Reversible neurochemical changes mediated by delayed intrastriatal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene delivery in a partial Parkinson's disease rat model
Background Efficient protection of dopaminergic neurons against a subsequent 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion by glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene delivery has been demonstrated. By contrast, the neurorestorative effects of GDNF administered several weeks after the toxin have been less...
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Published in | The journal of gene medicine Vol. 11; no. 10; pp. 899 - 912 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Chichester, UK
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
01.10.2009
Wiley Periodicals Inc |
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Abstract | Background
Efficient protection of dopaminergic neurons against a subsequent 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion by glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene delivery has been demonstrated. By contrast, the neurorestorative effects of GDNF administered several weeks after the toxin have been less characterized. In particular, whether these were permanent or dependent on the continuous presence of GDNF remains elusive.
Methods
A tetracycline‐inducible adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐1 vector expressing human GDNF cDNA was administered unilaterally in the rat striatum 5 weeks after 6‐hydroxydopamine. Rats were treated with doxycycline (dox) or untreated from the day of vector injection until sacrifice (4 or 14 weeks). A sub‐group was dox‐treated for 7 weeks then untreated until 14 weeks. The motor behavior was assessed by amphetamine‐induced rotations and spontaneous forelimb asymmetry. The amounts of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serine‐40‐phosphorylated TH (S40‐TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) proteins were compared by western blotting and the dopamine levels quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography.
Results
Dox‐dependent behavioral improvements were demonstrated 4 weeks post‐vector injection. At later time points, spontaneous partial recovery was observed in all rats, but no further improvement was found in dox‐treated animals. TH levels were significantly increased in dox‐treated rats at all time points. By contrast, striatal dopamine and S40‐TH were increased at 4 weeks, but not 14 weeks, and AADC remained unchanged. Dox withdrawal after 7 weeks, resulted in TH levels comparable to the controls at 14 weeks.
Conclusions
Delayed GDNF gene delivery only transiently improved dopaminergic function. Over the long term, TH was more abundant, but not functional, and the increase was lost when GDNF gene expression was switched off. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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AbstractList | Background Efficient protection of dopaminergic neurons against a subsequent 6-hydroxydopamine lesion by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene delivery has been demonstrated. By contrast, the neurorestorative effects of GDNF administered several weeks after the toxin have been less characterized. In particular, whether these were permanent or dependent on the continuous presence of GDNF remains elusive. Methods A tetracycline-inducible adeno-associated virus (AAV)-1 vector expressing human GDNF cDNA was administered unilaterally in the rat striatum 5 weeks after 6-hydroxydopamine. Rats were treated with doxycycline (dox) or untreated from the day of vector injection until sacrifice (4 or 14 weeks). A sub-group was dox-treated for 7 weeks then untreated until 14 weeks. The motor behavior was assessed by amphetamine-induced rotations and spontaneous forelimb asymmetry. The amounts of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serine-40-phosphorylated TH (S40-TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) proteins were compared by western blotting and the dopamine levels quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Dox-dependent behavioral improvements were demonstrated 4 weeks post-vector injection. At later time points, spontaneous partial recovery was observed in all rats, but no further improvement was found in dox-treated animals. TH levels were significantly increased in dox-treated rats at all time points. By contrast, striatal dopamine and S40-TH were increased at 4 weeks, but not 14 weeks, and AADC remained unchanged. Dox withdrawal after 7 weeks, resulted in TH levels comparable to the controls at 14 weeks. Conclusions Delayed GDNF gene delivery only transiently improved dopaminergic function. Over the long term, TH was more abundant, but not functional, and the increase was lost when GDNF gene expression was switched off. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Efficient protection of dopaminergic neurons against a subsequent 6-hydroxydopamine lesion by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene delivery has been demonstrated. By contrast, the neurorestorative effects of GDNF administered several weeks after the toxin have been less characterized. In particular, whether these were permanent or dependent on the continuous presence of GDNF remains elusive.BACKGROUNDEfficient protection of dopaminergic neurons against a subsequent 6-hydroxydopamine lesion by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene delivery has been demonstrated. By contrast, the neurorestorative effects of GDNF administered several weeks after the toxin have been less characterized. In particular, whether these were permanent or dependent on the continuous presence of GDNF remains elusive.A tetracycline-inducible adeno-associated virus (AAV)-1 vector expressing human GDNF cDNA was administered unilaterally in the rat striatum 5 weeks after 6-hydroxydopamine. Rats were treated with doxycycline (dox) or untreated from the day of vector injection until sacrifice (4 or 14 weeks). A sub-group was dox-treated for 7 weeks then untreated until 14 weeks. The motor behavior was assessed by amphetamine-induced rotations and spontaneous forelimb asymmetry. The amounts of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serine-40-phosphorylated TH (S40-TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) proteins were compared by western blotting and the dopamine levels quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography.METHODSA tetracycline-inducible adeno-associated virus (AAV)-1 vector expressing human GDNF cDNA was administered unilaterally in the rat striatum 5 weeks after 6-hydroxydopamine. Rats were treated with doxycycline (dox) or untreated from the day of vector injection until sacrifice (4 or 14 weeks). A sub-group was dox-treated for 7 weeks then untreated until 14 weeks. The motor behavior was assessed by amphetamine-induced rotations and spontaneous forelimb asymmetry. The amounts of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serine-40-phosphorylated TH (S40-TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) proteins were compared by western blotting and the dopamine levels quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography.Dox-dependent behavioral improvements were demonstrated 4 weeks post-vector injection. At later time points, spontaneous partial recovery was observed in all rats, but no further improvement was found in dox-treated animals. TH levels were significantly increased in dox-treated rats at all time points. By contrast, striatal dopamine and S40-TH were increased at 4 weeks, but not 14 weeks, and AADC remained unchanged. Dox withdrawal after 7 weeks, resulted in TH levels comparable to the controls at 14 weeks.RESULTSDox-dependent behavioral improvements were demonstrated 4 weeks post-vector injection. At later time points, spontaneous partial recovery was observed in all rats, but no further improvement was found in dox-treated animals. TH levels were significantly increased in dox-treated rats at all time points. By contrast, striatal dopamine and S40-TH were increased at 4 weeks, but not 14 weeks, and AADC remained unchanged. Dox withdrawal after 7 weeks, resulted in TH levels comparable to the controls at 14 weeks.Delayed GDNF gene delivery only transiently improved dopaminergic function. Over the long term, TH was more abundant, but not functional, and the increase was lost when GDNF gene expression was switched off.CONCLUSIONSDelayed GDNF gene delivery only transiently improved dopaminergic function. Over the long term, TH was more abundant, but not functional, and the increase was lost when GDNF gene expression was switched off. Background Efficient protection of dopaminergic neurons against a subsequent 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion by glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene delivery has been demonstrated. By contrast, the neurorestorative effects of GDNF administered several weeks after the toxin have been less characterized. In particular, whether these were permanent or dependent on the continuous presence of GDNF remains elusive. Methods A tetracycline‐inducible adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐1 vector expressing human GDNF cDNA was administered unilaterally in the rat striatum 5 weeks after 6‐hydroxydopamine. Rats were treated with doxycycline (dox) or untreated from the day of vector injection until sacrifice (4 or 14 weeks). A sub‐group was dox‐treated for 7 weeks then untreated until 14 weeks. The motor behavior was assessed by amphetamine‐induced rotations and spontaneous forelimb asymmetry. The amounts of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serine‐40‐phosphorylated TH (S40‐TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) proteins were compared by western blotting and the dopamine levels quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Results Dox‐dependent behavioral improvements were demonstrated 4 weeks post‐vector injection. At later time points, spontaneous partial recovery was observed in all rats, but no further improvement was found in dox‐treated animals. TH levels were significantly increased in dox‐treated rats at all time points. By contrast, striatal dopamine and S40‐TH were increased at 4 weeks, but not 14 weeks, and AADC remained unchanged. Dox withdrawal after 7 weeks, resulted in TH levels comparable to the controls at 14 weeks. Conclusions Delayed GDNF gene delivery only transiently improved dopaminergic function. Over the long term, TH was more abundant, but not functional, and the increase was lost when GDNF gene expression was switched off. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Background Efficient protection of dopaminergic neurons against a subsequent 6-hydroxydopamine lesion by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene delivery has been demonstrated. By contrast, the neurorestorative effects of GDNF administered several weeks after the toxin have been less characterized. In particular, whether these were permanent or dependent on the continuous presence of GDNF remains elusive. Methods A tetracycline-inducible adeno-associated virus (AAV)-1 vector expressing human GDNF cDNA was administered unilaterally in the rat striatum 5 weeks after 6-hydroxydopamine. Rats were treated with doxycycline (dox) or untreated from the day of vector injection until sacrifice (4 or 14 weeks). A sub-group was dox-treated for 7 weeks then untreated until 14 weeks. The motor behavior was assessed by amphetamine-induced rotations and spontaneous forelimb asymmetry. The amounts of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serine-40-phosphorylated TH (S40-TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) proteins were compared by western blotting and the dopamine levels quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Dox-dependent behavioral improvements were demonstrated 4 weeks post-vector injection. At later time points, spontaneous partial recovery was observed in all rats, but no further improvement was found in dox-treated animals. TH levels were significantly increased in dox-treated rats at all time points. By contrast, striatal dopamine and S40-TH were increased at 4 weeks, but not 14 weeks, and AADC remained unchanged. Dox withdrawal after 7 weeks, resulted in TH levels comparable to the controls at 14 weeks. Conclusions Delayed GDNF gene delivery only transiently improved dopaminergic function. Over the long term, TH was more abundant, but not functional, and the increase was lost when GDNF gene expression was switched off. Efficient protection of dopaminergic neurons against a subsequent 6-hydroxydopamine lesion by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene delivery has been demonstrated. By contrast, the neurorestorative effects of GDNF administered several weeks after the toxin have been less characterized. In particular, whether these were permanent or dependent on the continuous presence of GDNF remains elusive. A tetracycline-inducible adeno-associated virus (AAV)-1 vector expressing human GDNF cDNA was administered unilaterally in the rat striatum 5 weeks after 6-hydroxydopamine. Rats were treated with doxycycline (dox) or untreated from the day of vector injection until sacrifice (4 or 14 weeks). A sub-group was dox-treated for 7 weeks then untreated until 14 weeks. The motor behavior was assessed by amphetamine-induced rotations and spontaneous forelimb asymmetry. The amounts of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serine-40-phosphorylated TH (S40-TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) proteins were compared by western blotting and the dopamine levels quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Dox-dependent behavioral improvements were demonstrated 4 weeks post-vector injection. At later time points, spontaneous partial recovery was observed in all rats, but no further improvement was found in dox-treated animals. TH levels were significantly increased in dox-treated rats at all time points. By contrast, striatal dopamine and S40-TH were increased at 4 weeks, but not 14 weeks, and AADC remained unchanged. Dox withdrawal after 7 weeks, resulted in TH levels comparable to the controls at 14 weeks. Delayed GDNF gene delivery only transiently improved dopaminergic function. Over the long term, TH was more abundant, but not functional, and the increase was lost when GDNF gene expression was switched off. |
Author | Yang, Xin Bockstael, Olivier Brotchi, Jacques Vercammen, Linda Baekelandt, Veerle Lehtonen, Enni Chtarto, Abdelwahed Levivier, Marc Mertens, Birgit Michotte, Yvette Sarre, Sophie Tenenbaum, Liliane |
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Ret-dependent and -independent mechanisms of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in neuronal cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 20885-20894. Salvatore MF, Zhang JL, Large DM, et al. Striatal GDNF administration increases tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in the rat striatum and substantia nigra. J Neurochem 2004; 90: 245-254. Nutt JG, Burchiel KJ, Comella CL, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in PD. Neurology 2003; 60: 69-73. Yuan H, Sarre S, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. Histological, behavioural and neurochemical evaluation of medial forebrain bundle and striatal 6-OHDA lesions as rat models of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2005; 144: 35-45. Goldstein M, Lee KY, Lew JY, et al. Antibodies to a segment of tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylated at serine 40. J Neurochem 1995; 64: 2281-2287. Bilang-Bleuel A, Revah F, Colin P, et al. Intrastriatal injection of an adenoviral vector expressing glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor prevents dopaminergic neuron degeneration and behavioral impairment in a rat model of Parkinson disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 8818-8823. Sajadi A, Bensadoun JC, Schneider BL, Lo BC, Aebischer P. Transient striatal delivery of GDNF via encapsulated cells leads to sustained behavioral improvement in a bilateral model of Parkinson disease. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22: 119-129. Georgievska B, Kirik D, Bjorklund A. Overexpression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor using a lentiviral vector induces time- and dose-dependent downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the intact nigrostriatal dopamine system. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 6437-6445. Bockstael O, Chtarto A, Wakkinen J, et al. Differential transgene expression profiles from rAAV2/1 vectors using the tetON and CMV promoters in the rat brain. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 11: 1293-1306. Bjorklund A, Lindvall O. Parkinson disease gene therapy moves toward the clinic. Nat Med 2000; 6: 1207-1208. Marks WJ, Jr., Ostrem JL, Verhagen L, et al. Safety and tolerability of intraputaminal delivery of CERE-120 (adeno-associated virus serotype 2-neurturin) to patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease: an open-label, phase I trial. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 400-408. Bjorklund A, Kirik D, Rosenblad C, et al. Towards a neuroprotective gene therapy for Parkinson's disease: use of adenovirus, AAV and lentivirus vectors for gene transfer of GDNF to the nigrostriatal system in the rat Parkinson model. Brain Res 2000; 886: 82-98. Sauer H, Oertel WH. Progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons following intrastriatal terminal lesions with 6-hydroxydopamine: a combined retrograde tracing and immunocytochemical study in the rat. Neuroscience 1994; 59: 401-415. Eslamboli A, Cummings RM, Ridley RM, et al. Recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) delivery of GDNF provides protection against 6-OHDA lesion in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Exp Neurol 2003; 184: 536-548. Kozlowski DA, Connor B, Tillerson JL, Schallert T, Bohn MC. Delivery of a GDNF gene into the substantia nigra after a progressive 6-OHDA lesion maintains functional nigrostriatal connections. Exp Neurol 2000; 166: 1-15. Chtarto A, Yang X, Bockstael O, et al. Controlled delivery of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor by a single tetracycline-inducible AAV vector. Exp Neurol 2007; 204: 387-399. Kordower JH, Emborg ME, Bloch J, et al. Neurodegeneration prevented by lentiviral vector delivery of GDNF in primate models of Parkinson's disease. Science 2000; 290: 767-773. Zheng JS, Tang LL, Zheng SS, et al. Delayed gene therapy of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is efficacious in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2005; 134: 155-161. Tseng JL, Baetge EE, Zurn AD, Aebischer P. GDNF reduces drug-induced rotational behavior after medial forebrain bundle transection by a mechanism not involving striatal dopamine. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 325-333. Tenenbaum L, Jurysta F, Stathopoulos A, et al. Tropism of AAV-2 vectors for neurons of the globus pallidus. Neuroreport 2000; 11: 2277-2283. Georgievska B, Kirik D, Rosenblad C, Lundberg C, Bjorklund A. Neuroprotection in the rat Parkinson model by intrastriatal GDNF gene transfer using a lentiviral vector. Neuroreport 2002; 13: 75-82. Kotzbauer PT, Lampe PA, Heuckeroth RO, et al. Neurturin, a relative of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor. Nature 1996; 384: 467-470. Lang AE, Gill S, Patel NK, et al. Randomized controlled trial of intraputamenal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor infusion in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2006; 59: 459-466. Trupp M, Arenas E, Fainzilber M, et al. Functional receptor for GDNF encoded by the c-ret proto-oncogene. Nature 1996; 381: 785-789. McGrath J, Lintz E, Hoffer BJ, et al. Adeno-associated viral delivery of GDNF promotes recovery of dopaminergic phenotype following a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. Cell Transplant 2002; 11: 215-227. Palfi S, Leventhal L, Chu Y, et al. Lentivirally delivered glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor increases the number of striatal dopaminergic neurons in primate models of nigrostriatal degeneration. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 4942-4954. Tatarewicz SM, Wei X, Gupta S, et al. Development of a maturing t-cell-mediated immune response in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease receiving r-metHuGDNF via continuous intraputaminal infusion. J Clin Immunol 2007; 27: 620-627. Lu X, Hagg T. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor prevents death, but not reductions in tyrosine hydroxylase, of injured nigrostriatal neurons in adult rats. J Comp Neurol 1997; 388: 484-494. Marks WJ Jr, Ostrem JL, Verhagen L, et al. Safety and tolerability of intraputaminal delivery of CERE-120 (adeno-associated virus serotype 2-neurturin) to patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease: an open-label, phase I trial. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 400-408. Xu K, Dluzen DE. The effect of GDNF on nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in response to a two-pulse K(+) stimulation. Exp Neurol 2000; 166: 450-457. Sarre S, De KN, Herregodts P, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. Biotransformation of locally applied L-dopa in the corpus striatum of the hemi-parkinsonian rat studied with microdialysis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1994; 350: 15-21. Xiao H, Hirata Y, Isobe K, Kiuchi K. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor up-regulates the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase gene in human neuroblastoma cell lines. J Neurochem 2002; 82: 801-808. Rosenblad C, Kirik D, Devaux B, et al. Protection and regeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons by neurturin or GDNF in a partial lesion model of Parkinson's disease after administration into the striatum or the lateral ventricle. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11: 1554-1566. Jing S, Wen D, Yu Y, et al. GDNF-induced activation of the ret protein tyrosine kinase is mediated by GDNFR-alpha, a novel receptor for GDNF. Cell 1996; 85: 1113-1124. Paratcha G, Ledda F, Ibanez CF. The neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM is an alternative signaling receptor for GDNF family ligands. Cell 2003; 113: 867-879. Mandel RJ, Spratt SK, Snyder RO, Leff SE. Midbrain injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding rat glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protects nigral neurons in a progressive 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration model of Parkinson's disease in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 14083-14088. Wang L, Muramatsu S, Lu Y, et al. Delayed delivery of AAV-GDNF prevents nigral neurodegeneration and promotes functional recovery in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Gene Ther 2002; 9: 381-389. Kirik D, Georgievska B, Rosenblad C, Bjorklund A. Delayed infusion of GDNF promotes recovery of motor function in the partial lesion model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 13: 1589-1599. Kirik D, Rosenblad C, Bjorklund A, Mandel RJ. Long-term rAAV-mediated gene transfer of GDNF in the rat Parkinson's model: intrastriatal but not intranigral transduction promotes functional regeneration in the lesioned nigrostriatal system. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 4686-4700. Choi-Lundberg DL, Lin Q, Chang YN, et al. Dopaminergic neurons protected from degeneration by GDNF gene therapy. Science 1997; 275: 838-841. Georgievska B, Jakobsson J, Persson E, et al. Regulated delivery of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor into rat striatum, using a tetracycline-dependent lentiviral vector. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15: 934-944. Hovland DN, Boyd RB, Butt MT, et al. Six-month continuous intraputamenal infusion toxicity study of recombinant methionyl human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (r-metHuGDNF) in rhesus monkeys. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35: 1013-1029. Izurieta-Sanchez P, Sarre S, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. Effect of trihexyphenidyl, a non-selective antimuscarinic drug, on decarboxylation of L-dopa in hemi-Parkinson rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 353: 33-42. Brundin P. GDNF treatment in Parkinson's disease: time for controlled clinical trials? Brain 2002; 125: 2149-2151. Beck KD, Irwin I, Valverde J, et al. GDNF induces a dystonia-like state in neonatal rats and stimulates dopamine and serotonin synthesis. Neuron 1996; 16: 665-673. 2007; 106 2000; 6 2005; 134 1995; 36 2002; 13 1997; 275 2007; 100 2002; 11 2004; 24 1996; 72 1996; 381 2008; 7 1999; 367 1996; 384 1998; 353 1998; 154 2003; 113 1994; 63 2007; 35 2000; 290 1998; 152 1997; 388 1995; 64 1997; 94 2005; 144 2000; 886 2006; 22 2000; 11 2003; 9 1997; 17 1999; 11 2000; 166 2001; 13 2007; 27 2005; 193 1997; 777 2007; 204 2002; 9 1994; 350 2006; 14 2002; 177 2000; 20 2006; 59 1993; 260 2006; 3 2002; 82 2008; 11 2004; 90 2004; 91 1996; 16 1980; 16 2002; 125 2004; 15 2002; 22 1999; 274 2003; 184 1996; 271 1996; 85 1994; 59 2003; 60 1996; 279 1996; 317 2003; 23 e_1_2_6_51_2 e_1_2_6_53_2 e_1_2_6_30_2 Hebert MA (e_1_2_6_16_2) 1996; 279 e_1_2_6_19_2 e_1_2_6_13_2 e_1_2_6_34_2 e_1_2_6_59_2 e_1_2_6_11_2 e_1_2_6_32_2 e_1_2_6_17_2 e_1_2_6_38_2 e_1_2_6_55_2 e_1_2_6_15_2 e_1_2_6_36_2 e_1_2_6_57_2 e_1_2_6_64_2 e_1_2_6_20_2 e_1_2_6_41_2 e_1_2_6_60_2 e_1_2_6_7_2 e_1_2_6_9_2 e_1_2_6_3_2 e_1_2_6_5_2 e_1_2_6_24_2 e_1_2_6_47_2 e_1_2_6_22_2 e_1_2_6_49_2 e_1_2_6_28_2 e_1_2_6_43_2 e_1_2_6_66_2 e_1_2_6_26_2 e_1_2_6_45_2 e_1_2_6_68_2 e_1_2_6_50_2 e_1_2_6_52_2 e_1_2_6_31_2 Hefti F (e_1_2_6_62_2) 1980; 16 e_1_2_6_18_2 e_1_2_6_12_2 e_1_2_6_35_2 e_1_2_6_58_2 e_1_2_6_10_2 e_1_2_6_33_2 e_1_2_6_39_2 e_1_2_6_54_2 e_1_2_6_37_2 e_1_2_6_56_2 e_1_2_6_61_2 e_1_2_6_63_2 e_1_2_6_42_2 e_1_2_6_40_2 Palfi S (e_1_2_6_14_2) 2002; 22 e_1_2_6_8_2 e_1_2_6_29_2 e_1_2_6_4_2 e_1_2_6_6_2 e_1_2_6_23_2 e_1_2_6_48_2 e_1_2_6_2_2 e_1_2_6_21_2 e_1_2_6_65_2 e_1_2_6_27_2 e_1_2_6_44_2 e_1_2_6_67_2 e_1_2_6_25_2 e_1_2_6_46_2 |
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Efficient protection of dopaminergic neurons against a subsequent 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion by glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)... Efficient protection of dopaminergic neurons against a subsequent 6-hydroxydopamine lesion by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene delivery... Background Efficient protection of dopaminergic neurons against a subsequent 6-hydroxydopamine lesion by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)... |
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SubjectTerms | 6-hydroxydopamine adeno-associated viral vector Adeno-associated virus Adrenergic Agents - administration & dosage Adrenergic Agents - adverse effects Animals Dependovirus - genetics Dopamine - analysis Dopamine - biosynthesis Doxycycline - administration & dosage Female Gene Expression - drug effects Gene therapy Gene Transfer Techniques Genetic Vectors - administration & dosage Genetic Vectors - genetics Genetic Vectors - metabolism glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor - administration & dosage Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor - biosynthesis Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor - genetics Humans Motor Activity - drug effects Oxidopamine - administration & dosage Oxidopamine - adverse effects Parkinson Disease, Secondary - chemically induced Parkinson Disease, Secondary - metabolism Parkinson Disease, Secondary - therapy Parkinson's disease phosphorylation Rats tetracycline-inducible Time Factors Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase - analysis Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase - biosynthesis tyrosine hydroxylase |
Title | Reversible neurochemical changes mediated by delayed intrastriatal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene delivery in a partial Parkinson's disease rat model |
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