Vigilance of kit foxes at water sources: A test of competing hypotheses for a solitary carnivore subject to predation
► We tested three competing hypotheses regarding vigilance of prey at water sources. ► Kit foxes were less vigilant at water sources with obstructed visibility. ► The refuge-vigilance hypothesis explained the most variation in vigilance behavior. ► Solitary prey may use concealing cover to maximize...
Saved in:
| Published in | Behavioural processes Vol. 94; pp. 76 - 82 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Amsterdam
Elsevier B.V
01.03.2013
Elsevier |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | ► We tested three competing hypotheses regarding vigilance of prey at water sources. ► Kit foxes were less vigilant at water sources with obstructed visibility. ► The refuge-vigilance hypothesis explained the most variation in vigilance behavior. ► Solitary prey may use concealing cover to maximize drinking and minimize vigilance.
Animals that are potential prey do not respond equally to direct and indirect cues related to risk of predation. Based on differential responses to cues, three hypotheses have been proposed to explain spatial variation in vigilance behavior. The predator-vigilance hypothesis proposes that prey increase vigilance where there is evidence of predators. The visibility-vigilance hypothesis suggests that prey increase vigilance where visibility is obstructed. Alternatively, the refuge-vigilance hypothesis proposes that prey may perceive areas with low visibility (greater cover) as refuges and decrease vigilance. We evaluated support for these hypotheses using the kit fox (Vulpes macrotis), a solitary carnivore subject to intraguild predation, as a model. From 2010 to 2012, we used infrared-triggered cameras to record video of kit fox behavior at water sources in Utah, USA. The refuge-vigilance hypothesis explained more variation in vigilance behavior of kit foxes than the other two hypotheses (AICc model weight=0.37). Kit foxes were less vigilant at water sources with low overhead cover (refuge) obstructing visibility. Based on our results, the predator-vigilance and visibility-vigilance hypotheses may not be applicable to all species of prey. Solitary prey, unlike gregarious prey, may use areas with concealing cover to maximize resource acquisition and minimize vigilance. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Animals that are potential prey do not respond equally to direct and indirect cues related to risk of predation. Based on differential responses to cues, three hypotheses have been proposed to explain spatial variation in vigilance behavior. The predator-vigilance hypothesis proposes that prey increase vigilance where there is evidence of predators. The visibility-vigilance hypothesis suggests that prey increase vigilance where visibility is obstructed. Alternatively, the refuge-vigilance hypothesis proposes that prey may perceive areas with low visibility (greater cover) as refuges and decrease vigilance. We evaluated support for these hypotheses using the kit fox (Vulpes macrotis), a solitary carnivore subject to intraguild predation, as a model. From 2010 to 2012, we used infrared-triggered cameras to record video of kit fox behavior at water sources in Utah, USA. The refuge-vigilance hypothesis explained more variation in vigilance behavior of kit foxes than the other two hypotheses (AICc model weight=0.37). Kit foxes were less vigilant at water sources with low overhead cover (refuge) obstructing visibility. Based on our results, the predator-vigilance and visibility-vigilance hypotheses may not be applicable to all species of prey. Solitary prey, unlike gregarious prey, may use areas with concealing cover to maximize resource acquisition and minimize vigilance. Animals that are potential prey do not respond equally to direct and indirect cues related to risk of predation. Based on differential responses to cues, three hypotheses have been proposed to explain spatial variation in vigilance behavior. The predator-vigilance hypothesis proposes that prey increase vigilance where there is evidence of predators. The visibility-vigilance hypothesis suggests that prey increase vigilance where visibility is obstructed. Alternatively, the refuge-vigilance hypothesis proposes that prey may perceive areas with low visibility (greater cover) as refuges and decrease vigilance. We evaluated support for these hypotheses using the kit fox (Vulpes macrotis), a solitary carnivore subject to intraguild predation, as a model. From 2010 to 2012, we used infrared-triggered cameras to record video of kit fox behavior at water sources in Utah, USA. The refuge-vigilance hypothesis explained more variation in vigilance behavior of kit foxes than the other two hypotheses (AICc model weight=0.37). Kit foxes were less vigilant at water sources with low overhead cover (refuge) obstructing visibility. Based on our results, the predator-vigilance and visibility-vigilance hypotheses may not be applicable to all species of prey. Solitary prey, unlike gregarious prey, may use areas with concealing cover to maximize resource acquisition and minimize vigilance.Animals that are potential prey do not respond equally to direct and indirect cues related to risk of predation. Based on differential responses to cues, three hypotheses have been proposed to explain spatial variation in vigilance behavior. The predator-vigilance hypothesis proposes that prey increase vigilance where there is evidence of predators. The visibility-vigilance hypothesis suggests that prey increase vigilance where visibility is obstructed. Alternatively, the refuge-vigilance hypothesis proposes that prey may perceive areas with low visibility (greater cover) as refuges and decrease vigilance. We evaluated support for these hypotheses using the kit fox (Vulpes macrotis), a solitary carnivore subject to intraguild predation, as a model. From 2010 to 2012, we used infrared-triggered cameras to record video of kit fox behavior at water sources in Utah, USA. The refuge-vigilance hypothesis explained more variation in vigilance behavior of kit foxes than the other two hypotheses (AICc model weight=0.37). Kit foxes were less vigilant at water sources with low overhead cover (refuge) obstructing visibility. Based on our results, the predator-vigilance and visibility-vigilance hypotheses may not be applicable to all species of prey. Solitary prey, unlike gregarious prey, may use areas with concealing cover to maximize resource acquisition and minimize vigilance. ► We tested three competing hypotheses regarding vigilance of prey at water sources. ► Kit foxes were less vigilant at water sources with obstructed visibility. ► The refuge-vigilance hypothesis explained the most variation in vigilance behavior. ► Solitary prey may use concealing cover to maximize drinking and minimize vigilance. Animals that are potential prey do not respond equally to direct and indirect cues related to risk of predation. Based on differential responses to cues, three hypotheses have been proposed to explain spatial variation in vigilance behavior. The predator-vigilance hypothesis proposes that prey increase vigilance where there is evidence of predators. The visibility-vigilance hypothesis suggests that prey increase vigilance where visibility is obstructed. Alternatively, the refuge-vigilance hypothesis proposes that prey may perceive areas with low visibility (greater cover) as refuges and decrease vigilance. We evaluated support for these hypotheses using the kit fox (Vulpes macrotis), a solitary carnivore subject to intraguild predation, as a model. From 2010 to 2012, we used infrared-triggered cameras to record video of kit fox behavior at water sources in Utah, USA. The refuge-vigilance hypothesis explained more variation in vigilance behavior of kit foxes than the other two hypotheses (AICc model weight=0.37). Kit foxes were less vigilant at water sources with low overhead cover (refuge) obstructing visibility. Based on our results, the predator-vigilance and visibility-vigilance hypotheses may not be applicable to all species of prey. Solitary prey, unlike gregarious prey, may use areas with concealing cover to maximize resource acquisition and minimize vigilance. |
| Author | Day, Casey C. McMillan, Brock R. Knight, Robert N. Edgel, Robert J. Westover, Matthew D. Hall, Lucas K. Larsen, Randy T. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lucas K. surname: Hall fullname: Hall, Lucas K. email: lucashall@byu.edu organization: Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Casey C. surname: Day fullname: Day, Casey C. organization: Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Matthew D. surname: Westover fullname: Westover, Matthew D. organization: Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Robert J. surname: Edgel fullname: Edgel, Robert J. organization: Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Randy T. surname: Larsen fullname: Larsen, Randy T. organization: Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Robert N. surname: Knight fullname: Knight, Robert N. organization: Environmental Programs, US Army Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, UT, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Brock R. surname: McMillan fullname: McMillan, Brock R. organization: Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=27166069$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23305800$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqNkkFvEzEQhS1URNPCP0DgCxKXhPHuxuvtAamqKCBV4lDganntceqwWQfbW-i_70QJIHGgSJbsw_fs8XvvhB2NcUTGngtYCBDyzXrR4zZFu6hAVAtaAO0jNhOqreaqBnXEZlC3ci7rZXvMTnJeA4BQIJ-w46quYakAZmz6GlZhMKNFHj3_Fgr38Sdmbgr_YQomnuOULOYzfs4L5rKjbNxssYRxxW_utrHcYCaBj4kboodQTLrj1qQx3MaEPE_9Gm3hJfJtQmdKiONT9tibIeOzw37Kri_ffb74ML_69P7jxfnV3DaqKnPT1EtZu1a0lZTSu871xlWdd74H0faIik4I4DtnGme7XirZemEQBPauPmWv97eSTd8nGl5vQrY40HcxTllXO0NACHrjIVTUy6rqBDTiP1AyuWuIJPTFAZ36DTq9TWFD5uhf9hPw6gCYbM3gEwUR8h-uFVKC7Ihr9pxNMeeE_jciQO_aoNd63wa9a4OmRW0g2dlfMkvp7AIoyYThIfHLvdibqM0q0VxfrgmQ5FqjVKOIeLsnkCK8DZh0tgGpSi4kSly7GP79xD0pstxU |
| CODEN | BPRODA |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0304257 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_87905_5 crossref_primary_10_1002_ecs2_3509 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaridenv_2015_11_008 crossref_primary_10_1071_WR20069 crossref_primary_10_3390_ani15020214 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaridenv_2020_104303 crossref_primary_10_3389_fevo_2017_00012 crossref_primary_10_1071_PC20059 crossref_primary_10_22201_ib_20078706e_2020_91_2973 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecolind_2016_01_039 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00265_017_2433_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mambio_2014_12_001 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0067800 crossref_primary_10_3996_JFWM_20_025 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_91587_4 crossref_primary_10_1002_ecs2_2096 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00442_018_4133_3 crossref_primary_10_3398_064_082_0103 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0149098 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1093/beheco/arh031 10.2307/3503924 10.2307/3896225 10.1139/z03-011 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01810.x 10.1139/z01-094 10.1007/s00265-006-0218-9 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19278.x 10.1894/0038-4909(2005)050<0032:DOAIFS>2.0.CO;2 10.2307/1376734 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250410.x 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.12.016 10.1007/s00265-011-1250-y 10.1071/WR10169 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[353:FTFUOC]2.0.CO;2 10.1163/156853986X00144 10.1086/303189 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12976.x 10.1007/s101640170006 10.1007/s00265-009-0760-3 10.2174/1874213001003030001 10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80210-9 10.1163/156853997X00421 10.1139/z99-143 10.2193/2009-368 10.1007/s00265-006-0172-6 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00177-5 10.1093/beheco/arp045 10.1163/156853998793066203 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01829.x 10.1093/beheco/arp104 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1989.tb00636.x 10.1007/s10980-009-9425-x 10.1656/045.017.0102 10.1674/0003-0031(2008)160[191:NOARPB]2.0.CO;2 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020526.x 10.1163/156853982X00193 10.1006/anbe.1996.0334 10.1098/rspb.2003.2619 10.1644/06-MAMM-A-159R.1 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-392.1 10.1163/156853903771980666 10.2307/1933376 10.1071/MU10090 10.1644/05-MAMM-A-081R2.1 10.1006/anbe.1994.1386 10.1007/s00265-010-1037-6 10.1006/anbe.1998.0893 10.1007/s102110000035 10.2307/1381961 10.2307/3566005 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13132.x 10.2307/3545422 10.1139/z03-080 10.2307/1941575 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00797.x 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01287.x |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2013 Elsevier B.V. 2015 INIST-CNRS Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2013 Elsevier B.V. – notice: 2015 INIST-CNRS – notice: Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
| DBID | FBQ AAYXX CITATION IQODW CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 7QG 7TK 7S9 L.6 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007 |
| DatabaseName | AGRIS CrossRef Pascal-Francis Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic Animal Behavior Abstracts Neurosciences Abstracts AGRICOLA AGRICOLA - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic Neurosciences Abstracts Animal Behavior Abstracts AGRICOLA AGRICOLA - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE Neurosciences Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic AGRICOLA |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: FBQ name: AGRIS url: http://www.fao.org/agris/Centre.asp?Menu_1ID=DB&Menu_2ID=DB1&Language=EN&Content=http://www.fao.org/agris/search?Language=EN sourceTypes: Publisher |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Zoology |
| EISSN | 1872-8308 |
| EndPage | 82 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 23305800 27166069 10_1016_j_beproc_2012_12_007 US201600048848 S0376635712002732 |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article |
| GeographicLocations | Utah |
| GeographicLocations_xml | – name: Utah |
| GroupedDBID | --- --K --M .~1 0R~ 1B1 1RT 1~. 1~5 23N 4.4 457 4G. 53G 5GY 5VS 6J9 7-5 71M 8P~ 9JM AABVA AACTN AADPK AAEDT AAEDW AAIAV AAIKJ AAKOC AALCJ AALRI AAOAW AAQFI AAQXK AATLK AAXLA AAXUO ABBQC ABCQJ ABFNM ABFRF ABGRD ABIVO ABJNI ABKYH ABLVK ABMAC ABMZM ABRWV ABXDB ABYKQ ACDAQ ACGFO ACGFS ACHQT ACIUM ACNCT ACPRK ACRLP ADBBV ADEZE ADMUD ADQTV AEBSH AEFWE AEKER AENEX AEQOU AESVU AEXOQ AFKWA AFTJW AFXIZ AGHFR AGUBO AGWIK AGYEJ AHHHB AI. AIEXJ AIKHN AITUG AJBFU AJOXV AJRQY ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMFUW AMRAJ ANZVX ASPBG AVWKF AXJTR AZFZN BKOJK BLXMC BNPGV CBWCG CS3 D0S DU5 EBS EFJIC EFLBG EJD EO8 EO9 EP2 EP3 F5P FDB FEDTE FGOYB FIRID FNPLU FYGXN G-2 G-Q GBLVA HLV HMQ HMW HVGLF HZ~ IHE J1W KOM LCYCR LW9 M2V M3V M41 MO0 MOBAO MVM N9A O-L O9- OAUVE OZT P-8 P-9 P2P PC. Q38 QYZTP R2- RIG ROL RPZ SAB SCC SDF SDG SDP SES SEW SNL SNS SPCBC SPS SSA SSH SSN SSZ T5K TWZ UNMZH VH1 VQA WH7 WUQ YR2 ~02 ~G- ABPIF ABPTK FBQ AAHBH AATTM AAXKI AAYWO AAYXX ABWVN ACIEU ACMHX ACRPL ACVFH ADCNI ADNMO ADSLC AEIPS AEUPX AFJKZ AFPUW AGCQF AGQPQ AGRNS AGWPP AIGII AIIUN AKBMS AKRWK AKYEP ANKPU APXCP CITATION IQODW CGR CUY CVF ECM EFKBS EIF NPM 7X8 7QG 7TK 7S9 L.6 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c482t-a43563d7172666fd9dbad29fdfb017bee8dfbe00f9da4dc9b6867f1ae01ebd3 |
| IEDL.DBID | .~1 |
| ISSN | 0376-6357 1872-8308 |
| IngestDate | Thu Jul 10 23:56:13 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 11 13:31:21 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 11 06:32:58 EDT 2025 Mon Jul 21 06:05:46 EDT 2025 Wed Apr 23 03:03:46 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:56:39 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 01:00:46 EDT 2025 Wed Dec 27 19:07:16 EST 2023 Fri Feb 23 02:31:58 EST 2024 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | Vigilance Visibility Predation Refuge Carnivore Water source Defensive behavior Carnivorous animal |
| Language | English |
| License | CC BY 4.0 Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c482t-a43563d7172666fd9dbad29fdfb017bee8dfbe00f9da4dc9b6867f1ae01ebd3 |
| Notes | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Feature-1 |
| PMID | 23305800 |
| PQID | 1318094413 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| PageCount | 7 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_2000101156 proquest_miscellaneous_1352291041 proquest_miscellaneous_1318094413 pubmed_primary_23305800 pascalfrancis_primary_27166069 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_beproc_2012_12_007 crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_beproc_2012_12_007 fao_agris_US201600048848 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_beproc_2012_12_007 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2013-03-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2013-03-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 03 year: 2013 text: 2013-03-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | Amsterdam |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Amsterdam – name: Netherlands |
| PublicationTitle | Behavioural processes |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Behav Processes |
| PublicationYear | 2013 |
| Publisher | Elsevier B.V Elsevier |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier B.V – name: Elsevier |
| References | Frank, Woodroffe (bib0145) 2001 Martella, Renison, Navarro (bib0225) 1995; 66 Brawata, Neeman (bib0050) 2011; 38 Zuberbuhler, Noe, Seyfarth (bib0350) 1997; 53 Nersesian, Banks, McArthur (bib0250) 2012; 66 Switalski (bib0300) 2003; 81 Bednekoff, Blumstein (bib0035) 2009; 20 Griesser, Nystrand (bib0155) 2009; 20 Kozlowski, Gese, Arjo (bib0195) 2008; 160 Hannon, Jenkins, Crabtree, Swanson (bib0160) 2006; 87 Tchabovsky, Krasnov, Khokhlova, Shenbrot (bib0310) 2001; 19 Cypher, Warrick, Otten, O’Farrell, Berry, Harris, Kato, McCue, Scrivner, Zoellick (bib0105) 2000; 145 Hauser, Caffrey (bib0165) 1994; 48 Fanson (bib0135) 2010; 17 Egoscue (bib0115) 1956; 37 Elgar (bib0125) 1989; 64 Fortin, Boyce, Merrill, Fryxell (bib0140) 2004; 107 Jones (bib0175) 1998; 56 Quenette (bib0280) 1990; 11 Palomares, Caro (bib0260) 1999; 153 Bridges, Noss (bib0055) 2011 Burger (bib0065) 2001; 3 Lima, Wiebe, Dill (bib0220) 1987; 50 Verdolin (bib0330) 2006; 60 Carpenter, Aldridge, Boyce (bib0080) 2010; 74 Zoellick, Harris, Kelly, O’Farrell, Kato, Koopman (bib0345) 2002; 62 Cowlishaw (bib0095) 1998; 135 Hernández, Laundré, Gurung (bib0170) 2005; 33 Boinski, Kauffman, Westoll, Stickler, Cropp, Ehmke (bib0045) 2003; 140 Rainey, Zuberbühler, Slater (bib0290) 2004; 271 Caro, Stoner (bib0075) 2003; 110 Goldsmith (bib0150) 1990; 71 Moehrenschlager, List, Macdonald (bib0245) 2007; 88 Arnold (bib0020) 2010; 74 Laundré, Hernández, Ripple (bib0205) 2010; 3 Lima (bib0210) 1987; 102 Baker, Stillman, Smart, Bullock, Norris (bib0025) 2011; 25 Symonds, Moussalli (bib0305) 2011; 65 Egoscue (bib0120) 1962; 43 de Boer, Vis, de Knegt, Rowles, Kohi, van Langevelde, Peel, Pretorius, Skidmore, Slotow (bib0110) 2010; 91 Kitchen, Gese, Schauster (bib0180) 1999; 77 Michalski, Peres (bib0240) 2007; 21 Pusenius, Ostfeld (bib0275) 2002; 25 Clark (bib0085) 2007; 24 Embar, Kotler, Mukherjee (bib0130) 2011; 120 Coonan, Schwemm, Roemer, Garcelon, Munson (bib0090) 2005; 50 Wolff, Van Horn (bib0340) 2003; 81 Creel, Creel (bib0100) 1996; 10 Burnham, Anderson (bib0070) 2002 Laundré, Hernández, Altendorf (bib0200) 2001; 79 Kotler, Brown, Dall, Gresser, Ganey, Bouskila (bib0185) 2002; 4 Lima (bib0215) 1990; 58 Metcalfe (bib0235) 1984; 32 Barri, Roldan, Navarro, Martella (bib0030) 2012; 112 Parsons, Blumstein (bib0265) 2010; 116 Mech (bib0230) 1974; 37 Whittingham, Butler, Quinn, Cresswell (bib0335) 2004; 106 R Development Core Team (bib0285) 2008 Valeix, Loveridge, Davidson, Madzikanda, Fritz, Macdonald (bib0325) 2010; 25 Berger, Gese (bib0040) 2007; 76 Burger (bib0060) 1992; 104 Orrock, Danielson, Brinkerhoff (bib0255) 2004; 15 Kotler, Brown, Hasson (bib0190) 1991; 72 Valeix, Fritz, Loveridge, Davidson, Hunt, Murindagomo, Macdonald (bib0320) 2009; 63 Robel, Briggs, Dayton, Hulbert (bib0295) 1970; 23 Anderson (bib0010) 2008 Underwood (bib0315) 1982; 79 Adams, Camelio, Orique, Blumstein (bib0005) 2006; 60 Periquet, Valeix, Loveridge, Madzikanda, Macdonald, Fritz (bib0270) 2010; 79 Arenz, Leger (bib0015) 1997; 134 Berger (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0040) 2007; 76 Griesser (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0155) 2009; 20 Kitchen (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0180) 1999; 77 Periquet (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0270) 2010; 79 Robel (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0295) 1970; 23 Baker (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0025) 2011; 25 Martella (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0225) 1995; 66 Moehrenschlager (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0245) 2007; 88 Palomares (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0260) 1999; 153 Mech (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0230) 1974; 37 Metcalfe (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0235) 1984; 32 Embar (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0130) 2011; 120 Carpenter (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0080) 2010; 74 Quenette (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0280) 1990; 11 Underwood (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0315) 1982; 79 Bednekoff (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0035) 2009; 20 Burger (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0060) 1992; 104 Lima (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0210) 1987; 102 Hauser (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0165) 1994; 48 Hannon (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0160) 2006; 87 Kotler (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0185) 2002; 4 Valeix (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0320) 2009; 63 Hernández (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0170) 2005; 33 Caro (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0075) 2003; 110 Pusenius (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0275) 2002; 25 Orrock (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0255) 2004; 15 Burger (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0065) 2001; 3 R Development Core Team (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0285) 2008 Egoscue (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0115) 1956; 37 Kotler (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0190) 1991; 72 Elgar (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0125) 1989; 64 Arenz (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0015) 1997; 134 Barri (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0030) 2012; 112 Brawata (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0050) 2011; 38 Verdolin (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0330) 2006; 60 Laundré (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0200) 2001; 79 Cypher (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0105) 2000; 145 Jones (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0175) 1998; 56 Symonds (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0305) 2011; 65 Parsons (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0265) 2010; 116 Cowlishaw (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0095) 1998; 135 Egoscue (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0120) 1962; 43 Arnold (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0020) 2010; 74 Fanson (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0135) 2010; 17 Laundré (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0205) 2010; 3 Whittingham (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0335) 2004; 106 Michalski (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0240) 2007; 21 Valeix (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0325) 2010; 25 Frank (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0145) 2001 Adams (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0005) 2006; 60 Nersesian (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0250) 2012; 66 Zuberbuhler (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0350) 1997; 53 Wolff (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0340) 2003; 81 Lima (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0215) 1990; 58 Rainey (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0290) 2004; 271 Boinski (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0045) 2003; 140 Switalski (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0300) 2003; 81 Fortin (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0140) 2004; 107 Burnham (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0070) 2002 Clark (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0085) 2007; 24 Coonan (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0090) 2005; 50 Lima (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0220) 1987; 50 Zoellick (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0345) 2002; 62 Tchabovsky (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0310) 2001; 19 de Boer (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0110) 2010; 91 Kozlowski (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0195) 2008; 160 Anderson (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0010) 2008 Goldsmith (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0150) 1990; 71 Bridges (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0055) 2011 Creel (10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0100) 1996; 10 |
| References_xml | – volume: 32 start-page: 981 year: 1984 end-page: 985 ident: bib0235 article-title: The effects of habitat on the vigilance of shorebirds: is visibility important? publication-title: Anim. Behav. – volume: 77 start-page: 1645 year: 1999 end-page: 1656 ident: bib0180 article-title: Resource partitioning between coyotes and swift foxes: space, time, and diet publication-title: Can. J. Zool. – volume: 79 start-page: 665 year: 2010 end-page: 671 ident: bib0270 article-title: Individual vigilance of African herbivores while drinking: the role of immediate predation risk and context publication-title: Anim. Behav. – volume: 145 start-page: 1 year: 2000 end-page: 43 ident: bib0105 article-title: Population dynamics of San Joaquin kit foxes at the Naval Petroleum Reserves in California publication-title: Wildl. Monogr. – volume: 271 start-page: 755 year: 2004 end-page: 759 ident: bib0290 article-title: Hornbills can distinguish between primate alarm calls publication-title: Proc. R. Soc. Biol. Sci. Ser. B – year: 2001 ident: bib0145 article-title: Behaviour of carnivores in exploited and controlled populations publication-title: Carnivore Conservation – volume: 48 start-page: 1469 year: 1994 end-page: 1471 ident: bib0165 article-title: Anti-predator response to raptor calls in wild crows, publication-title: Anim. Behav. – volume: 3 start-page: 1 year: 2010 end-page: 7 ident: bib0205 article-title: The landscape of fear: ecological implications of being afraid publication-title: Open Ecol. J. – year: 2008 ident: bib0285 article-title: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing – volume: 25 start-page: 337 year: 2010 end-page: 351 ident: bib0325 article-title: How key habitat features influence large terrestrial carnivore movements: waterholes and African lions in a semi-arid savanna of north-western Zimbabwe publication-title: Landsc. Ecol. – volume: 135 start-page: 431 year: 1998 end-page: 452 ident: bib0095 article-title: The role of vigilance in the survival and reproductive strategies of desert baboons publication-title: Behaviour – volume: 66 start-page: 215 year: 1995 end-page: 220 ident: bib0225 article-title: Vigilance in the greater rhea: effects of vegetation height and group size publication-title: J. Field Ornithol. – volume: 37 start-page: 1 year: 1974 end-page: 6 ident: bib0230 publication-title: Mamm. Species – year: 2011 ident: bib0055 article-title: Behavior and activity patterns publication-title: Camera Traps in Animal Ecology, Methods and Analyses – volume: 60 start-page: 457 year: 2006 end-page: 464 ident: bib0330 article-title: Meta-analysis of foraging and predation risk trade-offs in terrestrial systems publication-title: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. – volume: 74 start-page: 1175 year: 2010 end-page: 1178 ident: bib0020 article-title: Uninformative parameters and model selection using Akaike's Information Criterion publication-title: J. Wildl. Manage. – volume: 66 start-page: 47 year: 2012 end-page: 55 ident: bib0250 article-title: Behavioural responses to indirect and direct predator cues by a mammalian herbivore, the common brushtail possum publication-title: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. – volume: 21 start-page: 1626 year: 2007 end-page: 1640 ident: bib0240 article-title: Disturbance-mediated mammal persistence and abundance-area relationships in Amazonian forest fragments publication-title: Conserv. Biol. – volume: 63 start-page: 1483 year: 2009 end-page: 1494 ident: bib0320 article-title: Does the risk of encountering lions influence African herbivore behaviour at waterholes? publication-title: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. – volume: 88 start-page: 1029 year: 2007 end-page: 1039 ident: bib0245 article-title: Escaping intraguild predation: Mexican kit foxes survive while coyotes and golden eagles kill Canadian swift foxes publication-title: J. Mammal. – volume: 81 start-page: 266 year: 2003 end-page: 271 ident: bib0340 article-title: Vigilance and foraging patterns of American elk during the rut in habitats with and without predators publication-title: Can. J. Zool. – volume: 25 start-page: 617 year: 2011 end-page: 627 ident: bib0025 article-title: Are the costs of routine vigilance avoided by granivorous foragers? publication-title: Funct. Ecol. – volume: 37 start-page: 351 year: 1956 end-page: 357 ident: bib0115 article-title: Preliminary studies of the kit fox in Utah publication-title: J. Mammal. – volume: 20 start-page: 709 year: 2009 end-page: 715 ident: bib0155 article-title: Vigilance and predation of a forest-living bird species depend on large-scale habitat structure publication-title: Behav. Ecol. – volume: 10 start-page: 526 year: 1996 end-page: 538 ident: bib0100 article-title: Limitation of African wild dogs by competition with larger carnivores publication-title: Conserv. Biol. – volume: 76 start-page: 1075 year: 2007 end-page: 1085 ident: bib0040 article-title: Does interference competition with wolves limit the distribution and abundance of coyotes? publication-title: J. Anim. Ecol. – volume: 160 start-page: 191 year: 2008 end-page: 208 ident: bib0195 article-title: Niche overlap and resource partitioning between sympatric kit foxes and coyotes in the Great Basin Desert of western Utah publication-title: Am. Midl. Nat. – volume: 62 start-page: 151 year: 2002 end-page: 159 ident: bib0345 article-title: Movements and home ranges of San Joaquin kit foxes ( publication-title: West. N. Am. Nat. – volume: 110 start-page: 67 year: 2003 end-page: 75 ident: bib0075 article-title: The potential for interspecific competition among African carnivores publication-title: Biol. Conserv. – volume: 116 start-page: 972 year: 2010 end-page: 980 ident: bib0265 article-title: Feeling vulnerable? Indirect risk cues differently influence how two marsupials respond to novel dingo urine publication-title: Ethology – year: 2008 ident: bib0010 article-title: Model-based Inference in the Life Sciences: A Primer on Evidence – volume: 25 start-page: 481 year: 2002 end-page: 487 ident: bib0275 article-title: Mammalian predator scent, vegetation cover and tree seedling predation by meadow voles publication-title: Ecography – volume: 11 start-page: 801 year: 1990 end-page: 818 ident: bib0280 article-title: Functions of vigilance behavior in mammals – a review publication-title: Acta Oecol. – volume: 58 start-page: 151 year: 1990 end-page: 158 ident: bib0215 article-title: Protective cover and the use of space: different strategies in finches publication-title: Oikos – volume: 102 start-page: 231 year: 1987 end-page: 238 ident: bib0210 article-title: Distance to cover, visual obstructions, and vigilance in house sparrows publication-title: Behaviour – volume: 64 start-page: 13 year: 1989 end-page: 33 ident: bib0125 article-title: Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review of the empirical evidence publication-title: Biol. Rev. – volume: 19 start-page: 105 year: 2001 end-page: 113 ident: bib0310 article-title: The effect of vegetation cover on vigilance and foraging tactics in the fat sand rat publication-title: J. Ethol. – volume: 65 start-page: 13 year: 2011 end-page: 21 ident: bib0305 article-title: A brief guide to model selection, multimodel inference and model averaging in behavioural ecology using Akaike's information criterion publication-title: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. – volume: 33 start-page: 353 year: 2005 end-page: 358 ident: bib0170 article-title: Use of camera traps to measure predation risk in a puma-mule deer system publication-title: Wildl. Soc. Bull. – volume: 15 start-page: 433 year: 2004 end-page: 437 ident: bib0255 article-title: Rodent foraging is affected by indirect, but not by direct, cues of predation risk publication-title: Behav. Ecol. – volume: 50 start-page: 225 year: 1987 end-page: 230 ident: bib0220 article-title: Protective cover and the use of space by finches: is closer better? publication-title: Oikos – volume: 91 start-page: 1280 year: 2010 end-page: 1286 ident: bib0110 article-title: Spatial distribution of lion kills determined by the water dependency of prey species publication-title: J. Mammal. – volume: 38 start-page: 426 year: 2011 end-page: 436 ident: bib0050 article-title: Is water the key? Dingo management, intraguild interactions and predator distribution around water points in arid Australia publication-title: Wildl. Res. – volume: 3 start-page: 111 year: 2001 end-page: 119 ident: bib0065 article-title: Visibility, group size, vigilance, and drinking behavior in coati ( publication-title: Acta Ethol. – volume: 72 start-page: 2249 year: 1991 end-page: 2260 ident: bib0190 article-title: Factors affecting gerbil foraging behavior and rates of owl predation publication-title: Ecology – volume: 106 start-page: 377 year: 2004 end-page: 385 ident: bib0335 article-title: The effect of limited visibility on vigilance behaviour and speed of predator detection: implications for the conservation of granivorous passerines publication-title: Oikos – volume: 104 start-page: 357 year: 1992 end-page: 359 ident: bib0060 article-title: Drinking vigilance and group size in white-tipped doves and common ground-doves in Costa Rica publication-title: Wilson Bull. – volume: 81 start-page: 985 year: 2003 end-page: 993 ident: bib0300 article-title: Coyote foraging ecology and vigilance in response to gray wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park publication-title: Can. J. Zool. – volume: 20 start-page: 1111 year: 2009 end-page: 1117 ident: bib0035 article-title: Peripheral obstructions influence marmot vigilance: integrating observational and experimental results publication-title: Behav. Ecol. – volume: 23 start-page: 295 year: 1970 end-page: 297 ident: bib0295 article-title: Relationships between visual obstruction measurements and weight of grassland vegetation publication-title: J. Range Manage. – volume: 4 start-page: 495 year: 2002 end-page: 518 ident: bib0185 article-title: Foraging games between gerbils and their predators: temporal dynamics of resource depletion and apprehension in gerbils publication-title: Evol. Ecol. Res. – volume: 79 start-page: 81 year: 1982 end-page: 107 ident: bib0315 article-title: Vigilance behaviour in grazing African antelopes publication-title: Behaviour – volume: 60 start-page: 742 year: 2006 end-page: 747 ident: bib0005 article-title: Does information of predators influence general wariness? publication-title: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. – volume: 134 start-page: 1101 year: 1997 end-page: 1114 ident: bib0015 article-title: Artificial visual obstruction, antipredator vigilance, and predator detection in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel ( publication-title: Behaviour – volume: 112 start-page: 67 year: 2012 end-page: 70 ident: bib0030 article-title: Effects of group size, habitat and hunting risk on vigilance and foraging behaviour in the lesser rhea ( publication-title: Emu – volume: 17 start-page: 19 year: 2010 end-page: 28 ident: bib0135 article-title: Effect of direct and indirect cues of predation risk on the foraging behavior of the white-footed mouse ( publication-title: Northeast. Nat. – year: 2002 ident: bib0070 article-title: Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach – volume: 153 start-page: 492 year: 1999 end-page: 508 ident: bib0260 article-title: Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores publication-title: Am. Nat. – volume: 56 start-page: 1279 year: 1998 end-page: 1284 ident: bib0175 article-title: The function of vigilance in sympatric marsupial carnivores: the eastern quoll and the Tasmanian devil publication-title: Anim. Behav. – volume: 140 start-page: 1421 year: 2003 end-page: 1467 ident: bib0045 article-title: Are vigilance, risk from avian predators and group size consequences of habitat structure? A comparison of three species of squirrel monkey ( publication-title: Behaviour – volume: 120 start-page: 1657 year: 2011 end-page: 1666 ident: bib0130 article-title: Risk management in optimal foragers: the effect of sightlines and predator type on patch use, time allocation, and vigilance in gerbils publication-title: Oikos – volume: 79 start-page: 1401 year: 2001 end-page: 1409 ident: bib0200 article-title: Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the landscape of fear in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. publication-title: Can. J. Zool. – volume: 107 start-page: 172 year: 2004 end-page: 180 ident: bib0140 article-title: Foraging costs of vigilance in large mammalian herbivores publication-title: Oikos – volume: 71 start-page: 460 year: 1990 end-page: 462 ident: bib0150 article-title: Vigilance behavior of pronghorns in different habitats publication-title: J. Mammal. – volume: 24 start-page: 14 year: 2007 end-page: 19 ident: bib0085 article-title: Hypothetical relationships between the San Joaquin kit fox, California grizzly bear, and gray wolf on the Pre-European California landscape publication-title: Endangered Spec. Update – volume: 50 start-page: 32 year: 2005 end-page: 41 ident: bib0090 article-title: Decline of an island fox subspecies to near extinction publication-title: Southwest. Nat. – volume: 74 start-page: 1806 year: 2010 end-page: 1814 ident: bib0080 article-title: Sage-grouse habitat selection during winter in Alberta publication-title: J. Wildl. Manage. – volume: 43 start-page: 481 year: 1962 end-page: 497 ident: bib0120 article-title: Ecology and life history of the kit fox in Tooele County, Utah publication-title: Ecology – volume: 87 start-page: 287 year: 2006 end-page: 295 ident: bib0160 article-title: Visibility and vigilance: behavior and population ecology of Uinta ground squirrels ( publication-title: J. Mammal. – volume: 53 start-page: 589 year: 1997 end-page: 604 ident: bib0350 article-title: Diana monkey long-distance calls: messages for conspecifics and predators publication-title: Anim. Behav. – volume: 15 start-page: 433 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0255 article-title: Rodent foraging is affected by indirect, but not by direct, cues of predation risk publication-title: Behav. Ecol. doi: 10.1093/beheco/arh031 – volume: 37 start-page: 1 year: 1974 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0230 article-title: Canis lupus publication-title: Mamm. Species doi: 10.2307/3503924 – volume: 23 start-page: 295 year: 1970 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0295 article-title: Relationships between visual obstruction measurements and weight of grassland vegetation publication-title: J. Range Manage. doi: 10.2307/3896225 – volume: 81 start-page: 266 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0340 article-title: Vigilance and foraging patterns of American elk during the rut in habitats with and without predators publication-title: Can. J. Zool. doi: 10.1139/z03-011 – volume: 116 start-page: 972 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0265 article-title: Feeling vulnerable? Indirect risk cues differently influence how two marsupials respond to novel dingo urine publication-title: Ethology doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01810.x – year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0285 – volume: 79 start-page: 1401 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0200 article-title: Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the landscape of fear in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. publication-title: Can. J. Zool. doi: 10.1139/z01-094 – volume: 60 start-page: 742 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0005 article-title: Does information of predators influence general wariness? publication-title: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. doi: 10.1007/s00265-006-0218-9 – volume: 120 start-page: 1657 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0130 article-title: Risk management in optimal foragers: the effect of sightlines and predator type on patch use, time allocation, and vigilance in gerbils publication-title: Oikos doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19278.x – volume: 50 start-page: 32 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0090 article-title: Decline of an island fox subspecies to near extinction publication-title: Southwest. Nat. doi: 10.1894/0038-4909(2005)050<0032:DOAIFS>2.0.CO;2 – year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0145 article-title: Behaviour of carnivores in exploited and controlled populations – volume: 37 start-page: 351 year: 1956 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0115 article-title: Preliminary studies of the kit fox in Utah publication-title: J. Mammal. doi: 10.2307/1376734 – volume: 25 start-page: 481 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0275 article-title: Mammalian predator scent, vegetation cover and tree seedling predation by meadow voles publication-title: Ecography doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250410.x – volume: 79 start-page: 665 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0270 article-title: Individual vigilance of African herbivores while drinking: the role of immediate predation risk and context publication-title: Anim. Behav. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.12.016 – volume: 66 start-page: 47 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0250 article-title: Behavioural responses to indirect and direct predator cues by a mammalian herbivore, the common brushtail possum publication-title: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. doi: 10.1007/s00265-011-1250-y – volume: 74 start-page: 1175 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0020 article-title: Uninformative parameters and model selection using Akaike's Information Criterion publication-title: J. Wildl. Manage. – volume: 38 start-page: 426 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0050 article-title: Is water the key? Dingo management, intraguild interactions and predator distribution around water points in arid Australia publication-title: Wildl. Res. doi: 10.1071/WR10169 – volume: 33 start-page: 353 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0170 article-title: Use of camera traps to measure predation risk in a puma-mule deer system publication-title: Wildl. Soc. Bull. doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[353:FTFUOC]2.0.CO;2 – volume: 102 start-page: 231 year: 1987 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0210 article-title: Distance to cover, visual obstructions, and vigilance in house sparrows publication-title: Behaviour doi: 10.1163/156853986X00144 – volume: 153 start-page: 492 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0260 article-title: Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores publication-title: Am. Nat. doi: 10.1086/303189 – volume: 104 start-page: 357 year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0060 article-title: Drinking vigilance and group size in white-tipped doves and common ground-doves in Costa Rica publication-title: Wilson Bull. – volume: 107 start-page: 172 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0140 article-title: Foraging costs of vigilance in large mammalian herbivores publication-title: Oikos doi: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12976.x – volume: 19 start-page: 105 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0310 article-title: The effect of vegetation cover on vigilance and foraging tactics in the fat sand rat Psammomys obesus publication-title: J. Ethol. doi: 10.1007/s101640170006 – year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0010 – volume: 63 start-page: 1483 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0320 article-title: Does the risk of encountering lions influence African herbivore behaviour at waterholes? publication-title: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. doi: 10.1007/s00265-009-0760-3 – year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0070 – volume: 3 start-page: 1 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0205 article-title: The landscape of fear: ecological implications of being afraid publication-title: Open Ecol. J. doi: 10.2174/1874213001003030001 – volume: 32 start-page: 981 year: 1984 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0235 article-title: The effects of habitat on the vigilance of shorebirds: is visibility important? publication-title: Anim. Behav. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80210-9 – volume: 62 start-page: 151 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0345 article-title: Movements and home ranges of San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) relative to oil-field development publication-title: West. N. Am. Nat. – volume: 134 start-page: 1101 year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0015 article-title: Artificial visual obstruction, antipredator vigilance, and predator detection in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) publication-title: Behaviour doi: 10.1163/156853997X00421 – volume: 77 start-page: 1645 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0180 article-title: Resource partitioning between coyotes and swift foxes: space, time, and diet publication-title: Can. J. Zool. doi: 10.1139/z99-143 – volume: 145 start-page: 1 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0105 article-title: Population dynamics of San Joaquin kit foxes at the Naval Petroleum Reserves in California publication-title: Wildl. Monogr. – volume: 74 start-page: 1806 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0080 article-title: Sage-grouse habitat selection during winter in Alberta publication-title: J. Wildl. Manage. doi: 10.2193/2009-368 – volume: 60 start-page: 457 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0330 article-title: Meta-analysis of foraging and predation risk trade-offs in terrestrial systems publication-title: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. doi: 10.1007/s00265-006-0172-6 – volume: 110 start-page: 67 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0075 article-title: The potential for interspecific competition among African carnivores publication-title: Biol. Conserv. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00177-5 – volume: 20 start-page: 709 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0155 article-title: Vigilance and predation of a forest-living bird species depend on large-scale habitat structure publication-title: Behav. Ecol. doi: 10.1093/beheco/arp045 – volume: 135 start-page: 431 year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0095 article-title: The role of vigilance in the survival and reproductive strategies of desert baboons publication-title: Behaviour doi: 10.1163/156853998793066203 – volume: 25 start-page: 617 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0025 article-title: Are the costs of routine vigilance avoided by granivorous foragers? publication-title: Funct. Ecol. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01829.x – volume: 20 start-page: 1111 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0035 article-title: Peripheral obstructions influence marmot vigilance: integrating observational and experimental results publication-title: Behav. Ecol. doi: 10.1093/beheco/arp104 – volume: 64 start-page: 13 year: 1989 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0125 article-title: Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review of the empirical evidence publication-title: Biol. Rev. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1989.tb00636.x – volume: 25 start-page: 337 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0325 article-title: How key habitat features influence large terrestrial carnivore movements: waterholes and African lions in a semi-arid savanna of north-western Zimbabwe publication-title: Landsc. Ecol. doi: 10.1007/s10980-009-9425-x – volume: 17 start-page: 19 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0135 article-title: Effect of direct and indirect cues of predation risk on the foraging behavior of the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) publication-title: Northeast. Nat. doi: 10.1656/045.017.0102 – volume: 160 start-page: 191 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0195 article-title: Niche overlap and resource partitioning between sympatric kit foxes and coyotes in the Great Basin Desert of western Utah publication-title: Am. Midl. Nat. doi: 10.1674/0003-0031(2008)160[191:NOARPB]2.0.CO;2 – volume: 10 start-page: 526 year: 1996 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0100 article-title: Limitation of African wild dogs by competition with larger carnivores publication-title: Conserv. Biol. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020526.x – volume: 4 start-page: 495 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0185 article-title: Foraging games between gerbils and their predators: temporal dynamics of resource depletion and apprehension in gerbils publication-title: Evol. Ecol. Res. – volume: 79 start-page: 81 year: 1982 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0315 article-title: Vigilance behaviour in grazing African antelopes publication-title: Behaviour doi: 10.1163/156853982X00193 – volume: 53 start-page: 589 year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0350 article-title: Diana monkey long-distance calls: messages for conspecifics and predators publication-title: Anim. Behav. doi: 10.1006/anbe.1996.0334 – volume: 66 start-page: 215 year: 1995 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0225 article-title: Vigilance in the greater rhea: effects of vegetation height and group size publication-title: J. Field Ornithol. – volume: 271 start-page: 755 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0290 article-title: Hornbills can distinguish between primate alarm calls publication-title: Proc. R. Soc. Biol. Sci. Ser. B doi: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2619 – volume: 88 start-page: 1029 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0245 article-title: Escaping intraguild predation: Mexican kit foxes survive while coyotes and golden eagles kill Canadian swift foxes publication-title: J. Mammal. doi: 10.1644/06-MAMM-A-159R.1 – volume: 91 start-page: 1280 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0110 article-title: Spatial distribution of lion kills determined by the water dependency of prey species publication-title: J. Mammal. doi: 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-392.1 – volume: 140 start-page: 1421 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0045 article-title: Are vigilance, risk from avian predators and group size consequences of habitat structure? A comparison of three species of squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedii, S. boliviensis, and S. sciureus) publication-title: Behaviour doi: 10.1163/156853903771980666 – volume: 43 start-page: 481 year: 1962 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0120 article-title: Ecology and life history of the kit fox in Tooele County, Utah publication-title: Ecology doi: 10.2307/1933376 – volume: 11 start-page: 801 year: 1990 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0280 article-title: Functions of vigilance behavior in mammals – a review publication-title: Acta Oecol. – volume: 112 start-page: 67 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0030 article-title: Effects of group size, habitat and hunting risk on vigilance and foraging behaviour in the lesser rhea (Rhea pennata pennata) publication-title: Emu doi: 10.1071/MU10090 – volume: 87 start-page: 287 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0160 article-title: Visibility and vigilance: behavior and population ecology of Uinta ground squirrels (Spermophilus armatus) in different habitats publication-title: J. Mammal. doi: 10.1644/05-MAMM-A-081R2.1 – volume: 48 start-page: 1469 year: 1994 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0165 article-title: Anti-predator response to raptor calls in wild crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis publication-title: Anim. Behav. doi: 10.1006/anbe.1994.1386 – volume: 65 start-page: 13 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0305 article-title: A brief guide to model selection, multimodel inference and model averaging in behavioural ecology using Akaike's information criterion publication-title: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. doi: 10.1007/s00265-010-1037-6 – volume: 56 start-page: 1279 year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0175 article-title: The function of vigilance in sympatric marsupial carnivores: the eastern quoll and the Tasmanian devil publication-title: Anim. Behav. doi: 10.1006/anbe.1998.0893 – year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0055 article-title: Behavior and activity patterns – volume: 3 start-page: 111 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0065 article-title: Visibility, group size, vigilance, and drinking behavior in coati (Nasua narica) and white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus): experimental evidence publication-title: Acta Ethol. doi: 10.1007/s102110000035 – volume: 71 start-page: 460 year: 1990 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0150 article-title: Vigilance behavior of pronghorns in different habitats publication-title: J. Mammal. doi: 10.2307/1381961 – volume: 50 start-page: 225 year: 1987 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0220 article-title: Protective cover and the use of space by finches: is closer better? publication-title: Oikos doi: 10.2307/3566005 – volume: 106 start-page: 377 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0335 article-title: The effect of limited visibility on vigilance behaviour and speed of predator detection: implications for the conservation of granivorous passerines publication-title: Oikos doi: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13132.x – volume: 58 start-page: 151 year: 1990 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0215 article-title: Protective cover and the use of space: different strategies in finches publication-title: Oikos doi: 10.2307/3545422 – volume: 81 start-page: 985 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0300 article-title: Coyote foraging ecology and vigilance in response to gray wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park publication-title: Can. J. Zool. doi: 10.1139/z03-080 – volume: 72 start-page: 2249 year: 1991 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0190 article-title: Factors affecting gerbil foraging behavior and rates of owl predation publication-title: Ecology doi: 10.2307/1941575 – volume: 21 start-page: 1626 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0240 article-title: Disturbance-mediated mammal persistence and abundance-area relationships in Amazonian forest fragments publication-title: Conserv. Biol. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00797.x – volume: 24 start-page: 14 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0085 article-title: Hypothetical relationships between the San Joaquin kit fox, California grizzly bear, and gray wolf on the Pre-European California landscape publication-title: Endangered Spec. Update – volume: 76 start-page: 1075 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007_bib0040 article-title: Does interference competition with wolves limit the distribution and abundance of coyotes? publication-title: J. Anim. Ecol. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01287.x |
| SSID | ssj0001806 |
| Score | 2.1001651 |
| Snippet | ► We tested three competing hypotheses regarding vigilance of prey at water sources. ► Kit foxes were less vigilant at water sources with obstructed... Animals that are potential prey do not respond equally to direct and indirect cues related to risk of predation. Based on differential responses to cues, three... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed pascalfrancis crossref fao elsevier |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | 76 |
| SubjectTerms | Animal ethology Animals antipredatory behavior Behavior, Animal Biological and medical sciences cameras Carnivore carnivores Cues Environment Foxes Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Linear Models Predation predators Predatory Behavior Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Refuge Risk Utah Vigilance Visibility Vulpes Vulpes macrotis Water Water source |
| Title | Vigilance of kit foxes at water sources: A test of competing hypotheses for a solitary carnivore subject to predation |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23305800 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1318094413 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1352291041 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2000101156 |
| Volume | 94 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3da9swEBddx2AvZd9NtwUN9urFtlTZ3lsIK9lXGcs6yl6EZEmd1xIH2-nal_7tu5PslsK6wsAQE04g6053vzud7gh5rV1sTKHzKEvANwGLp6OcGxUpkCCV2lJYf6L7eV_MD_iHw93DDTIb7sJgWmWv-4NO99q6_2fSr-ZkVVWTRQx7A6upJakvyoJ6mPMMpfzNxVWaR5LH4bwyExFSD9fnfI6XtmgmMMEr9UFBbCr7d_N0x6ka8yZVC0vnQs-Lm0GpN057D8hWjyrpNEz8Idmwy0fk3o_ax8wfk_X36qg6Qf7S2tHjqqOuPrMtVR39DVizoSGE376lUwrQs0Oq0gNqMGz05_kKr2m1MAAQLlVAjZW9m3NaYljltG4sbdcaAzq0q-mqsaFP0xOy2Hv3bTaP-n4LUcnztIsUQCfBDDh4YLWFM4XRyqSFM07DvtXW5vBm49gVRnFTFlrkInOJsnFitWFPyeayXtptQjGcpARIhzWOMw1aI-Yl4yzfVakySowIGxZZln0pcuyIcSKHnLNfMrBGImskPMCaEYkuR61CKY5b6LOBf_KaSEmwFreM3AZ2S3UEelYeLFKswudVHc9HZHxNBi5nkoLjCc5gMSKvBqGQsFPx-EUtbb1uZcKwVhrAT_YvGsDDgOB4cjMNXq5KEMnDOj4LUnc1Cwb6G3yAnf_-9ufkfuo7fmCa3Quy2TVr-xJwV6fHfmONyd3p7OunL_j7_uN8_w87_i5h |
| linkProvider | Elsevier |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3da9swEBddythexr6bfXQa7NXElhXF3lsoK-na5iXtKHsRkiW13kocbKdd__vdSXZGYV1h4AdjTiDrTne_O53uCPmkXWxMrrNokoBvAhZPRxk3KlIgQYrZQlh_ons8F7NT_vVsfLZF9vq7MJhW2en-oNO9tu6-jLrVHK3KcrSIYW9gNbWE-aIsoIe3sTrVeEC2pweHs_lGISdZHI4sJyLCAf0NOp_mpS1aCszxYj4uiH1l_26hHjhVYeqkamD1XGh7cTcu9fZp_yl50gFLOg1zf0a27PI5efi98mHzF2T9rTwvL5HFtHL0Z9lSV_2yDVUtvQa4WdMQxW8-0ykF9NkiVeExNdg2enGzwptaDQwAkEsVUGNx7_qGFhhZuapqS5u1xpgObSu6qm1o1fSSLPa_nOzNoq7lQlTwjLWRAvQkUgM-Hhhu4UxutDIsd8Zp2Lra2gzebBy73ChuilyLTExcomycWG3SV2SwrJZ2h1CMKCkBAmKN46kGxRHzIuVpNlZMGSWGJO0XWRZdNXJsinEp-7SzHzKwRiJrJDzAmiGJNqNWoRrHPfSTnn_yllRJMBj3jNwBdkt1DqpWni4YFuLz2o5nQ7J7SwY2M2Hge4I_mA_Jx14oJGxWPIFRS1utG5mkWC4NEGj6LxqAxADieHI3Dd6vShDMwzq-DlL3ZxYpqHBwA978979_II9mJ8dH8uhgfviWPGa-AQhm3b0jg7Ze2_cAw1q9222z3wU-L30 |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vigilance+of+kit+foxes+at+water+sources%3A+A+test+of+competing+hypotheses+for+a+solitary+carnivore+subject+to+predation&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+processes&rft.au=Hall%2C+Lucas+K&rft.au=Day%2C+Casey+C&rft.au=Westover%2C+Matthew+D&rft.au=Edgel%2C+Robert+J&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.issn=0376-6357&rft.volume=94&rft.spage=76&rft.epage=82&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.beproc.2012.12.007&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0376-6357&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0376-6357&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0376-6357&client=summon |