Bordetella pertussis infection following relaxation of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions in 2021–2023 in Vancouver metropolitan area, British Columbia, Canada

We recently reported a near disappearance of B. pertussis and a decline in anti-B. pertussis antibodies during the peak implementation of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in 2021 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. During 2021–2023, incidence of reported B. pe...

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Published inVaccine Vol. 42; no. 22; p. 126004
Main Authors Reicherz, Frederic, Li, Sirui, Watts, Allison A., Goldfarb, David M., Lavoie, Pascal M., Abu-Raya, Bahaa
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 17.09.2024
Elsevier Limited
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0264-410X
1873-2518
1873-2518
DOI10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.052

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Abstract We recently reported a near disappearance of B. pertussis and a decline in anti-B. pertussis antibodies during the peak implementation of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in 2021 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. During 2021–2023, incidence of reported B. pertussis cases remained low in BC at < 1/100,000 population. This study determined how serological evidence of B. pertussis changed after the gradual relaxation of NPI between 2021–2023. Randomly selected blood samples from school staff 25–51 years old (n = 65) were collected yearly between 2021–2023 in the Vancouver metropolitan area, BC, Canada, and tested for anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG levels. Serological evidence of B. pertussis infection (thereafter “seroconversion”) was defined as a quantifiable anti-PT IgG levels in subjects with anti-PT IgG levels below lower limit of quantification in the preceding year or a > 4-fold increase in anti-PT IgG levels between two subsequent years. Samples were also tested for anti-diphtheria toxoid (DT) IgG, and similar seroconversion criteria were applied to exclude seroconversion due to vaccination with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular-pertussis (Tdap). Three subjects met seroconversion criteria for anti-PT IgG between 2021 and 2022 and 9 between 2022 and 2023, yielding a seroconversion rate of 4.6 /100 person-years and 14.9/100 person-years, P = 0.127, respectively. None of the subjects met the criteria for vaccination with Tdap. The geometric mean concentration of anti-PT IgG showed a statistically significant decrease in 2022 compared with 2021, 4.8 IU/mL IU/ml (95 % confidence interval [CI], 3.8–5.9) vs. 6.4 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9–8.2; p = 0.001), followed by a statistically significant increase in 2023 compared with 2022 6.5 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9–8.5) vs. 4.8 IU/ml (95 % CI, 3.8–5.9; p = 0.0006), respectively. Serological evidence of B. pertussis increased between 2022 and 2023 despite low reported cases, which suggests that B. pertussis circulation resumed after relaxing of COVID-19 NPI.
AbstractList Background We recently reported a near disappearance of B. pertussis and a decline in anti- B. pertussis antibodies during the peak implementation of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in 2021 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. During 2021–2023, incidence of reported B. pertussis cases remained low in BC at < 1/100,000 population. This study determined how serological evidence of B. pertussis changed after the gradual relaxation of NPI between 2021–2023. Methods Randomly selected blood samples from school staff 25–51 years old (n = 65) were collected yearly between 2021–2023 in the Vancouver metropolitan area, BC, Canada, and tested for anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG levels. Serological evidence of B. pertussis infection (thereafter “seroconversion”) was defined as a quantifiable anti-PT IgG levels in subjects with anti-PT IgG levels below lower limit of quantification in the preceding year or a > 4-fold increase in anti-PT IgG levels between two subsequent years. Samples were also tested for anti-diphtheria toxoid (DT) IgG, and similar seroconversion criteria were applied to exclude seroconversion due to vaccination with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular-pertussis (Tdap). Results Three subjects met seroconversion criteria for anti-PT IgG between 2021 and 2022 and 9 between 2022 and 2023, yielding a seroconversion rate of 4.6 /100 person-years and 14.9/100 person-years, P = 0.127, respectively. None of the subjects met the criteria for vaccination with Tdap. The geometric mean concentration of anti-PT IgG showed a statistically significant decrease in 2022 compared with 2021, 4.8 IU/mL IU/ml (95 % confidence interval [CI], 3.8–5.9) vs. 6.4 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9–8.2; p = 0.001), followed by a statistically significant increase in 2023 compared with 2022 6.5 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9–8.5) vs. 4.8 IU/ml (95 % CI, 3.8–5.9; p = 0.0006), respectively. Discussion Serological evidence of B. pertussis increased between 2022 and 2023 despite low reported cases, which suggests that B. pertussis circulation resumed after relaxing of COVID-19 NPI.
We recently reported a near disappearance of B. pertussis and a decline in anti-B. pertussis antibodies during the peak implementation of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in 2021 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. During 2021-2023, incidence of reported B. pertussis cases remained low in BC at < 1/100,000 population. This study determined how serological evidence of B. pertussis changed after the gradual relaxation of NPI between 2021-2023.BACKGROUNDWe recently reported a near disappearance of B. pertussis and a decline in anti-B. pertussis antibodies during the peak implementation of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in 2021 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. During 2021-2023, incidence of reported B. pertussis cases remained low in BC at < 1/100,000 population. This study determined how serological evidence of B. pertussis changed after the gradual relaxation of NPI between 2021-2023.Randomly selected blood samples from school staff 25-51 years old (n = 65) were collected yearly between 2021-2023 in the Vancouver metropolitan area, BC, Canada, and tested for anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG levels. Serological evidence of B. pertussis infection (thereafter "seroconversion") was defined as a quantifiable anti-PT IgG levels in subjects with anti-PT IgG levels below lower limit of quantification in the preceding year or a > 4-fold increase in anti-PT IgG levels between two subsequent years. Samples were also tested for anti-diphtheria toxoid (DT) IgG, and similar seroconversion criteria were applied to exclude seroconversion due to vaccination with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular-pertussis (Tdap).METHODSRandomly selected blood samples from school staff 25-51 years old (n = 65) were collected yearly between 2021-2023 in the Vancouver metropolitan area, BC, Canada, and tested for anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG levels. Serological evidence of B. pertussis infection (thereafter "seroconversion") was defined as a quantifiable anti-PT IgG levels in subjects with anti-PT IgG levels below lower limit of quantification in the preceding year or a > 4-fold increase in anti-PT IgG levels between two subsequent years. Samples were also tested for anti-diphtheria toxoid (DT) IgG, and similar seroconversion criteria were applied to exclude seroconversion due to vaccination with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular-pertussis (Tdap).Three subjects met seroconversion criteria for anti-PT IgG between 2021 and 2022 and 9 between 2022 and 2023, yielding a seroconversion rate of 4.6 /100 person-years and 14.9/100 person-years, P = 0.127, respectively. None of the subjects met the criteria for vaccination with Tdap. The geometric mean concentration of anti-PT IgG showed a statistically significant decrease in 2022 compared with 2021, 4.8 IU/mL IU/ml (95 % confidence interval [CI], 3.8-5.9) vs. 6.4 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9-8.2; p = 0.001), followed by a statistically significant increase in 2023 compared with 2022 6.5 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9-8.5) vs. 4.8 IU/ml (95 % CI, 3.8-5.9; p = 0.0006), respectively.RESULTSThree subjects met seroconversion criteria for anti-PT IgG between 2021 and 2022 and 9 between 2022 and 2023, yielding a seroconversion rate of 4.6 /100 person-years and 14.9/100 person-years, P = 0.127, respectively. None of the subjects met the criteria for vaccination with Tdap. The geometric mean concentration of anti-PT IgG showed a statistically significant decrease in 2022 compared with 2021, 4.8 IU/mL IU/ml (95 % confidence interval [CI], 3.8-5.9) vs. 6.4 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9-8.2; p = 0.001), followed by a statistically significant increase in 2023 compared with 2022 6.5 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9-8.5) vs. 4.8 IU/ml (95 % CI, 3.8-5.9; p = 0.0006), respectively.Serological evidence of B. pertussis increased between 2022 and 2023 despite low reported cases, which suggests that B. pertussis circulation resumed after relaxing of COVID-19 NPI.DISCUSSIONSerological evidence of B. pertussis increased between 2022 and 2023 despite low reported cases, which suggests that B. pertussis circulation resumed after relaxing of COVID-19 NPI.
We recently reported a near disappearance of B. pertussis and a decline in anti-B. pertussis antibodies during the peak implementation of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in 2021 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. During 2021–2023, incidence of reported B. pertussis cases remained low in BC at < 1/100,000 population. This study determined how serological evidence of B. pertussis changed after the gradual relaxation of NPI between 2021–2023. Randomly selected blood samples from school staff 25–51 years old (n = 65) were collected yearly between 2021–2023 in the Vancouver metropolitan area, BC, Canada, and tested for anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG levels. Serological evidence of B. pertussis infection (thereafter “seroconversion”) was defined as a quantifiable anti-PT IgG levels in subjects with anti-PT IgG levels below lower limit of quantification in the preceding year or a > 4-fold increase in anti-PT IgG levels between two subsequent years. Samples were also tested for anti-diphtheria toxoid (DT) IgG, and similar seroconversion criteria were applied to exclude seroconversion due to vaccination with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular-pertussis (Tdap). Three subjects met seroconversion criteria for anti-PT IgG between 2021 and 2022 and 9 between 2022 and 2023, yielding a seroconversion rate of 4.6 /100 person-years and 14.9/100 person-years, P = 0.127, respectively. None of the subjects met the criteria for vaccination with Tdap. The geometric mean concentration of anti-PT IgG showed a statistically significant decrease in 2022 compared with 2021, 4.8 IU/mL IU/ml (95 % confidence interval [CI], 3.8–5.9) vs. 6.4 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9–8.2; p = 0.001), followed by a statistically significant increase in 2023 compared with 2022 6.5 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9–8.5) vs. 4.8 IU/ml (95 % CI, 3.8–5.9; p = 0.0006), respectively. Serological evidence of B. pertussis increased between 2022 and 2023 despite low reported cases, which suggests that B. pertussis circulation resumed after relaxing of COVID-19 NPI.
We recently reported a near disappearance of B. pertussis and a decline in anti-B. pertussis antibodies during the peak implementation of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in 2021 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. During 2021–2023, incidence of reported B. pertussis cases remained low in BC at < 1/100,000 population. This study determined how serological evidence of B. pertussis changed after the gradual relaxation of NPI between 2021–2023. Randomly selected blood samples from school staff 25–51 years old (n = 65) were collected yearly between 2021–2023 in the Vancouver metropolitan area, BC, Canada, and tested for anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG levels. Serological evidence of B. pertussis infection (thereafter “seroconversion”) was defined as a quantifiable anti-PT IgG levels in subjects with anti-PT IgG levels below lower limit of quantification in the preceding year or a > 4-fold increase in anti-PT IgG levels between two subsequent years. Samples were also tested for anti-diphtheria toxoid (DT) IgG, and similar seroconversion criteria were applied to exclude seroconversion due to vaccination with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular-pertussis (Tdap). Three subjects met seroconversion criteria for anti-PT IgG between 2021 and 2022 and 9 between 2022 and 2023, yielding a seroconversion rate of 4.6 /100 person-years and 14.9/100 person-years, P = 0.127, respectively. None of the subjects met the criteria for vaccination with Tdap. The geometric mean concentration of anti-PT IgG showed a statistically significant decrease in 2022 compared with 2021, 4.8 IU/mL IU/ml (95 % confidence interval [CI], 3.8–5.9) vs. 6.4 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9–8.2; p = 0.001), followed by a statistically significant increase in 2023 compared with 2022 6.5 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9–8.5) vs. 4.8 IU/ml (95 % CI, 3.8–5.9; p = 0.0006), respectively. Serological evidence of B. pertussis increased between 2022 and 2023 despite low reported cases, which suggests that B. pertussis circulation resumed after relaxing of COVID-19 NPI.
AbstractBackgroundWe recently reported a near disappearance of B. pertussis and a decline in anti- B. pertussis antibodies during the peak implementation of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in 2021 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. During 2021–2023, incidence of reported B. pertussis cases remained low in BC at < 1/100,000 population. This study determined how serological evidence of B. pertussis changed after the gradual relaxation of NPI between 2021–2023. MethodsRandomly selected blood samples from school staff 25–51 years old (n = 65) were collected yearly between 2021–2023 in the Vancouver metropolitan area, BC, Canada, and tested for anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG levels. Serological evidence of B. pertussis infection (thereafter “seroconversion”) was defined as a quantifiable anti-PT IgG levels in subjects with anti-PT IgG levels below lower limit of quantification in the preceding year or a > 4-fold increase in anti-PT IgG levels between two subsequent years. Samples were also tested for anti-diphtheria toxoid (DT) IgG, and similar seroconversion criteria were applied to exclude seroconversion due to vaccination with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular-pertussis (Tdap). ResultsThree subjects met seroconversion criteria for anti-PT IgG between 2021 and 2022 and 9 between 2022 and 2023, yielding a seroconversion rate of 4.6 /100 person-years and 14.9/100 person-years, P = 0.127, respectively. None of the subjects met the criteria for vaccination with Tdap. The geometric mean concentration of anti-PT IgG showed a statistically significant decrease in 2022 compared with 2021, 4.8 IU/mL IU/ml (95 % confidence interval [CI], 3.8–5.9) vs. 6.4 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9–8.2; p = 0.001), followed by a statistically significant increase in 2023 compared with 2022 6.5 IU/ml (95 % CI, 4.9–8.5) vs. 4.8 IU/ml (95 % CI, 3.8–5.9; p = 0.0006), respectively. DiscussionSerological evidence of B. pertussis increased between 2022 and 2023 despite low reported cases, which suggests that B. pertussis circulation resumed after relaxing of COVID-19 NPI.
ArticleNumber 126004
Author Abu-Raya, Bahaa
Reicherz, Frederic
Li, Sirui
Watts, Allison A.
Lavoie, Pascal M.
Goldfarb, David M.
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Snippet We recently reported a near disappearance of B. pertussis and a decline in anti-B. pertussis antibodies during the peak implementation of Coronavirus disease...
AbstractBackgroundWe recently reported a near disappearance of B. pertussis and a decline in anti- B. pertussis antibodies during the peak implementation of...
Background We recently reported a near disappearance of B. pertussis and a decline in anti- B. pertussis antibodies during the peak implementation of...
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SubjectTerms Adult
Allergy and Immunology
Antibodies, Bacterial - blood
blood
Bordetella pertussis
Bordetella pertussis - immunology
British Columbia
British Columbia - epidemiology
confidence interval
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
COVID-19 - epidemiology
COVID-19 - immunology
COVID-19 - prevention & control
COVID-19 infection
COVID-19 vaccines
Criteria
Diphtheria
Disease transmission
Female
Humans
Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin G - blood
Infections
Male
Metropolitan areas
Middle Aged
Pandemics
Personal protective equipment
Pertussis
Pertussis toxin
Pertussis Toxin - immunology
Pharmaceuticals
Population studies
Samples
SARS-CoV-2 - immunology
Sensitivity analysis
Seroconversion
Serology
Statistical analysis
Tetanus
Toxins
Vaccination
vaccines
Viral diseases
Whooping cough
Whooping Cough - immunology
Whooping Cough - prevention & control
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Title Bordetella pertussis infection following relaxation of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions in 2021–2023 in Vancouver metropolitan area, British Columbia, Canada
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