Three years of TRMM precipitation features. Part I: Radar, radiometric, and lightning characteristics
Abstract During its first three years, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observed nearly six million precipitation features. The population of precipitation features is sorted by lightning flash rate, minimum brightness temperature, maximum radar reflectivity, areal extent, an...
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Published in | Monthly weather review Vol. 133; no. 3; pp. 543 - 566 |
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Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Boston, MA
American Meteorological Society
01.03.2005
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | Abstract
During its first three years, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observed nearly six million precipitation features. The population of precipitation features is sorted by lightning flash rate, minimum brightness temperature, maximum radar reflectivity, areal extent, and volumetric rainfall. For each of these characteristics, essentially describing the convective intensity or the size of the features, the population is broken into categories consisting of the top 0.001%, top 0.01%, top 0.1%, top 1%, top 2.4%, and remaining 97.6%. The set of “weakest/smallest” features composes 97.6% of the population because that fraction does not have detected lightning, with a minimum detectable flash rate of 0.7 flashes (fl) min−1. The greatest observed flash rate is 1351 fl min−1; the lowest brightness temperatures are 42 K (85 GHz) and 69 K (37 GHz). The largest precipitation feature covers 335 000 km2, and the greatest rainfall from an individual precipitation feature exceeds 2 × 1012 kg h−1 of water. There is considerable overlap between the greatest storms according to different measures of convective intensity. The largest storms are mostly independent of the most intense storms. The set of storms producing the most rainfall is a convolution of the largest and the most intense storms.
This analysis is a composite of the global Tropics and subtropics. Significant variability is known to exist between locations, seasons, and meteorological regimes. Such variability will be examined in Part II. In Part I, only a crude land–ocean separation is made. The known differences in bulk lightning flash rates over land and ocean result from at least two differences in the precipitation feature population: the frequency of occurrence of intense storms and the magnitude of those intense storms that do occur. Even when restricted to storms with the same brightness temperature, same size, or same radar reflectivity aloft, the storms over water are considerably less likely to produce lightning than are comparable storms over land. |
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AbstractList | Cecil et al present a composite analysis of the precipitation in the global tropics and subtropics. They examine the significant variability known to exist between locations, season, and meteorological regimes. During its first three years, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observed nearly six million precipitation features. The population of precipitation features is sorted by lightning flash rate, minimum brightness temperature, maximum radar reflectivity, areal extent, and volumetric rainfall. For each of these characteristics, essentially describing the convective intensity or the size of the features, the population is broken into categories consisting of the top 0.001%, top 0.01%, top 0.1%, top 1%, top 2.4%, and remaining 97.6%. The set of 'weakest/smallest' features composes 97.6% of the population because that fraction does not have detected lightning, with a minimum detectable flash rate of 0.7 flashes (fl) min-1. The greatest observed flash rate is 1351 fl min-1; the lowest brightness temperatures are 42 K (85 GHz) and 69 K (37 GHz). The largest precipitation feature covers 335 000 km2, and the greatest rainfall from an individual precipitation feature exceeds 2 x 1012 kg h-1 of water. There is considerable overlap between the greatest storms according to different measures of convective intensity. The largest storms are mostly independent of the most intense storms. The set of storms producing the most rainfall is a convolution of the largest and the most intense storms. This analysis is a composite of the global Tropics and subtropics. Significant variability is known to exist between locations, seasons, and meteorological regimes. Such variability will be examined in Part II. In Part I, only a crude land-ocean separation is made. The known differences in bulk lightning flash rates over land and ocean result from at least two differences in the precipitation feature population: the frequency of occurrence of intense storms and the magnitude of those intense storms that do occur. Even when restricted to storms with the same brightness temperature, same size, or same radar reflectivity aloft, the storms over water are considerably less likely to produce lightning than are comparable storms over land. During its first three years, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observed nearly six million precipitation features. The population of precipitation features is sorted by lightning flash rate, minimum brightness temperature, maximum radar reflectivity, areal extent, and volumetric rainfall. For each of these characteristics, essentially describing the convective intensity or the size of the features, the population is broken into categories consisting of the top 0.001 %, top 0.01 %, top 0.1 %, top 1 %, top 2.4 %, and remaining 97.6 %. The set of 'weakest/smallest' features composes 97.6 % of the population because that fraction does not have detected lightning, with a minimum detectable flash rate of 0.7 flashes (fl)/min. The greatest observed flash rate is 1351 fl/min; the lowest brightness temperatures are 42 K (85 GHz) and 69 K (37 GHz). The largest precipitation feature covers 335,000 sq km, and the greatest rainfall from an individual precipitation feature exceeds 2 x 10 exp 12 kg/h of water. There is considerable overlap between the greatest storms according to different measures of convective intensity. The largest storms are mostly independent of the most intense storms. The set of storms producing the most rainfall is a convolution of the largest and the most intense storms. This analysis is a composite of the global Tropics and subtropics. Significant variability is known to exist between locations, seasons, and meteorological regimes. Such variability will be examined in Part II. In Part I, only a crude land-ocean separation is made. The known differences in bulk lightning flash rates over land and ocean result from at least two differences in the precipitation feature population: the frequency of occurrence of intense storms and the magnitude of those intense storms that do occur. Even when restricted to storms with the same brightness temperature, same size, or same radar reflectivity aloft, the storms over water are considerably less likely to produce lightning than are comparable storms over land. Abstract During its first three years, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observed nearly six million precipitation features. The population of precipitation features is sorted by lightning flash rate, minimum brightness temperature, maximum radar reflectivity, areal extent, and volumetric rainfall. For each of these characteristics, essentially describing the convective intensity or the size of the features, the population is broken into categories consisting of the top 0.001%, top 0.01%, top 0.1%, top 1%, top 2.4%, and remaining 97.6%. The set of “weakest/smallest” features composes 97.6% of the population because that fraction does not have detected lightning, with a minimum detectable flash rate of 0.7 flashes (fl) min−1. The greatest observed flash rate is 1351 fl min−1; the lowest brightness temperatures are 42 K (85 GHz) and 69 K (37 GHz). The largest precipitation feature covers 335 000 km2, and the greatest rainfall from an individual precipitation feature exceeds 2 × 1012 kg h−1 of water. There is considerable overlap between the greatest storms according to different measures of convective intensity. The largest storms are mostly independent of the most intense storms. The set of storms producing the most rainfall is a convolution of the largest and the most intense storms. This analysis is a composite of the global Tropics and subtropics. Significant variability is known to exist between locations, seasons, and meteorological regimes. Such variability will be examined in Part II. In Part I, only a crude land–ocean separation is made. The known differences in bulk lightning flash rates over land and ocean result from at least two differences in the precipitation feature population: the frequency of occurrence of intense storms and the magnitude of those intense storms that do occur. Even when restricted to storms with the same brightness temperature, same size, or same radar reflectivity aloft, the storms over water are considerably less likely to produce lightning than are comparable storms over land. During its first three years, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observed nearly six million precipitation features. The population of precipitation features is sorted by lightning flash rate, minimum brightness temperature, maximum radar reflectivity, areal extent, and volumetric rainfall. For each of these characteristics, essentially describing the convective intensity or the size of the features, the population is broken into categories consisting of the top 0.001%, top 0.01%, top 0.1%, top 1%, top 2.4%, and remaining 97.6%. The set of 'weakest /smallest' features composes 97.6% of the population because that fraction does not have detected lightning, with a minimum detectable flash rate of 0.7 flashes (fl) min-1. The greatest observed flash rate is 1351 fl min-1; the lowest brightness temperatures are 42 K (85 GHz) and 69 K (37 GHz). The largest precipitation feature covers 335 000 km2, and the greatest rainfall from an individual precipitation feature exceeds 2 x 1012 kg h-1 of water. There is considerable overlap between the greatest storms according to different measures of convective intensity. The largest storms are mostly independent of the most intense storms. The set of storms producing the most rainfall is a convolution of the largest and the most intense storms. This analysis is a composite of the global Tropics and subtropics. Significant variability is known to exist between locations, seasons, and meteorological regimes. Such variability will be examined in Part II. In Part I, only a crude land-ocean separation is made. The known differences in bulk lightning flash rates over land and ocean result from at least two differences in the precipitation feature population: the frequency of occurrence of intense storms and the magnitude of those intense storms that do occur. Even when restricted to storms with the same brightness temperature, same size, or same radar reflectivity aloft, the storms over water are considerably less likely to produce lightning than are comparable storms overland. |
Author | CECIL, Daniel J ZIPSER, Edward J BOCCIPPIO, Dennis J NESBITT, Stephen W GOODMAN, Steven J |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Daniel J surname: CECIL fullname: CECIL, Daniel J organization: University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, United States – sequence: 2 givenname: Steven J surname: GOODMAN fullname: GOODMAN, Steven J organization: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, United States – sequence: 3 givenname: Dennis J surname: BOCCIPPIO fullname: BOCCIPPIO, Dennis J organization: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, United States – sequence: 4 givenname: Edward J surname: ZIPSER fullname: ZIPSER, Edward J organization: University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States – sequence: 5 givenname: Stephen W surname: NESBITT fullname: NESBITT, Stephen W organization: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States |
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IngestDate | Wed Jul 24 13:36:35 EDT 2024 Wed Jul 24 15:06:40 EDT 2024 Thu Jul 25 10:31:00 EDT 2024 Fri Sep 13 07:23:19 EDT 2024 Fri Aug 23 01:09:47 EDT 2024 Sun Oct 22 16:03:47 EDT 2023 |
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Issue | 3 |
Keywords | Storm Subtropical zone Data analysis Meteorological observation Occurrence frequency Intensity Space remote sensing Tropical zone Satellite observation Thunderstorm Rain Lightning Radar observation Observation data Radiometry Minimum temperature Brightness temperature Atmospheric precipitation TRMM satellite Composite analysis Reflectance |
Language | English |
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Snippet | Abstract
During its first three years, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observed nearly six million precipitation features. The... Cecil et al present a composite analysis of the precipitation in the global tropics and subtropics. They examine the significant variability known to exist... During its first three years, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observed nearly six million precipitation features. The population of... |
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SubjectTerms | Earth, ocean, space Exact sciences and technology External geophysics Geophysics. Techniques, methods, instrumentation and models Lightning Meteorology Precipitation Radiometry Rainforests Variance analysis Water in the atmosphere (humidity, clouds, evaporation, precipitation) |
Title | Three years of TRMM precipitation features. Part I: Radar, radiometric, and lightning characteristics |
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