitted through the air. This investigation reviewed probabilistic and deterministic research methods, such as the Wells–Riley equation, the dose‐response model, the Monte‐Carlo model, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the Eulerian method, CFD with the Lagrangian method, and the experimental approach, that have been used for studying the airborne transmission mechanism. The Wells–Riley equation and dose‐response model are typically used for the assessment of the average infection risk. Only in combination with the Eulerian method or the Lagrangian method can these two methods obtain the spatial distribution of airborne particles' concentration and infection risk. In contrast with the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods, the Monte‐Carlo model is suitable for studying the infection risk when the behavior of individuals is highly random. Although researchers tend to use numerical methods to study the airborne transmission mechanism of COVID‐19, an experimental approach could often provide stronger evidence to prove the possibility of airborne transmission than a simple numerical model. All in all, the reviewed methods are helpful in the study of the airborne transmission mechanism of COVID‐19 and epidemic prevention and control. |
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AbstractList | Since the outbreak of COVID‐19 in December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV‐2) has spread worldwide. This study summarized the transmission mechanisms of COVID‐19 and their main influencing factors, such as airflow patterns, air temperature, relative humidity, and social distancing. The transmission characteristics in existing cases are providing more and more evidence that SARS CoV‐2 can be transmitted through the air. This investigation reviewed probabilistic and deterministic research methods, such as the Wells–Riley equation, the dose‐response model, the Monte‐Carlo model, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the Eulerian method, CFD with the Lagrangian method, and the experimental approach, that have been used for studying the airborne transmission mechanism. The Wells–Riley equation and dose‐response model are typically used for the assessment of the average infection risk. Only in combination with the Eulerian method or the Lagrangian method can these two methods obtain the spatial distribution of airborne particles' concentration and infection risk. In contrast with the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods, the Monte‐Carlo model is suitable for studying the infection risk when the behavior of individuals is highly random. Although researchers tend to use numerical methods to study the airborne transmission mechanism of COVID‐19, an experimental approach could often provide stronger evidence to prove the possibility of airborne transmission than a simple numerical model. All in all, the reviewed methods are helpful in the study of the airborne transmission mechanism of COVID‐19 and epidemic prevention and control. |
Author | Zhao, Xingwang Liu, Sumei Yin, Yonggao Zhang, Tengfei (Tim) Chen, Qingyan |
AuthorAffiliation | 3 Engineering Research Center of Building Equipment, Energy, and Environment Ministry of Education Nanjing China 1 School of Energy and Environment Southeast University Nanjing China 2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control School of Environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin China 4 26680 Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Engineering Research Center of Building Equipment, Energy, and Environment Ministry of Education Nanjing China – name: 4 26680 Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China – name: 1 School of Energy and Environment Southeast University Nanjing China – name: 2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control School of Environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin China |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Xingwang surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Xingwang organization: Southeast University – sequence: 2 givenname: Sumei orcidid: 0000-0003-3166-1701 surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Sumei email: smliu@tju.edu.cn organization: Tianjin University – sequence: 3 givenname: Yonggao surname: Yin fullname: Yin, Yonggao organization: Ministry of Education – sequence: 4 givenname: Tengfei (Tim) surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Tengfei (Tim) organization: Tianjin University – sequence: 5 givenname: Qingyan surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Qingyan organization: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University |
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Notes | Xingwang Zhao and Sumei Liu contributed equally to this work and should be considered co‐first authors. |
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SubjectTerms | Air flow Air temperature Airborne infection airborne transmission Computational fluid dynamics Computer applications Coronaviruses COVID-19 Disease control dose‐response model Epidemics Eulerian method experimental approach Fluid dynamics Health risks Hydrodynamics Infections Lagrangian method Mathematical models Monte‐Carlo model Numerical methods Numerical models Relative humidity Research methodology Research methods Respiratory diseases Review Reviews Risk Risk taking SARS CoV‐2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Spatial distribution ventilation Viral diseases Viruses Wells–Riley equation |
Title | Airborne transmission of COVID‐19 virus in enclosed spaces: An overview of research methods |
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