Beneficial effects of aqueous extract of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.), An ayurvedic drug in experimental pulmonary hypertension

The stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) is widely used in Ayurveda in various cardiovascular diseases. Many animal and clinical studies have validated its anti-ischemic, antihypertensive, antihypertrophic and antioxidant effects. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disease which causes right v...

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Published inJournal of ethnopharmacology Vol. 197; no. NA; pp. 184 - 194
Main Authors Meghwani, Himanshu, Prabhakar, Pankaj, Mohammed, Soheb A., Seth, Sandeep, Hote, Milind P., Banerjee, Sanjay K., Arava, Sudheer, Ray, Ruma, Maulik, Subir Kumar
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Ireland Elsevier B.V 02.02.2017
Subjects
RVH
IVS
LV
LW
HCl
GSH
SS
SOD
MWT
TA
ET
AoD
PH
MCT
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Abstract The stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) is widely used in Ayurveda in various cardiovascular diseases. Many animal and clinical studies have validated its anti-ischemic, antihypertensive, antihypertrophic and antioxidant effects. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disease which causes right ventricular hypertrophy and right heart failure. Pulmonary vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy and increased oxidative stress are major pathological features of PH. As available limited therapeutic options fail to reduce the mortality associated with PH, alternative areas of therapy are worth exploring for potential drugs, which might be beneficial in PH. The effect of a standardised aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) in preventing monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH in rat was investigated. The study was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committe. Male Wistar rats (150–200g) were randomly distributed into five groups; Control, MCT (50mg/kg subcutaneously once), sildenafil (175µg/kg/day three days after MCT for 25 days), and Arjuna extract (TA125 and TA250 mg/kg/day orally after MCT for 25 days). PH was confirmed by right ventricular weight to left ventricular plus septum weight (Fulton index), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), echocardiography, percentage medial wall thickness of pulmonary arteries (%MWT). Oxidative stress in lung was assessed by super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). The protein expressions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX-1) in lung and gene expression of Bcl2 and Bax in heart were analyzed by Western blot and RT PCR respectively. MCT caused right ventricular hypertrophy (0.58±0.05 vs 0.31±0.05; P<0.001 vs. control) and increase in RVSP (33.5±1.5 vs 22.3±4.7mm of Hg; P<0.001). Both sildenafil and Arjuna prevented hypertrophy and RVSP. Pulmonary artery acceleration time to ejection time ratio in echocardiography was decreased in PH rats (0.49±0.05 vs 0.32±0.06; P<0.001) which was prevented by sildenafil (0.44±0.06; P<0.01) and TA250 (0.45±0.06; P<0.01). % MWT of pulmonary arteries was increased in PH and was prevented by TA250. Increase in TBARS (132.7±18.4 vs 18.8±1.6nmol/mg protein; P<0.001) and decrease in SOD (58.4±14.1 vs 117.4±26.9U/mg protein; P<0.001) and catalase (0.30±0.05 vs 0.75±0.31U/mg protein; P<0.001) were observed in lung tissue of PH rats, which were prevented by sildenafil and both the doses of Arjuna extract. Protein expression of NOX1 was significantly increased in lung and gene expression of Bcl2/Bax ratio was significantly decreased in right ventricle in MCT-induced PH, both were significantly prevented by Arjuna and sildenafil. Aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna prevented MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension which may be attributed to its antioxidant as well as its effects on pulmonary arteriolar wall thickening. [Display omitted]
AbstractList The stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) is widely used in Ayurveda in various cardiovascular diseases. Many animal and clinical studies have validated its anti-ischemic, antihypertensive, antihypertrophic and antioxidant effects. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disease which causes right ventricular hypertrophy and right heart failure. Pulmonary vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy and increased oxidative stress are major pathological features of PH. As available limited therapeutic options fail to reduce the mortality associated with PH, alternative areas of therapy are worth exploring for potential drugs, which might be beneficial in PH.ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCEThe stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) is widely used in Ayurveda in various cardiovascular diseases. Many animal and clinical studies have validated its anti-ischemic, antihypertensive, antihypertrophic and antioxidant effects. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disease which causes right ventricular hypertrophy and right heart failure. Pulmonary vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy and increased oxidative stress are major pathological features of PH. As available limited therapeutic options fail to reduce the mortality associated with PH, alternative areas of therapy are worth exploring for potential drugs, which might be beneficial in PH.The effect of a standardised aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) in preventing monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH in rat was investigated.AIM OF THE STUDYThe effect of a standardised aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) in preventing monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH in rat was investigated.The study was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committe. Male Wistar rats (150-200g) were randomly distributed into five groups; Control, MCT (50mg/kg subcutaneously once), sildenafil (175µg/kg/day three days after MCT for 25 days), and Arjuna extract (TA125 and TA250 mg/kg/day orally after MCT for 25 days). PH was confirmed by right ventricular weight to left ventricular plus septum weight (Fulton index), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), echocardiography, percentage medial wall thickness of pulmonary arteries (%MWT). Oxidative stress in lung was assessed by super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). The protein expressions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX-1) in lung and gene expression of Bcl2 and Bax in heart were analyzed by Western blot and RT PCR respectively.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committe. Male Wistar rats (150-200g) were randomly distributed into five groups; Control, MCT (50mg/kg subcutaneously once), sildenafil (175µg/kg/day three days after MCT for 25 days), and Arjuna extract (TA125 and TA250 mg/kg/day orally after MCT for 25 days). PH was confirmed by right ventricular weight to left ventricular plus septum weight (Fulton index), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), echocardiography, percentage medial wall thickness of pulmonary arteries (%MWT). Oxidative stress in lung was assessed by super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). The protein expressions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX-1) in lung and gene expression of Bcl2 and Bax in heart were analyzed by Western blot and RT PCR respectively.MCT caused right ventricular hypertrophy (0.58±0.05 vs 0.31±0.05; P<0.001 vs. control) and increase in RVSP (33.5±1.5 vs 22.3±4.7mm of Hg; P<0.001). Both sildenafil and Arjuna prevented hypertrophy and RVSP. Pulmonary artery acceleration time to ejection time ratio in echocardiography was decreased in PH rats (0.49±0.05 vs 0.32±0.06; P<0.001) which was prevented by sildenafil (0.44±0.06; P<0.01) and TA250 (0.45±0.06; P<0.01). % MWT of pulmonary arteries was increased in PH and was prevented by TA250. Increase in TBARS (132.7±18.4 vs 18.8±1.6nmol/mg protein; P<0.001) and decrease in SOD (58.4±14.1 vs 117.4±26.9U/mg protein; P<0.001) and catalase (0.30±0.05 vs 0.75±0.31U/mg protein; P<0.001) were observed in lung tissue of PH rats, which were prevented by sildenafil and both the doses of Arjuna extract. Protein expression of NOX1 was significantly increased in lung and gene expression of Bcl2/Bax ratio was significantly decreased in right ventricle in MCT-induced PH, both were significantly prevented by Arjuna and sildenafil.RESULTSMCT caused right ventricular hypertrophy (0.58±0.05 vs 0.31±0.05; P<0.001 vs. control) and increase in RVSP (33.5±1.5 vs 22.3±4.7mm of Hg; P<0.001). Both sildenafil and Arjuna prevented hypertrophy and RVSP. Pulmonary artery acceleration time to ejection time ratio in echocardiography was decreased in PH rats (0.49±0.05 vs 0.32±0.06; P<0.001) which was prevented by sildenafil (0.44±0.06; P<0.01) and TA250 (0.45±0.06; P<0.01). % MWT of pulmonary arteries was increased in PH and was prevented by TA250. Increase in TBARS (132.7±18.4 vs 18.8±1.6nmol/mg protein; P<0.001) and decrease in SOD (58.4±14.1 vs 117.4±26.9U/mg protein; P<0.001) and catalase (0.30±0.05 vs 0.75±0.31U/mg protein; P<0.001) were observed in lung tissue of PH rats, which were prevented by sildenafil and both the doses of Arjuna extract. Protein expression of NOX1 was significantly increased in lung and gene expression of Bcl2/Bax ratio was significantly decreased in right ventricle in MCT-induced PH, both were significantly prevented by Arjuna and sildenafil.Aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna prevented MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension which may be attributed to its antioxidant as well as its effects on pulmonary arteriolar wall thickening.CONCLUSIONSAqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna prevented MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension which may be attributed to its antioxidant as well as its effects on pulmonary arteriolar wall thickening.
The stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) is widely used in Ayurveda in various cardiovascular diseases. Many animal and clinical studies have validated its anti-ischemic, antihypertensive, antihypertrophic and antioxidant effects.Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disease which causes right ventricular hypertrophy and right heart failure. Pulmonary vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy and increased oxidative stress are major pathological features of PH. As available limited therapeutic options fail to reduce the mortality associated with PH, alternative areas of therapy are worth exploring for potential drugs, which might be beneficial in PH.The effect of a standardised aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) in preventing monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH in rat was investigated.The study was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committe.Male Wistar rats (150–200g) were randomly distributed into five groups; Control, MCT (50mg/kg subcutaneously once), sildenafil (175µg/kg/day three days after MCT for 25 days), and Arjuna extract (TA125 and TA250 mg/kg/day orally after MCT for 25 days). PH was confirmed by right ventricular weight to left ventricular plus septum weight (Fulton index), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), echocardiography, percentage medial wall thickness of pulmonary arteries (%MWT). Oxidative stress in lung was assessed by super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). The protein expressions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX-1) in lung and gene expression of Bcl2 and Bax in heart were analyzed by Western blot and RT PCR respectively.MCT caused right ventricular hypertrophy (0.58±0.05 vs 0.31±0.05; P<0.001 vs. control) and increase in RVSP (33.5±1.5 vs 22.3±4.7mm of Hg; P<0.001). Both sildenafil and Arjuna prevented hypertrophy and RVSP. Pulmonary artery acceleration time to ejection time ratio in echocardiography was decreased in PH rats (0.49±0.05 vs 0.32±0.06; P<0.001) which was prevented by sildenafil (0.44±0.06; P<0.01) and TA250 (0.45±0.06; P<0.01). % MWT of pulmonary arteries was increased in PH and was prevented by TA250. Increase in TBARS (132.7±18.4 vs 18.8±1.6nmol/mg protein; P<0.001) and decrease in SOD (58.4±14.1 vs 117.4±26.9U/mg protein; P<0.001) and catalase (0.30±0.05 vs 0.75±0.31U/mg protein; P<0.001) were observed in lung tissue of PH rats, which were prevented by sildenafil and both the doses of Arjuna extract. Protein expression of NOX1 was significantly increased in lung and gene expression of Bcl2/Bax ratio was significantly decreased in right ventricle in MCT-induced PH, both were significantly prevented by Arjuna and sildenafil.Aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna prevented MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension which may be attributed to its antioxidant as well as its effects on pulmonary arteriolar wall thickening.
The stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) is widely used in Ayurveda in various cardiovascular diseases. Many animal and clinical studies have validated its anti-ischemic, antihypertensive, antihypertrophic and antioxidant effects. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disease which causes right ventricular hypertrophy and right heart failure. Pulmonary vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy and increased oxidative stress are major pathological features of PH. As available limited therapeutic options fail to reduce the mortality associated with PH, alternative areas of therapy are worth exploring for potential drugs, which might be beneficial in PH. The effect of a standardised aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) in preventing monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH in rat was investigated. The study was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committe. Male Wistar rats (150–200g) were randomly distributed into five groups; Control, MCT (50mg/kg subcutaneously once), sildenafil (175µg/kg/day three days after MCT for 25 days), and Arjuna extract (TA125 and TA250 mg/kg/day orally after MCT for 25 days). PH was confirmed by right ventricular weight to left ventricular plus septum weight (Fulton index), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), echocardiography, percentage medial wall thickness of pulmonary arteries (%MWT). Oxidative stress in lung was assessed by super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). The protein expressions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX-1) in lung and gene expression of Bcl2 and Bax in heart were analyzed by Western blot and RT PCR respectively. MCT caused right ventricular hypertrophy (0.58±0.05 vs 0.31±0.05; P<0.001 vs. control) and increase in RVSP (33.5±1.5 vs 22.3±4.7mm of Hg; P<0.001). Both sildenafil and Arjuna prevented hypertrophy and RVSP. Pulmonary artery acceleration time to ejection time ratio in echocardiography was decreased in PH rats (0.49±0.05 vs 0.32±0.06; P<0.001) which was prevented by sildenafil (0.44±0.06; P<0.01) and TA250 (0.45±0.06; P<0.01). % MWT of pulmonary arteries was increased in PH and was prevented by TA250. Increase in TBARS (132.7±18.4 vs 18.8±1.6nmol/mg protein; P<0.001) and decrease in SOD (58.4±14.1 vs 117.4±26.9U/mg protein; P<0.001) and catalase (0.30±0.05 vs 0.75±0.31U/mg protein; P<0.001) were observed in lung tissue of PH rats, which were prevented by sildenafil and both the doses of Arjuna extract. Protein expression of NOX1 was significantly increased in lung and gene expression of Bcl2/Bax ratio was significantly decreased in right ventricle in MCT-induced PH, both were significantly prevented by Arjuna and sildenafil. Aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna prevented MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension which may be attributed to its antioxidant as well as its effects on pulmonary arteriolar wall thickening. [Display omitted]
The stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) is widely used in Ayurveda in various cardiovascular diseases. Many animal and clinical studies have validated its anti-ischemic, antihypertensive, antihypertrophic and antioxidant effects. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disease which causes right ventricular hypertrophy and right heart failure. Pulmonary vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy and increased oxidative stress are major pathological features of PH. As available limited therapeutic options fail to reduce the mortality associated with PH, alternative areas of therapy are worth exploring for potential drugs, which might be beneficial in PH. The effect of a standardised aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) in preventing monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH in rat was investigated. The study was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committe. Male Wistar rats (150-200g) were randomly distributed into five groups; Control, MCT (50mg/kg subcutaneously once), sildenafil (175µg/kg/day three days after MCT for 25 days), and Arjuna extract (TA125 and TA250 mg/kg/day orally after MCT for 25 days). PH was confirmed by right ventricular weight to left ventricular plus septum weight (Fulton index), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), echocardiography, percentage medial wall thickness of pulmonary arteries (%MWT). Oxidative stress in lung was assessed by super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). The protein expressions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX-1) in lung and gene expression of Bcl2 and Bax in heart were analyzed by Western blot and RT PCR respectively. MCT caused right ventricular hypertrophy (0.58±0.05 vs 0.31±0.05; P<0.001 vs. control) and increase in RVSP (33.5±1.5 vs 22.3±4.7mm of Hg; P<0.001). Both sildenafil and Arjuna prevented hypertrophy and RVSP. Pulmonary artery acceleration time to ejection time ratio in echocardiography was decreased in PH rats (0.49±0.05 vs 0.32±0.06; P<0.001) which was prevented by sildenafil (0.44±0.06; P<0.01) and TA250 (0.45±0.06; P<0.01). % MWT of pulmonary arteries was increased in PH and was prevented by TA250. Increase in TBARS (132.7±18.4 vs 18.8±1.6nmol/mg protein; P<0.001) and decrease in SOD (58.4±14.1 vs 117.4±26.9U/mg protein; P<0.001) and catalase (0.30±0.05 vs 0.75±0.31U/mg protein; P<0.001) were observed in lung tissue of PH rats, which were prevented by sildenafil and both the doses of Arjuna extract. Protein expression of NOX1 was significantly increased in lung and gene expression of Bcl2/Bax ratio was significantly decreased in right ventricle in MCT-induced PH, both were significantly prevented by Arjuna and sildenafil. Aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna prevented MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension which may be attributed to its antioxidant as well as its effects on pulmonary arteriolar wall thickening.
Author Arava, Sudheer
Banerjee, Sanjay K.
Prabhakar, Pankaj
Maulik, Subir Kumar
Mohammed, Soheb A.
Seth, Sandeep
Ray, Ruma
Meghwani, Himanshu
Hote, Milind P.
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  surname: Meghwani
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  organization: Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
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  givenname: Pankaj
  surname: Prabhakar
  fullname: Prabhakar, Pankaj
  organization: Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Soheb A.
  surname: Mohammed
  fullname: Mohammed, Soheb A.
  organization: Drug Discovery Research Center (DDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Sandeep
  surname: Seth
  fullname: Seth, Sandeep
  organization: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
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  givenname: Milind P.
  surname: Hote
  fullname: Hote, Milind P.
  organization: Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
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  givenname: Sanjay K.
  surname: Banerjee
  fullname: Banerjee, Sanjay K.
  organization: Drug Discovery Research Center (DDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Sudheer
  surname: Arava
  fullname: Arava, Sudheer
  organization: Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
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  givenname: Ruma
  surname: Ray
  fullname: Ray, Ruma
  organization: Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Subir Kumar
  surname: Maulik
  fullname: Maulik, Subir Kumar
  email: skmaulik@gmail.com
  organization: Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
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ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c485t-f2be1a784101527533d5fd38dc6093de2326a75a6fbdaabae3124bc407facf3f3
IEDL.DBID .~1
ISSN 0378-8741
1872-7573
IngestDate Tue Aug 05 10:23:28 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 11 07:53:02 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 11 16:33:13 EDT 2025
Wed Feb 19 01:58:26 EST 2025
Tue Jul 01 01:35:33 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 22:58:32 EDT 2025
Fri Feb 23 02:28:32 EST 2024
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue NA
Keywords PAAT
RVeDP
Ayurveda
RVH
Cardiovascular
Monocrotaline
IVS
RVSP
LVEF
NaOH
LV
LW
HCl
NADH
RT-PCR
Terminalia arjuna
GSH
SS
SOD
TBARS
MWT
SDS–PAGE
Antioxidant
PVDF
TA
Pulmonary hypertension
ET
AoD
RVoTD
PH
NOX1
MCT
Language English
License Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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PublicationTitle Journal of ethnopharmacology
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Snippet The stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) is widely used in Ayurveda in various cardiovascular diseases. Many animal and clinical studies have validated its...
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SubjectTerms Animals
Antihypertensive Agents - chemistry
Antihypertensive Agents - pharmacology
Antioxidant
antioxidants
Antioxidants - chemistry
Antioxidants - pharmacology
Ayurveda
Ayurvedic medicine
bark
bcl-2-Associated X Protein - metabolism
Cardiovascular
catalase
Catalase - metabolism
clinical trials
Disease Models, Animal
drugs
echocardiography
ethics
glutathione
heart
heart failure
Heart Ventricles - drug effects
Heart Ventricles - metabolism
hypertension
Hypertension, Pulmonary - drug therapy
Hypertension, Pulmonary - metabolism
hypertrophy
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular - drug therapy
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular - metabolism
laboratory animals
Lung - drug effects
Lung - metabolism
lungs
Male
Medicine, Ayurvedic
mercury
Monocrotaline
mortality
NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases - metabolism
NADP (coenzyme)
NADPH Oxidase 1
oxidative stress
Plant Bark - chemistry
Plant Extracts - chemistry
Plant Extracts - pharmacology
Plant Stems - chemistry
polymerase chain reaction
protein synthesis
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 - metabolism
pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Artery - drug effects
Pulmonary Artery - metabolism
Pulmonary hypertension
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Sildenafil Citrate
smooth muscle
superoxide dismutase
Terminalia - chemistry
Terminalia arjuna
therapeutics
thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
Water - chemistry
Western blotting
Title Beneficial effects of aqueous extract of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.), An ayurvedic drug in experimental pulmonary hypertension
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27401289
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Volume 197
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