N‑acetylcysteine inhibits atherosclerosis by correcting glutathione‑dependent methylglyoxal elimination and dicarbonyl/oxidative stress in the aorta of diabetic mice
In diabetic animal models, high plasma/tissue levels of methylglyoxal (MG) are implicated in atherosclerosis. N‑acetylcysteine (NAC) is a cysteine prodrug that replenishes intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, which can increase the elimination of MG in diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study in...
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Published in | Molecular medicine reports Vol. 23; no. 3 |
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Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Spandidos Publications
01.03.2021
Spandidos Publications UK Ltd D.A. Spandidos |
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Abstract | In diabetic animal models, high plasma/tissue levels of methylglyoxal (MG) are implicated in atherosclerosis. N‑acetylcysteine (NAC) is a cysteine prodrug that replenishes intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, which can increase the elimination of MG in diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study investigated the anti‑atherosclerotic role of NAC in DM and aimed to determine whether the mechanism involved GSH‑dependent MG elimination in the aorta. Apolipoprotein‑E knockdown (
) mice injected with streptozotocin for 5 days exhibited enhanced atherosclerotic plaque size in the aortic root; notably, a high‑lipid diet aggravated this alteration. NAC treatment in the drinking water for 12 weeks decreased the size of the atherosclerotic lesion, which was associated with a reduction in MG‑dicarbonyl stress and oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased serum malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase‑1 and glutathione peroxidase‑1 levels in the diabetic aorta. Endothelial damage was also corrected by NAC, as indicated by an increase in the expression levels of phosphorylated (p‑)Akt and p‑endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the aorta, as well as nitric oxide (NO) in the serum. In addition, MG‑treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exhibited increased reactive oxygen species and decreased antioxidant enzyme expression levels. NAC treatment corrected the alteration in HUVECs induced by MG, whereas the protective role of NAC was blocked via inhibition of GSH. These findings indicated that the diabetic aorta was more susceptible to atherosclerotic lesions compared with non‑diabetic
mice. Furthermore, NAC may offer protection against atherosclerotic development in DM by altering aortic and systemic responses via correcting GSH‑dependent MG elimination, leading to decreased oxidative stress and restoration of the p‑Akt/p‑eNOS pathway in the aorta. |
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AbstractList | In diabetic animal models, high plasma/tissue levels of methylglyoxal (MG) are implicated in atherosclerosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a cysteine prodrug that replenishes intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, which can increase the elimination of MG in diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study investigated the anti-atherosclerotic role of NAC in DM and aimed to determine whether the mechanism involved GSH-dependent MG elimination in the aorta. Apolipoprotein-E knockdown ([ApoE.sup.-/-]) mice injected with streptozotocin for 5 days exhibited enhanced atherosclerotic plaque size in the aortic root; notably, a high-lipid diet aggravated this alteration. NAC treatment in the drinking water for 12 weeks decreased the size of the atherosclerotic lesion, which was associated with a reduction in MG-dicarbonyl stress and oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased serum malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase-1 and glutathione peroxidase-1 levels in the diabetic aorta. Endothelial damage was also corrected by NAC, as indicated by an increase in the expression levels of phosphorylated (p-)Akt and p-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the aorta, as well as nitric oxide (NO) in the serum. In addition, MG-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exhibited increased reactive oxygen species and decreased antioxidant enzyme expression levels. NAC treatment corrected the alteration in HUVECs induced by MG, whereas the protective role of NAC was blocked via inhibition of GSH. These findings indicated that the diabetic aorta was more susceptible to atherosclerotic lesions compared with non-diabetic [ApoE.sup.-/-] mice. Furthermore, NAC may offer protection against atherosclerotic development in DM by altering aortic and systemic responses via correcting GSH-dependent MG elimination, leading to decreased oxidative stress and restoration of the p-Akt/p-eNOS pathway in the aorta. In diabetic animal models, high plasma/tissue levels of methylglyoxal (MG) are implicated in atherosclerosis. N‑acetylcysteine (NAC) is a cysteine prodrug that replenishes intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, which can increase the elimination of MG in diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study investigated the anti‑atherosclerotic role of NAC in DM and aimed to determine whether the mechanism involved GSH‑dependent MG elimination in the aorta. Apolipoprotein‑E knockdown ( ) mice injected with streptozotocin for 5 days exhibited enhanced atherosclerotic plaque size in the aortic root; notably, a high‑lipid diet aggravated this alteration. NAC treatment in the drinking water for 12 weeks decreased the size of the atherosclerotic lesion, which was associated with a reduction in MG‑dicarbonyl stress and oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased serum malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase‑1 and glutathione peroxidase‑1 levels in the diabetic aorta. Endothelial damage was also corrected by NAC, as indicated by an increase in the expression levels of phosphorylated (p‑)Akt and p‑endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the aorta, as well as nitric oxide (NO) in the serum. In addition, MG‑treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exhibited increased reactive oxygen species and decreased antioxidant enzyme expression levels. NAC treatment corrected the alteration in HUVECs induced by MG, whereas the protective role of NAC was blocked via inhibition of GSH. These findings indicated that the diabetic aorta was more susceptible to atherosclerotic lesions compared with non‑diabetic mice. Furthermore, NAC may offer protection against atherosclerotic development in DM by altering aortic and systemic responses via correcting GSH‑dependent MG elimination, leading to decreased oxidative stress and restoration of the p‑Akt/p‑eNOS pathway in the aorta. In diabetic animal models, high plasma/tissue levels of methylglyoxal (MG) are implicated in atherosclerosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a cysteine prodrug that replenishes intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, which can increase the elimination of MG in diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study investigated the anti-atherosclerotic role of NAC in DM and aimed to determine whether the mechanism involved GSH-dependent MG elimination in the aorta. Apolipoprotein-E knockdown ([ApoE.sup.-/-]) mice injected with streptozotocin for 5 days exhibited enhanced atherosclerotic plaque size in the aortic root; notably, a high-lipid diet aggravated this alteration. NAC treatment in the drinking water for 12 weeks decreased the size of the atherosclerotic lesion, which was associated with a reduction in MG-dicarbonyl stress and oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased serum malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase-1 and glutathione peroxidase-1 levels in the diabetic aorta. Endothelial damage was also corrected by NAC, as indicated by an increase in the expression levels of phosphorylated (p-)Akt and p-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the aorta, as well as nitric oxide (NO) in the serum. In addition, MG-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exhibited increased reactive oxygen species and decreased antioxidant enzyme expression levels. NAC treatment corrected the alteration in HUVECs induced by MG, whereas the protective role of NAC was blocked via inhibition of GSH. These findings indicated that the diabetic aorta was more susceptible to atherosclerotic lesions compared with non-diabetic [ApoE.sup.-/-] mice. Furthermore, NAC may offer protection against atherosclerotic development in DM by altering aortic and systemic responses via correcting GSH-dependent MG elimination, leading to decreased oxidative stress and restoration of the p-Akt/p-eNOS pathway in the aorta. Key words: N-acetylcysteine, diabetes, glutathione, methylglyoxal, dicarbonyl stress, atherosclerosis In diabetic animal models, high plasma/tissue levels of methylglyoxal (MG) are implicated in atherosclerosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a cysteine prodrug that replenishes intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, which can increase the elimination of MG in diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study investigated the anti-atherosclerotic role of NAC in DM and aimed to determine whether the mechanism involved GSH-dependent MG elimination in the aorta. Apolipoprotein-E knockdown (ApoE−/−) mice injected with streptozotocin for 5 days exhibited enhanced atherosclerotic plaque size in the aortic root; notably, a high-lipid diet aggravated this alteration. NAC treatment in the drinking water for 12 weeks decreased the size of the atherosclerotic lesion, which was associated with a reduction in MG-dicarbonyl stress and oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased serum malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase-1 and glutathione peroxidase-1 levels in the diabetic aorta. Endothelial damage was also corrected by NAC, as indicated by an increase in the expression levels of phosphorylated (p-)Akt and p-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the aorta, as well as nitric oxide (NO) in the serum. In addition, MG-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exhibited increased reactive oxygen species and decreased antioxidant enzyme expression levels. NAC treatment corrected the alteration in HUVECs induced by MG, whereas the protective role of NAC was blocked via inhibition of GSH. These findings indicated that the diabetic aorta was more susceptible to atherosclerotic lesions compared with non-diabetic ApoE−/− mice. Furthermore, NAC may offer protection against atherosclerotic development in DM by altering aortic and systemic responses via correcting GSH-dependent MG elimination, leading to decreased oxidative stress and restoration of the p-Akt/p-eNOS pathway in the aorta. In diabetic animal models, high plasma/tissue levels of methylglyoxal (MG) are implicated in atherosclerosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a cysteine prodrug that replenishes intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, which can increase the elimination of MG in diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study investigated the anti-atherosclerotic role of NAC in DM and aimed to determine whether the mechanism involved GSH-dependent MG elimination in the aorta. Apolipoprotein-E knockdown ( ApoE −/− ) mice injected with streptozotocin for 5 days exhibited enhanced atherosclerotic plaque size in the aortic root; notably, a high-lipid diet aggravated this alteration. NAC treatment in the drinking water for 12 weeks decreased the size of the atherosclerotic lesion, which was associated with a reduction in MG-dicarbonyl stress and oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased serum malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase-1 and glutathione peroxidase-1 levels in the diabetic aorta. Endothelial damage was also corrected by NAC, as indicated by an increase in the expression levels of phosphorylated (p-)Akt and p-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the aorta, as well as nitric oxide (NO) in the serum. In addition, MG-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exhibited increased reactive oxygen species and decreased antioxidant enzyme expression levels. NAC treatment corrected the alteration in HUVECs induced by MG, whereas the protective role of NAC was blocked via inhibition of GSH. These findings indicated that the diabetic aorta was more susceptible to atherosclerotic lesions compared with non-diabetic ApoE −/− mice. Furthermore, NAC may offer protection against atherosclerotic development in DM by altering aortic and systemic responses via correcting GSH-dependent MG elimination, leading to decreased oxidative stress and restoration of the p-Akt/p-eNOS pathway in the aorta. |
ArticleNumber | 201 |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Fang, Xin Zhou, Shaoqiong Zhu, Mengen Liu, Lihua Wang, Bin |
AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China 2 Institute of Gerontology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China |
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Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Xin surname: Fang fullname: Fang, Xin organization: Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China – sequence: 2 givenname: Lihua surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Lihua organization: Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China – sequence: 3 givenname: Shaoqiong surname: Zhou fullname: Zhou, Shaoqiong organization: Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China – sequence: 4 givenname: Mengen surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Mengen organization: Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China – sequence: 5 givenname: Bin surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Bin organization: Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China |
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Snippet | In diabetic animal models, high plasma/tissue levels of methylglyoxal (MG) are implicated in atherosclerosis. N‑acetylcysteine (NAC) is a cysteine prodrug that... In diabetic animal models, high plasma/tissue levels of methylglyoxal (MG) are implicated in atherosclerosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a cysteine prodrug that... |
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SubjectTerms | Acetylcysteine Acetylcysteine - pharmacology Acids AKT protein Animal models Animals Antioxidants Aorta Aorta - metabolism Aorta - pathology Apolipoprotein E Apolipoproteins Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis - drug therapy Atherosclerosis - genetics Atherosclerosis - metabolism Atherosclerosis - pathology Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular diseases Care and treatment Cholesterol Complications and side effects Coronary vessels Development and progression Diabetes Diabetes Complications - drug therapy Diabetes Complications - genetics Diabetes Complications - metabolism Diabetes mellitus Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - drug therapy Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - genetics Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - metabolism Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - pathology Drinking water Endothelial cells Glucose Glutathione - metabolism Glutathione peroxidase Health aspects Hyperglycemia Laboratory animals Lipids Male Malondialdehyde Metabolism Mice Mice, Knockout, ApoE Nitric oxide Nitric-oxide synthase Oxidative stress Oxidative Stress - drug effects Proteins Pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde - metabolism Reactive oxygen species Rodents Solvents Streptozocin Superoxide dismutase Umbilical vein |
Title | N‑acetylcysteine inhibits atherosclerosis by correcting glutathione‑dependent methylglyoxal elimination and dicarbonyl/oxidative stress in the aorta of diabetic mice |
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