Monitoring nanoparticles in the presence of larger particles in liquids using acoustics and electron microscopy

• Published in: Journal of colloid and interface science Vol. 342; no. 1; pp. 18 - 25
• Main Authors: Dukhin, A.S., Goetz, P.J., Fang, Xiaohua, Somasundaran, P.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier Inc 01.02.2010; Elsevier
• Subjects: Acoustic spectroscopy; Acoustics; Chemistry; Colloidal state and disperse state; Dispersions; Exact sciences and technology; General and physical chemistry; Monitoring; Nanoecology; Nanoparticle; Nanoparticles; Nanostructure; Nanotechnology; Nanotoxicology; Particle size distribution; Physical and chemical studies. Granulometry. Electrokinetic phenomena; Polydispersity; Spectroscopy; Surface physical chemistry; Transmission electron microscopy; Zinc oxide; Particle size distribution; Nanoecology; Acoustic spectroscopy; Nanoparticle; Nanotoxicology; Polydispersity; Zinc oxide; Nanotechnology; Water; Binary compound; Particle size; Selection; Powder; Solid; Particle; pH; Electrokinetic potential; Polydispersed particle; Stability; Transition element compounds; Electron microscopy; Metal particle; Dispersion; Liquid; Transmission electron microscopy; Sodium; Measurement technique; Aggregate
• ISSN: 0021-9797; 1095-7103
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.07.001

Monitoring nanoparticles in polydisperse systems is challenging. We characterized eight different ZnO from different manufacturers using acoustics and found that sensitivity is about 2% of nanoparticles in broad polydisperse dispersions. Monitoring the presence of nanoparticles in dispersions having broad particle size distributions can be a problem for many measurement techniques because large particles or even aggregates of the smaller particles can mask the presence of the sought after nanoparticles. The ability of many existing techniques to detect the nanoparticles when present in broad polydisperse systems is largely unknown, yet it is critical for proper selection of the measuring technique for characterizing a particular nanodispersion. Acoustic spectroscopy is already a known and proven tool for studying nanoparticles in systems with a narrow size distribution. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the sensitivity of acoustic spectroscopy for determining the nanoparticle content of very polydisperse systems. We used eight different ZnO powders from different manufacturers to prepare 5 wt.% dispersions, each dispersed in water. The stability of each dispersion was optimized by pH adjustment and addition of sodium hexametaphosphate as determined by maximizing the measured ζ-potential. According to the acoustic measurement, the median size of these different ZnO dispersions varied from 200 nm to 700 nm. Independent TEM photographs in general confirmed the size variation between the samples. Independent DLS measurements failed to provide particle size data correlating with TEM. The acoustic measurements further showed that each dispersion contained a different relative content in the nanoparticle fraction. The precision with which the nanoparticle fraction could be determined was better than 2% of the total solid loading for all samples. In order to verify consistency of this measurement we performed a mixing study by adding dispersion with the largest nanoparticle content to the dispersion with the smallest nanoparticle content, in small increments. This test confirms that the acoustic sensitivity threshold is about 2% of nanoparticles in the broad polydisperse dispersions of dense metal oxide particles.