The mechanism of sex determination in vertebrates-are sex steroids the key-factor?
In many vertebrate species, sex is determined at fertilization of zygotes by sex chromosome composition, knows as genotypic sex determination (GSD). But in some species—fish, amphibians and reptiles—sex is determined by environmental factors; in particular by temperature‐dependent sex determination...
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| Published in | Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology Vol. 313A; no. 7; pp. 381 - 398 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Hoboken
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company
01.08.2010
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1932-5223 1932-5231 1932-5231 |
| DOI | 10.1002/jez.616 |
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| Abstract | In many vertebrate species, sex is determined at fertilization of zygotes by sex chromosome composition, knows as genotypic sex determination (GSD). But in some species—fish, amphibians and reptiles—sex is determined by environmental factors; in particular by temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD). However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in TSD and GSD. How does TSD differ from GSD? As is well known, genes that activated downstream of sex‐determining genes are conserved throughout all classes of vertebrates. What is the main factor that determines sex, then? Sex steroids can reverse sex of several species of vertebrate; estrogens induce the male‐to‐female sex‐reversal, whereas androgens do the female‐to‐male sex‐reversal. For such sex‐reversal, a functioning sex‐determining gene is not required. However, in R. rugosa CYP19 (P450 aromatase) is expressed at high levels in indifferent gonads before phenotypic sex determination, and the gene is also active in the bipotential gonad of females before sex determination. Thus, we may predict that an unknown factor, a common transcription factor locates on the X and/or W chromosome, intervenes directly or indirectly in the transcriptional up‐regulation of the CYP19 gene for feminization in species of vertebrates with both TSD and GSD. Similarly, an unknown factor on the Z and/or Y chromosome probably intervenes directly or indirectly in the regulation of androgen biosynthesis for masculinization. In both cases, a sex‐determining gene is not always necessary for sex determination. Taken together, sex steroids may be the key‐factor for sex determination in some species of vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:381–398, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | In many vertebrate species, sex is determined at fertilization of zygotes by sex chromosome composition, knows as genotypic sex determination (GSD). But in some species-fish, amphibians and reptiles-sex is determined by environmental factors; in particular by temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in TSD and GSD. How does TSD differ from GSD? As is well known, genes that activated downstream of sex-determining genes are conserved throughout all classes of vertebrates. What is the main factor that determines sex, then? Sex steroids can reverse sex of several species of vertebrate; estrogens induce the male-to-female sex-reversal, whereas androgens do the female-to-male sex-reversal. For such sex-reversal, a functioning sex-determining gene is not required. However, in R. rugosa CYP19 (P450 aromatase) is expressed at high levels in indifferent gonads before phenotypic sex determination, and the gene is also active in the bipotential gonad of females before sex determination. Thus, we may predict that an unknown factor, a common transcription factor locates on the X and/or W chromosome, intervenes directly or indirectly in the transcriptional up-regulation of the CYP19 gene for feminization in species of vertebrates with both TSD and GSD. Similarly, an unknown factor on the Z and/or Y chromosome probably intervenes directly or indirectly in the regulation of androgen biosynthesis for masculinization. In both cases, a sex-determining gene is not always necessary for sex determination. Taken together, sex steroids may be the key-factor for sex determination in some species of vertebrates. In many vertebrate species, sex is determined at fertilization of zygotes by sex chromosome composition, knows as genotypic sex determination (GSD). But in some species-fish, amphibians and reptiles-sex is determined by environmental factors; in particular by temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in TSD and GSD. How does TSD differ from GSD? As is well known, genes that activated downstream of sex-determining genes are conserved throughout all classes of vertebrates. What is the main factor that determines sex, then? Sex steroids can reverse sex of several species of vertebrate; estrogens induce the male-to-female sex-reversal, whereas androgens do the female-to-male sex-reversal. For such sex-reversal, a functioning sex-determining gene is not required. However, in R. rugosa CYP19 (P450 aromatase) is expressed at high levels in indifferent gonads before phenotypic sex determination, and the gene is also active in the bipotential gonad of females before sex determination. Thus, we may predict that an unknown factor, a common transcription factor locates on the X and/or W chromosome, intervenes directly or indirectly in the transcriptional up-regulation of the CYP19 gene for feminization in species of vertebrates with both TSD and GSD. Similarly, an unknown factor on the Z and/or Y chromosome probably intervenes directly or indirectly in the regulation of androgen biosynthesis for masculinization. In both cases, a sex-determining gene is not always necessary for sex determination. Taken together, sex steroids may be the key-factor for sex determination in some species of vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:381-398, 2010. [copy 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. In many vertebrate species, sex is determined at fertilization of zygotes by sex chromosome composition, knows as genotypic sex determination (GSD). But in some species-fish, amphibians and reptiles-sex is determined by environmental factors; in particular by temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in TSD and GSD. How does TSD differ from GSD? As is well known, genes that activated downstream of sex-determining genes are conserved throughout all classes of vertebrates. What is the main factor that determines sex, then? Sex steroids can reverse sex of several species of vertebrate; estrogens induce the male-to-female sex-reversal, whereas androgens do the female-to-male sex-reversal. For such sex-reversal, a functioning sex-determining gene is not required. However, in R. rugosa CYP19 (P450 aromatase) is expressed at high levels in indifferent gonads before phenotypic sex determination, and the gene is also active in the bipotential gonad of females before sex determination. Thus, we may predict that an unknown factor, a common transcription factor locates on the X and/or W chromosome, intervenes directly or indirectly in the transcriptional up-regulation of the CYP19 gene for feminization in species of vertebrates with both TSD and GSD. Similarly, an unknown factor on the Z and/or Y chromosome probably intervenes directly or indirectly in the regulation of androgen biosynthesis for masculinization. In both cases, a sex-determining gene is not always necessary for sex determination. Taken together, sex steroids may be the key-factor for sex determination in some species of vertebrates.In many vertebrate species, sex is determined at fertilization of zygotes by sex chromosome composition, knows as genotypic sex determination (GSD). But in some species-fish, amphibians and reptiles-sex is determined by environmental factors; in particular by temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in TSD and GSD. How does TSD differ from GSD? As is well known, genes that activated downstream of sex-determining genes are conserved throughout all classes of vertebrates. What is the main factor that determines sex, then? Sex steroids can reverse sex of several species of vertebrate; estrogens induce the male-to-female sex-reversal, whereas androgens do the female-to-male sex-reversal. For such sex-reversal, a functioning sex-determining gene is not required. However, in R. rugosa CYP19 (P450 aromatase) is expressed at high levels in indifferent gonads before phenotypic sex determination, and the gene is also active in the bipotential gonad of females before sex determination. Thus, we may predict that an unknown factor, a common transcription factor locates on the X and/or W chromosome, intervenes directly or indirectly in the transcriptional up-regulation of the CYP19 gene for feminization in species of vertebrates with both TSD and GSD. Similarly, an unknown factor on the Z and/or Y chromosome probably intervenes directly or indirectly in the regulation of androgen biosynthesis for masculinization. In both cases, a sex-determining gene is not always necessary for sex determination. Taken together, sex steroids may be the key-factor for sex determination in some species of vertebrates. In many vertebrate species, sex is determined at fertilization of zygotes by sex chromosome composition, knows as genotypic sex determination (GSD). But in some species—fish, amphibians and reptiles—sex is determined by environmental factors; in particular by temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD). However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in TSD and GSD. How does TSD differ from GSD? As is well known, genes that activated downstream of sex‐determining genes are conserved throughout all classes of vertebrates. What is the main factor that determines sex, then? Sex steroids can reverse sex of several species of vertebrate; estrogens induce the male‐to‐female sex‐reversal, whereas androgens do the female‐to‐male sex‐reversal. For such sex‐reversal, a functioning sex‐determining gene is not required. However, in R. rugosa CYP19 (P450 aromatase) is expressed at high levels in indifferent gonads before phenotypic sex determination, and the gene is also active in the bipotential gonad of females before sex determination. Thus, we may predict that an unknown factor, a common transcription factor locates on the X and/or W chromosome, intervenes directly or indirectly in the transcriptional up‐regulation of the CYP19 gene for feminization in species of vertebrates with both TSD and GSD. Similarly, an unknown factor on the Z and/or Y chromosome probably intervenes directly or indirectly in the regulation of androgen biosynthesis for masculinization. In both cases, a sex‐determining gene is not always necessary for sex determination. Taken together, sex steroids may be the key‐factor for sex determination in some species of vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:381–398, 2010 . © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. In many vertebrate species, sex is determined at fertilization of zygotes by sex chromosome composition, knows as genotypic sex determination (GSD). But in some species—fish, amphibians and reptiles—sex is determined by environmental factors; in particular by temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD). However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in TSD and GSD. How does TSD differ from GSD? As is well known, genes that activated downstream of sex‐determining genes are conserved throughout all classes of vertebrates. What is the main factor that determines sex, then? Sex steroids can reverse sex of several species of vertebrate; estrogens induce the male‐to‐female sex‐reversal, whereas androgens do the female‐to‐male sex‐reversal. For such sex‐reversal, a functioning sex‐determining gene is not required. However, in R. rugosa CYP19 (P450 aromatase) is expressed at high levels in indifferent gonads before phenotypic sex determination, and the gene is also active in the bipotential gonad of females before sex determination. Thus, we may predict that an unknown factor, a common transcription factor locates on the X and/or W chromosome, intervenes directly or indirectly in the transcriptional up‐regulation of the CYP19 gene for feminization in species of vertebrates with both TSD and GSD. Similarly, an unknown factor on the Z and/or Y chromosome probably intervenes directly or indirectly in the regulation of androgen biosynthesis for masculinization. In both cases, a sex‐determining gene is not always necessary for sex determination. Taken together, sex steroids may be the key‐factor for sex determination in some species of vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:381–398, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
| Author | Nakamura, Masahisa |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Masahisa surname: Nakamura fullname: Nakamura, Masahisa email: nakamra@waseda.jp organization: Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20623803$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| PublicationTitle | Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology |
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Changes in the delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid deh 1979; 39 2007; 104 1994; 135 1991; 351 1998; 281 1990; 346 1997; 43 2000; 89 2006; 38 1995; 34 2002; 99 2010; 341 1988; 102 2008; 105 1988; 74 1974; 7 2007; 75 1966; 160 1994; 143 2007; 217 2006; 20 2001; 130 1995a; 14 2006; 23 1986; 8 1971; 18 1994; 141 2000; 11 1988; 332 1999; 55 1999; 173 1999; 54 2008; 22 2007; 5 1977; 32 1992; 47 2008; 112 2007; 1 1992; 41 2003; 45 2009; 17 1914; 85 1990; 34 1994; 270 1995; 58 1993; 44 1930; 37 1962; 1 1962; 2 1991; 81 1969; 12 1999; 23 1972; 274 2001; 27 2002; 417 1987; 1987 1959; 48 1969; 269 2003; 296 2006; 235 1998; 391 2010; 42 1984; 1 2009; 311A 1992; 255 2002; 124 2007; 154 1980; 55 1993; 53 2007; 153 2007; 80 1986; 217A 2008; 46 1981; 218 2009; 461 2007; 87 2003; 101 1994; 93 1929; 54 2009; 47 1968; 24 1989; 83 1976; 1150 1982; 1982 1995b; 141 1937a; 6 2000; 44 2008; 78 1982; 220 2008; 8 2000; 210 2002; 119 1976; 29 2007; 307 1999; 402 2005; 22 1973; 276 1972; 19 2004; 131 1997; 107 1991; 47 1982; 29 1989; 75 2001; 290 2001 2000; 56 1982; 216 1969; 3 1982; 296 2008; 159 2010; 151 2000; 287 2008; 158 2008; 157 1992; 86 2001; 11 2008; 155 2007; 21 2009; 445 1985; 57 2007; 26 1987; 241 1976; 101 1958; 137 2009; 25 1998; 28 1991; 39 1989; 218 2009; 20 1987; 128 2010 2006; 99 2008; 18 1995; 99 2008; 16 2008; 17 1997; 134 1995; 117 2006; 5 1993; 91 2004 1977; 266 1991; 9 1996; 53 1970; 59 1937b; 6 2003; 307 2001; 197 2007; 359 1988; 9 1963; 6 1993; 92 1936; 47 1994; 120 2001; 9 2003; 68 2008; 453 1971; 272 2008; 451 1953; 123 2003; 144 1977; 8 e_1_2_1_119_1 e_1_2_1_111_1 e_1_2_1_157_1 Hayes TB (e_1_2_1_47_1) 1998; 281 e_1_2_1_81_1 e_1_2_1_134_1 Chang XT (e_1_2_1_16_1) 1997; 43 e_1_2_1_115_1 e_1_2_1_138_1 e_1_2_1_20_1 e_1_2_1_160_1 e_1_2_1_89_1 e_1_2_1_24_1 e_1_2_1_62_1 e_1_2_1_43_1 e_1_2_1_85_1 e_1_2_1_28_1 Conover DO (e_1_2_1_25_1) 2004 Pieau C (e_1_2_1_98_1) 1973; 276 Zaborski P (e_1_2_1_173_1) 1986; 217 Pieau C (e_1_2_1_100_1) 1976; 101 e_1_2_1_103_1 e_1_2_1_122_1 e_1_2_1_145_1 e_1_2_1_126_1 e_1_2_1_149_1 e_1_2_1_168_1 e_1_2_1_31_1 e_1_2_1_54_1 e_1_2_1_77_1 e_1_2_1_8_1 e_1_2_1_175_1 e_1_2_1_12_1 e_1_2_1_50_1 e_1_2_1_73_1 Yoshikura M (e_1_2_1_169_1) 1963; 6 e_1_2_1_4_1 e_1_2_1_110_1 e_1_2_1_152_1 e_1_2_1_171_1 e_1_2_1_39_1 e_1_2_1_58_1 e_1_2_1_82_1 e_1_2_1_114_1 e_1_2_1_133_1 e_1_2_1_156_1 e_1_2_1_118_1 e_1_2_1_137_1 e_1_2_1_163_1 e_1_2_1_67_1 e_1_2_1_121_1 e_1_2_1_21_1 e_1_2_1_44_1 e_1_2_1_63_1 e_1_2_1_86_1 e_1_2_1_48_1 e_1_2_1_29_1 Piquet J (e_1_2_1_107_1) 1930; 37 Padoa E (e_1_2_1_92_1) 1936; 47 e_1_2_1_93_1 e_1_2_1_125_1 Iwasawa H (e_1_2_1_55_1) 1984; 1 e_1_2_1_70_1 e_1_2_1_102_1 e_1_2_1_144_1 e_1_2_1_129_1 e_1_2_1_167_1 e_1_2_1_106_1 e_1_2_1_148_1 e_1_2_1_7_1 Pieau C (e_1_2_1_97_1) 1972; 274 e_1_2_1_78_1 e_1_2_1_3_1 e_1_2_1_13_1 e_1_2_1_51_1 e_1_2_1_132_1 e_1_2_1_170_1 e_1_2_1_32_1 e_1_2_1_74_1 Pieau C (e_1_2_1_99_1) 1974; 7 e_1_2_1_151_1 e_1_2_1_17_1 e_1_2_1_36_1 e_1_2_1_59_1 Gallien L (e_1_2_1_40_1) 1959; 48 Uchida T (e_1_2_1_141_1) 1937; 6 Kwon JY (e_1_2_1_66_1) 2000; 287 e_1_2_1_136_1 Zhang Y (e_1_2_1_174_1) 2010 e_1_2_1_60_1 e_1_2_1_113_1 e_1_2_1_155_1 Ohta S (e_1_2_1_87_1) 1986; 8 e_1_2_1_117_1 e_1_2_1_159_1 e_1_2_1_162_1 e_1_2_1_41_1 e_1_2_1_68_1 Wallace H (e_1_2_1_147_1) 2000; 44 e_1_2_1_120_1 e_1_2_1_143_1 e_1_2_1_45_1 e_1_2_1_83_1 e_1_2_1_22_1 e_1_2_1_64_1 e_1_2_1_49_1 e_1_2_1_26_1 Pieau C (e_1_2_1_96_1) 1971; 272 e_1_2_1_109_1 Yamamoto E (e_1_2_1_164_1) 1995; 34 e_1_2_1_101_1 e_1_2_1_124_1 e_1_2_1_71_1 e_1_2_1_90_1 e_1_2_1_105_1 e_1_2_1_128_1 e_1_2_1_166_1 e_1_2_1_150_1 e_1_2_1_56_1 e_1_2_1_79_1 e_1_2_1_6_1 e_1_2_1_131_1 e_1_2_1_154_1 e_1_2_1_10_1 e_1_2_1_33_1 e_1_2_1_52_1 e_1_2_1_75_1 e_1_2_1_2_1 e_1_2_1_14_1 e_1_2_1_37_1 e_1_2_1_18_1 e_1_2_1_80_1 e_1_2_1_112_1 e_1_2_1_135_1 e_1_2_1_158_1 e_1_2_1_116_1 e_1_2_1_139_1 e_1_2_1_42_1 e_1_2_1_65_1 e_1_2_1_88_1 Pieau C (e_1_2_1_95_1) 1970; 59 e_1_2_1_161_1 Uchida T (e_1_2_1_140_1) 1937; 6 e_1_2_1_165_1 e_1_2_1_23_1 e_1_2_1_46_1 e_1_2_1_61_1 e_1_2_1_84_1 e_1_2_1_142_1 e_1_2_1_27_1 e_1_2_1_69_1 Pieau C (e_1_2_1_94_1) 1969; 269 e_1_2_1_108_1 Charnier M (e_1_2_1_19_1) 1966; 160 e_1_2_1_146_1 e_1_2_1_91_1 e_1_2_1_123_1 e_1_2_1_104_1 e_1_2_1_127_1 e_1_2_1_30_1 e_1_2_1_76_1 e_1_2_1_5_1 e_1_2_1_57_1 e_1_2_1_34_1 e_1_2_1_72_1 e_1_2_1_153_1 e_1_2_1_11_1 e_1_2_1_53_1 e_1_2_1_130_1 e_1_2_1_172_1 Dournon C (e_1_2_1_35_1) 1990; 34 e_1_2_1_38_1 e_1_2_1_15_1 e_1_2_1_9_1 |
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| Snippet | In many vertebrate species, sex is determined at fertilization of zygotes by sex chromosome composition, knows as genotypic sex determination (GSD). But in... |
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| SubjectTerms | Animals Aromatase - genetics Aromatase - metabolism Disorders of Sex Development Female Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Genotype Gonadal Steroid Hormones - physiology Gonads - embryology Gonads - enzymology Gonads - physiology Male Sex Determination Processes Temperature Vertebrates - genetics |
| Title | The mechanism of sex determination in vertebrates-are sex steroids the key-factor? |
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