Twenty-Eight Fungal Secondary Metabolites Detected in Pig Feed Samples: Their Occurrence, Relevance and Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro

Feed samples are frequently contaminated by a wide range of chemically diverse natural products, which can be determined using highly sensitive analytical techniques. Next to already well-investigated mycotoxins, unknown or unregulated fungal secondary metabolites have also been found, some of which...

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Published inToxins Vol. 11; no. 9; p. 537
Main Authors Novak, Barbara, Rainer, Valentina, Sulyok, Michael, Haltrich, Dietmar, Schatzmayr, Gerd, Mayer, Elisabeth
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 14.09.2019
MDPI
Subjects
Acids
Alternaria
Aspergillus
Beauvericin
Cytotoxicity
Deoxynivalenol
emerging mycotoxin
Enniatins
Epithelial cells
Epithelium
Feeds
Fungi
Fusarium
Gliotoxin
in vitro
IPEC-J2
Metabolites
Moniliformin
Mycotoxins
Natural products
occurrence data
Penicillium
Secondary metabolites
Swine
Toxicity
Zearalenone
Aspergillus
Penicillium
emerging mycotoxin
fungi
IPEC-J2
Alternaria
in vitro
Fusarium
occurrence data
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Abstract Feed samples are frequently contaminated by a wide range of chemically diverse natural products, which can be determined using highly sensitive analytical techniques. Next to already well-investigated mycotoxins, unknown or unregulated fungal secondary metabolites have also been found, some of which at significant concentrations. In our study, 1141 pig feed samples were analyzed for more than 800 secondary fungal metabolites using the same LC-MS/MS method and ranked according to their prevalence. Effects on the viability of the 28 most relevant were tested on an intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The most frequently occurring compounds were determined as being cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr), moniliformin, and enniatin B, followed by enniatin B1, aurofusarin, culmorin, and enniatin A1. The main mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, were found only at ranks 8 and 10. Regarding cytotoxicity, apicidin, gliotoxin, bikaverin, and beauvericin led to lower IC values, between 0.52 and 2.43 µM, compared to deoxynivalenol (IC = 2.55 µM). Significant cytotoxic effects were also seen for the group of enniatins, which occurred in up to 82.2% of the feed samples. Our study gives an overall insight into the amount of fungal secondary metabolites found in pig feed samples compared to their cytotoxic effects in vitro.
AbstractList Feed samples are frequently contaminated by a wide range of chemically diverse natural products, which can be determined using highly sensitive analytical techniques. Next to already well-investigated mycotoxins, unknown or unregulated fungal secondary metabolites have also been found, some of which at significant concentrations. In our study, 1141 pig feed samples were analyzed for more than 800 secondary fungal metabolites using the same LC-MS/MS method and ranked according to their prevalence. Effects on the viability of the 28 most relevant were tested on an intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The most frequently occurring compounds were determined as being cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr), moniliformin, and enniatin B, followed by enniatin B1, aurofusarin, culmorin, and enniatin A1. The main mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, were found only at ranks 8 and 10. Regarding cytotoxicity, apicidin, gliotoxin, bikaverin, and beauvericin led to lower IC 50 values, between 0.52 and 2.43 µM, compared to deoxynivalenol (IC 50 = 2.55 µM). Significant cytotoxic effects were also seen for the group of enniatins, which occurred in up to 82.2% of the feed samples. Our study gives an overall insight into the amount of fungal secondary metabolites found in pig feed samples compared to their cytotoxic effects in vitro.
Feed samples are frequently contaminated by a wide range of chemically diverse natural products, which can be determined using highly sensitive analytical techniques. Next to already well-investigated mycotoxins, unknown or unregulated fungal secondary metabolites have also been found, some of which at significant concentrations. In our study, 1141 pig feed samples were analyzed for more than 800 secondary fungal metabolites using the same LC-MS/MS method and ranked according to their prevalence. Effects on the viability of the 28 most relevant were tested on an intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The most frequently occurring compounds were determined as being cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr), moniliformin, and enniatin B, followed by enniatin B1, aurofusarin, culmorin, and enniatin A1. The main mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, were found only at ranks 8 and 10. Regarding cytotoxicity, apicidin, gliotoxin, bikaverin, and beauvericin led to lower IC50 values, between 0.52 and 2.43 µM, compared to deoxynivalenol (IC50 = 2.55 µM). Significant cytotoxic effects were also seen for the group of enniatins, which occurred in up to 82.2% of the feed samples. Our study gives an overall insight into the amount of fungal secondary metabolites found in pig feed samples compared to their cytotoxic effects in vitro.
Feed samples are frequently contaminated by a wide range of chemically diverse natural products, which can be determined using highly sensitive analytical techniques. Next to already well-investigated mycotoxins, unknown or unregulated fungal secondary metabolites have also been found, some of which at significant concentrations. In our study, 1141 pig feed samples were analyzed for more than 800 secondary fungal metabolites using the same LC-MS/MS method and ranked according to their prevalence. Effects on the viability of the 28 most relevant were tested on an intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The most frequently occurring compounds were determined as being cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr), moniliformin, and enniatin B, followed by enniatin B1, aurofusarin, culmorin, and enniatin A1. The main mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, were found only at ranks 8 and 10. Regarding cytotoxicity, apicidin, gliotoxin, bikaverin, and beauvericin led to lower IC values, between 0.52 and 2.43 µM, compared to deoxynivalenol (IC = 2.55 µM). Significant cytotoxic effects were also seen for the group of enniatins, which occurred in up to 82.2% of the feed samples. Our study gives an overall insight into the amount of fungal secondary metabolites found in pig feed samples compared to their cytotoxic effects in vitro.
Author Novak, Barbara
Haltrich, Dietmar
Schatzmayr, Gerd
Mayer, Elisabeth
Sulyok, Michael
Rainer, Valentina
AuthorAffiliation 3 Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; dietmar.haltrich@boku.ac.at
1 BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; valentina.rainer@biomin.net (V.R.); gerd.schatzmayr@biomin.net (G.S.); e.mayer@biomin.net (E.M.)
2 Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; michael.sulyok@boku.ac.at
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– name: 1 BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; valentina.rainer@biomin.net (V.R.); gerd.schatzmayr@biomin.net (G.S.); e.mayer@biomin.net (E.M.)
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31540008$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 9
Keywords Aspergillus
Penicillium
emerging mycotoxin
fungi
IPEC-J2
Alternaria
in vitro
Fusarium
occurrence data
Language English
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SSID ssj0000331917
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Snippet Feed samples are frequently contaminated by a wide range of chemically diverse natural products, which can be determined using highly sensitive analytical...
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StartPage 537
SubjectTerms Acids
Alternaria
Aspergillus
Beauvericin
Cytotoxicity
Deoxynivalenol
emerging mycotoxin
Enniatins
Epithelial cells
Epithelium
Feeds
Fungi
Fusarium
Gliotoxin
in vitro
IPEC-J2
Metabolites
Moniliformin
Mycotoxins
Natural products
occurrence data
Penicillium
Secondary metabolites
Swine
Toxicity
Zearalenone
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Title Twenty-Eight Fungal Secondary Metabolites Detected in Pig Feed Samples: Their Occurrence, Relevance and Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31540008
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2550280795
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6784148
https://doaj.org/article/74a0861dc4324db3941e8cbcf3e0eae5
Volume 11
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