Methodologies to Assess the Biodegradability of Bio-Based Polymers-Current Knowledge and Existing Gaps

Our society lives in a time of transition where traditional petroleum-based polymers/plastics are being replaced by more sustainable alternative materials. To consider these bioproducts as more viable options than the actual ones, it is demanded to ensure that they are fully biodegradable or compost...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inPolymers Vol. 14; no. 7; p. 1359
Main Authors Pires, João Ricardo Afonso, Souza, Victor Gomes Lauriano, Fuciños, Pablo, Pastrana, Lorenzo, Fernando, Ana Luísa
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 27.03.2022
MDPI
Subjects
Aquatic environment
aquatic systems
Biodegradability
Biodegradation
biodegradation assay
Bioplastics
Biopolymers
Chemical contaminants
compost
Composting
Enzymes
food packaging
Hazardous areas
High density polyethylenes
Legislation
Microorganisms
Organic chemicals
Plastics
Polyethylene terephthalate
Polymers
R&D
Recycling
Research & development
Review
soil
soil
food packaging
biodegradation assay
biopolymers
compost
aquatic systems
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Our society lives in a time of transition where traditional petroleum-based polymers/plastics are being replaced by more sustainable alternative materials. To consider these bioproducts as more viable options than the actual ones, it is demanded to ensure that they are fully biodegradable or compostable and that there is no release of hazardous compounds to the environment with their degradation. It is then essential to adapt the legislation to support novel specific guidelines to test the biodegradability of each biopolymer in varied environments, and consequently, establish consistent data to design a coherent labeling system. This review work aims to point out the current standards that can serve as a basis for the characterization of biopolymers' biodegradation profile in different environments (soil, compost, and aquatic systems) and identify other laboratory methodologies that have been adopted for the same purpose. With the information gathered in this work, it was possible to identify remaining gaps in existing national and international standards to help establish new validation criteria to be introduced in future research and policies related to bioplastics to boost the sustainable progress of this rising industry.
AbstractList Our society lives in a time of transition where traditional petroleum-based polymers/plastics are being replaced by more sustainable alternative materials. To consider these bioproducts as more viable options than the actual ones, it is demanded to ensure that they are fully biodegradable or compostable and that there is no release of hazardous compounds to the environment with their degradation. It is then essential to adapt the legislation to support novel specific guidelines to test the biodegradability of each biopolymer in varied environments, and consequently, establish consistent data to design a coherent labeling system. This review work aims to point out the current standards that can serve as a basis for the characterization of biopolymers’ biodegradation profile in different environments (soil, compost, and aquatic systems) and identify other laboratory methodologies that have been adopted for the same purpose. With the information gathered in this work, it was possible to identify remaining gaps in existing national and international standards to help establish new validation criteria to be introduced in future research and policies related to bioplastics to boost the sustainable progress of this rising industry.
Author Fuciños, Pablo
Pastrana, Lorenzo
Fernando, Ana Luísa
Souza, Victor Gomes Lauriano
Pires, João Ricardo Afonso
AuthorAffiliation 1 MEtRiCS, Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Campus de Caparica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; jr.pires@campus.fct.unl.pt (J.R.A.P.); ala@fct.unl.pt (A.L.F.)
2 International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; pablo.fucinos@inl.int (P.F.); lorenzo.pastrana@inl.int (L.P.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; pablo.fucinos@inl.int (P.F.); lorenzo.pastrana@inl.int (L.P.)
– name: 1 MEtRiCS, Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Campus de Caparica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; jr.pires@campus.fct.unl.pt (J.R.A.P.); ala@fct.unl.pt (A.L.F.)
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: João Ricardo Afonso
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1849-0349
  surname: Pires
  fullname: Pires, João Ricardo Afonso
  organization: MEtRiCS, Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Campus de Caparica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Victor Gomes Lauriano
  orcidid: 0000-0001-8381-9780
  surname: Souza
  fullname: Souza, Victor Gomes Lauriano
  organization: International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Pablo
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4502-1660
  surname: Fuciños
  fullname: Fuciños, Pablo
  organization: International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Lorenzo
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6637-3462
  surname: Pastrana
  fullname: Pastrana, Lorenzo
  organization: International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Ana Luísa
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9270-3982
  surname: Fernando
  fullname: Fernando, Ana Luísa
  organization: MEtRiCS, Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Campus de Caparica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35406232$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNpdkktv1DAQgC1URB_0yBVF4sIl4Ffi-ILUrtpSUQQHOFt-jLNeZePFTgr77_F2S9XFF4_Gn77x2HOKjsY4AkJvCP7AmMQfN3HYrgnHgrBGvkAnFAtWc9bio2fxMTrPeYXL4k3bEvEKHbOG45YyeoL8V5iW0cUh9gFyNcXqImfIJVpCdRmigz5pp00YwrStot_l6kudwVXfd8Uh5XoxpwTjVH0Z4-8BXA-VHl119SfkKYx9daM3-TV66fWQ4fxxP0M_r69-LD7Xd99ubhcXd7XlHZlqRznlQmOsDSdUNthRyltvNBYWg7G-49R1gnBvOmupM5hCqxkXXHYGG8LO0O3e66JeqU0Ka522KuqgHhIx9UqnKdgBVGc8tI2ThvmGd9R33nnuKBEGjKPCFNenvWszmzU4W1pMejiQHp6MYan6eK8kxlRKWgTvHwUp_pohT2odsoVh0CPEOSvactlI2jBW0Hf_oas4p7E81QNFCO6IKFS9p2yKOSfwT5chWO0GQh0MROHfPu_gif73_ewvrSy0og
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_3390_su16114800
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecoenv_2024_115942
crossref_primary_10_3390_ma16247531
crossref_primary_10_1007_s13399_022_03524_8
crossref_primary_10_3390_agronomy13092205
crossref_primary_10_3390_nano12142413
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hazl_2024_100112
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2024_172903
crossref_primary_10_1002_app_54994
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods12122422
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_indcrop_2023_116980
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pmatsci_2024_101307
crossref_primary_10_3390_polym14204271
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2024_172868
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2023_127420
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chemosphere_2024_141451
crossref_primary_10_29026_oea_2023_220020
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cej_2023_142301
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fpsl_2024_101254
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_est_4c02769
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aej_2024_01_080
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11356_023_28892_0
crossref_primary_10_3390_jcs6110342
crossref_primary_10_3389_fsufs_2023_1225371
crossref_primary_10_3390_catal14060371
crossref_primary_10_3390_polym15071785
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_indcrop_2022_115247
crossref_primary_10_3390_polym15102355
crossref_primary_10_1088_1755_1315_1290_1_012030
crossref_primary_10_3390_coatings13071208
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2023_165613
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_indcrop_2023_117526
crossref_primary_10_3390_polym15102336
crossref_primary_10_3390_su151411411
crossref_primary_10_1002_pts_2707
crossref_primary_10_3390_app13169232
crossref_primary_10_3390_macromol3020023
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fpsl_2022_100971
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_indcrop_2023_116752
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chemosphere_2024_141729
Cites_doi 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.014
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.010
10.1039/C7CS00149E
10.1264/jsme2.ME18033
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.003
10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.02.021
10.1177/0734242X19854127
10.1007/978-3-319-91334-6_98
10.1038/s41578-021-00407-8
10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.05.014
10.1101/2020.01.31.928606
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109031
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137748
10.1098/rsos.171792
10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127111
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.017
10.3390/polym13050721
10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.003
10.1007/s10924-018-1304-6
10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.10.058
10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.169
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.166
10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.042
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.10.023
10.1002/macp.202000017
10.14419/ijet.v7i3.32.18408
10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.04.013
10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.08.026
10.3390/recycling6010012
10.1016/j.fpsl.2016.04.001
10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115021
10.1007/s10570-019-02393-1
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.088
10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.104793
10.1016/j.cogsc.2019.12.005
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.078
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.027
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110826
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.134
10.1002/mame.201900383
10.3390/ijms20020284
10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.047
10.3390/polym8070262
10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.003
10.1007/978-3-319-71279-6_25
10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.12.031
10.1007/s41783-018-0049-y
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.139
10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.006
10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.088
10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113836
10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117994
10.1002/pen.24854
10.3390/polym11121963
10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.030
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109017
10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.06.004
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.112
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.051
10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111642
10.1016/B978-0-323-51271-8.00004-8
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126915
10.1016/B978-0-08-099438-3.00008-2
10.1021/acs.est.7b04051
10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21875-1
10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.10.026
10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.02.003
10.1007/978-3-662-54130-2
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128151
10.1002/cssc.202100752
10.1063/1.5010677
10.1016/B978-0-12-809270-5.00027-3
10.1007/s10924-020-01711-0
10.1002/gch2.201700048
10.1007/s10924-017-1143-x
10.3389/fenvs.2016.00068
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2022 by the authors. 2022
Copyright_xml – notice: 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2022 by the authors. 2022
DBID NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
7SR
8FD
8FE
8FG
ABJCF
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
BGLVJ
CCPQU
D1I
DWQXO
HCIFZ
JG9
KB.
PDBOC
PIMPY
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.3390/polym14071359
DatabaseName PubMed
CrossRef
Engineered Materials Abstracts
Technology Research Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Technology Collection
Materials Science & Engineering Collection
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central
Technology Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Materials Science Collection
ProQuest Central Korea
SciTech Premium Collection
Materials Research Database
Materials Science Database
Materials Science Collection
ProQuest - Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle PubMed
CrossRef
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Materials Science Collection
Materials Research Database
Technology Collection
Technology Research Database
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
Materials Science Collection
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Technology Collection
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central
Engineered Materials Abstracts
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central Korea
Materials Science & Engineering Collection
Materials Science Database
ProQuest One Academic
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList
Publicly Available Content Database
PubMed

CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: 8FG
  name: ProQuest Technology Collection
  url: https://search.proquest.com/technologycollection1
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Chemistry
EISSN 2073-4360
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_8bfe65d9b3f5482f8fdf4d217bebd27b
10_3390_polym14071359
35406232
Genre Journal Article
Review
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: European Union
  grantid: Horizon2020, IA - Innovation Action, Grant agreement ID 862156
– fundername: Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education
  grantid: UIDB/04077/2020 and UIDP/04077/2020
– fundername: Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
  grantid: SFRH/BD/144346/2019
GroupedDBID 53G
5VS
8FE
8FG
A8Z
AADQD
AAFWJ
ABDBF
ABJCF
ACGFO
ACIWK
ADBBV
AENEX
AFKRA
AFPKN
AFZYC
AIAGR
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
BCNDV
BENPR
BGLVJ
CCPQU
CZ9
D1I
ESTFP
ESX
F5P
GROUPED_DOAJ
GX1
HCIFZ
HH5
HYE
I-F
IAO
ITC
KB.
KC.
KQ8
ML~
MODMG
M~E
NPM
OK1
PDBOC
PGMZT
PIMPY
PROAC
RNS
RPM
TR2
TUS
AAYXX
CITATION
7SR
8FD
ABUWG
AZQEC
DWQXO
JG9
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c481t-d24247a00ab412950d2246fba07c0ebcf842d8714fb8cc2db02e6a347498b0b13
IEDL.DBID RPM
ISSN 2073-4360
IngestDate Tue Oct 22 15:09:59 EDT 2024
Tue Sep 17 21:27:31 EDT 2024
Fri Oct 25 23:38:44 EDT 2024
Sat Nov 09 14:05:18 EST 2024
Thu Sep 26 21:38:50 EDT 2024
Sat Sep 28 08:21:12 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 7
Keywords soil
food packaging
biodegradation assay
biopolymers
compost
aquatic systems
Language English
License Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c481t-d24247a00ab412950d2246fba07c0ebcf842d8714fb8cc2db02e6a347498b0b13
Notes ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-3
content type line 23
ObjectType-Review-1
ORCID 0000-0002-6637-3462
0000-0001-8381-9780
0000-0001-9270-3982
0000-0002-1849-0349
0000-0002-4502-1660
OpenAccessLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9002992/
PMID 35406232
PQID 2649110817
PQPubID 2032345
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_8bfe65d9b3f5482f8fdf4d217bebd27b
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9002992
proquest_miscellaneous_2649592533
proquest_journals_2649110817
crossref_primary_10_3390_polym14071359
pubmed_primary_35406232
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20220327
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2022-03-27
PublicationDate_xml – month: 3
  year: 2022
  text: 20220327
  day: 27
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Switzerland
– name: Basel
PublicationTitle Polymers
PublicationTitleAlternate Polymers (Basel)
PublicationYear 2022
Publisher MDPI AG
MDPI
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
– name: MDPI
References Lammi (ref_40) 2019; 166
ref_94
ref_93
ref_92
ref_91
Qin (ref_19) 2021; 14
ref_90
Kawashima (ref_2) 2019; 304
Rudnik (ref_36) 2011; 33
Wieland (ref_11) 2022; 428
ref_12
ref_99
ref_97
ref_96
ref_95
Andrzejewska (ref_30) 2017; 1902
ref_16
Otoni (ref_51) 2018; 121
Kasmuri (ref_103) 2018; 7
Sen (ref_37) 2018; 26
Rameshkumar (ref_106) 2020; 21
ref_24
Chan (ref_39) 2019; 59
Souza (ref_23) 2016; 8
Popa (ref_59) 2019; 61
Harrison (ref_81) 2018; 5
ref_29
ref_28
Prapruddivongs (ref_74) 2018; 71
ref_27
ref_26
Bagde (ref_53) 2019; 222
Tai (ref_48) 2019; 145
ref_70
Gandini (ref_22) 2016; 93
Kalita (ref_63) 2019; 76
Emadian (ref_13) 2017; 59
Youssef (ref_25) 2018; 193
ref_79
ref_78
Thakur (ref_14) 2018; 13
Pinheiro (ref_52) 2017; 97
Krishnasamy (ref_104) 2019; 140
Bagheri (ref_82) 2017; 1
(ref_15) 2021; 306
Pattanasuttichonlakul (ref_35) 2018; 132
Kaur (ref_45) 2018; 123
Kubowicz (ref_3) 2017; 51
ref_89
ref_88
ref_87
ref_85
ref_84
Cano (ref_72) 2016; 132
Huang (ref_57) 2018; 66
Balakrishnan (ref_42) 2019; 134
Ibrahim (ref_56) 2018; 26
Altun (ref_61) 2020; 28
Merino (ref_76) 2019; 89
ref_54
Lane (ref_98) 2018; 180
Mangaraj (ref_5) 2018; 3
Hassan (ref_101) 2019; 26
Machado (ref_1) 2019; Volume 505
Sforzini (ref_55) 2016; 4
Romero (ref_102) 2019; 239
Rosenboom (ref_6) 2022; 7
Salehpour (ref_17) 2018; 111
Auras (ref_77) 2018; 154
Kucharczyk (ref_75) 2018; 113
ref_69
ref_68
ref_67
ref_66
ref_65
ref_64
Pittman (ref_49) 2019; 97
Fernando (ref_20) 2015; 68
Bonilla (ref_62) 2020; 151
Lv (ref_18) 2018; 113
Zambrano (ref_80) 2020; 151
ref_33
ref_32
ref_31
Agarwal (ref_34) 2020; 221
Pischedda (ref_38) 2019; 170
Sabapathy (ref_50) 2019; 126
(ref_83) 2020; 259
Pires (ref_60) 2019; 140
ref_105
ref_107
Balaguer (ref_73) 2016; 48
Lambert (ref_21) 2017; 46
ref_47
Luo (ref_10) 2022; 423
ref_44
ref_43
ref_100
Suriyatem (ref_71) 2018; 122
Briassoulis (ref_86) 2020; 722
Serbruyns (ref_41) 2020; 171
Ruggero (ref_46) 2019; 37
ref_9
Mali (ref_58) 2018; 158
ref_8
ref_4
ref_7
References_xml – volume: 132
  start-page: 11
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_72
  article-title: Biodegradation behavior of starch-PVA films as affected by the incorporation of different antimicrobials
  publication-title: Polym. Degrad. Stab.
  doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.014
  contributor:
    fullname: Cano
– volume: 166
  start-page: 325
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_40
  article-title: How olive pomace can be valorized as fillers to tune the biodegradation of PHBV based composites
  publication-title: Polym. Degrad. Stab.
  doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.010
  contributor:
    fullname: Lammi
– volume: 46
  start-page: 6855
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_21
  article-title: Environmental performance of bio-based and biodegradable plastics: The road ahead
  publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev.
  doi: 10.1039/C7CS00149E
  contributor:
    fullname: Lambert
– ident: ref_100
– ident: ref_68
– ident: ref_16
– ident: ref_65
– ident: ref_105
  doi: 10.1264/jsme2.ME18033
– ident: ref_88
– volume: 126
  start-page: 977
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_50
  article-title: Polyhydroxyalkanoate production from statistically optimized media using rice mill effluent as sustainable substrate with an analysis on the biopolymer´s degradation potential
  publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.003
  contributor:
    fullname: Sabapathy
– volume: 76
  start-page: 522
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_63
  article-title: Biodegradation of modified poly (lactic acid) based biocomposite films under thermophilic composting conditions
  publication-title: Polym. Test.
  doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.02.021
  contributor:
    fullname: Kalita
– volume: 37
  start-page: 959
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_46
  article-title: Methodologies to assess biodegradation of bioplastics during aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion: A review
  publication-title: Waste Manag. Res.
  doi: 10.1177/0734242X19854127
  contributor:
    fullname: Ruggero
– ident: ref_94
– volume: Volume 505
  start-page: 719
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_1
  article-title: Production of Nanocellulose from Lignocellulosic Biomass Wastes: Prospects and Limitations
  publication-title: Innovation, Engineering and Entrepreneurship
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91334-6_98
  contributor:
    fullname: Machado
– ident: ref_4
– volume: 7
  start-page: 117
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_6
  article-title: Bioplastics for a circular economy
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Mater.
  doi: 10.1038/s41578-021-00407-8
  contributor:
    fullname: Rosenboom
– ident: ref_31
– ident: ref_27
– volume: 132
  start-page: 74
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_35
  article-title: Accelerating biodegradation of PLA using microbial consortium from dairy wastewater sludge combined with PLA-degrading bacterium
  publication-title: Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.05.014
  contributor:
    fullname: Pattanasuttichonlakul
– ident: ref_87
  doi: 10.1101/2020.01.31.928606
– volume: 171
  start-page: 109031
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_41
  article-title: Accelerated biodegradation testing of slowly degradable polyesters in soil
  publication-title: Polym. Degrad. Stab.
  doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109031
  contributor:
    fullname: Serbruyns
– volume: 722
  start-page: 137748
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_86
  article-title: Aerobic biodegradation of bio-based plastics in the seawater/sediment interface (sublittoral) marine environment of the coastal zone—Test method under controlled laboratory conditions
  publication-title: Sci. Total Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137748
  contributor:
    fullname: Briassoulis
– volume: 5
  start-page: 171792
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_81
  article-title: Biodegradability standards for carrier bags and plastic films in aquatic environments: A critical review
  publication-title: R. Soc. Open Sci.
  doi: 10.1098/rsos.171792
  contributor:
    fullname: Harrison
– volume: 306
  start-page: 127111
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_15
  article-title: Sustainability governance and contested plastic food packaging—An integrative review
  publication-title: J. Clean. Prod.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127111
– volume: 154
  start-page: 46
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_77
  article-title: Enhancing the biodegradation rate of poly(lactic acid) films and PLA bionanocomposites in simulated composting through bioaugmentation
  publication-title: Polym. Degrad. Stab.
  doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.017
  contributor:
    fullname: Auras
– ident: ref_9
  doi: 10.3390/polym13050721
– volume: 68
  start-page: 105
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_20
  article-title: Environmental aspects of fiber crops cultivation and use
  publication-title: Ind. Crop. Prod.
  doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.003
  contributor:
    fullname: Fernando
– ident: ref_97
– ident: ref_28
– volume: 26
  start-page: 4331
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_37
  article-title: Biodegradability of starch based self-supporting antimicrobial film and its effect on soil quality
  publication-title: J. Polym. Environ.
  doi: 10.1007/s10924-018-1304-6
  contributor:
    fullname: Sen
– ident: ref_67
– ident: ref_92
– volume: 89
  start-page: 283
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_76
  article-title: Hydrogen-bonding interactions and compostability of bionanocomposite films prepared from corn starch and nano-fillers with and without added Jamaica flower extract
  publication-title: Food Hydrocoll.
  doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.10.058
  contributor:
    fullname: Merino
– ident: ref_44
– volume: 180
  start-page: 325
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_98
  article-title: Environmental impact of biodegradable food packaging when considering food waste
  publication-title: J. Clean. Prod.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.169
  contributor:
    fullname: Lane
– volume: 140
  start-page: 637
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_104
  article-title: Investigation into mechanical, absorption and swelling behaviour of hemp/sisal fibre reinforced bioepoxy hybrid composites: Effects of stacking sequences
  publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.166
  contributor:
    fullname: Krishnasamy
– volume: 97
  start-page: 105
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_49
  article-title: Microbial degradation of four biodegradable polymers in soil and compost demonstrating polycaprolactone as an ideal compostable plastic
  publication-title: Waste Manag.
  doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.042
  contributor:
    fullname: Pittman
– volume: 158
  start-page: 52
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_58
  article-title: de Biodegradable plastic designed to improve the soil quality and microbiological activity
  publication-title: Polym. Degrad. Stab.
  doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.10.023
  contributor:
    fullname: Mali
– volume: 221
  start-page: 2000017
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_34
  article-title: Biodegradable polymers: Present opportunities and challenges in providing a microplastic-free environment
  publication-title: Macromol. Chem. Phys.
  doi: 10.1002/macp.202000017
  contributor:
    fullname: Agarwal
– volume: 7
  start-page: 110
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_103
  article-title: Enhancement of bio-plastic using eggshells and chitosan on potato starch based
  publication-title: Int. J. Eng. Technol.
  doi: 10.14419/ijet.v7i3.32.18408
  contributor:
    fullname: Kasmuri
– volume: 13
  start-page: 68
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_14
  article-title: Sustainability of bioplastics: Opportunities and challenges
  publication-title: Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.04.013
  contributor:
    fullname: Thakur
– volume: 71
  start-page: 87
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_74
  article-title: Effect of silica resources on the biodegradation behavior of poly (lactic acid) and chemical crosslinked poly (lactic acid) composites
  publication-title: Polym. Test.
  doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.08.026
  contributor:
    fullname: Prapruddivongs
– ident: ref_7
  doi: 10.3390/recycling6010012
– ident: ref_89
– ident: ref_64
– volume: 8
  start-page: 63
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_23
  article-title: Nanoparticles in food packaging: Biodegradability and potential migration to food—A review
  publication-title: Food Packag. Shelf Life
  doi: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2016.04.001
  contributor:
    fullname: Souza
– volume: 61
  start-page: 538
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_59
  article-title: Soil ecotoxicity assessment after biodegradation of some polymeric materials
  publication-title: Agron. Ser. Sci. Res. Stiint. Ser. Agron.
  contributor:
    fullname: Popa
– ident: ref_95
– volume: 222
  start-page: 115021
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_53
  article-title: Mechanical, antibacterial and biodegradable properties of starch film containing bacteriocin immobilized crystalline nanocellulose
  publication-title: Carbohydr. Polym.
  doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115021
  contributor:
    fullname: Bagde
– volume: 26
  start-page: 4463
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_101
  article-title: Thermo-mechanical, morphological and water absorption properties of thermoplastic starch/cellulose composite foams reinforced with PLA
  publication-title: Cellulose
  doi: 10.1007/s10570-019-02393-1
  contributor:
    fullname: Hassan
– volume: 134
  start-page: 781
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_42
  article-title: Thermal, biodegradation and theoretical perspectives on nanoscale confinement in starch/cellulose nanocomposite modified via green crosslinker
  publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.088
  contributor:
    fullname: Balakrishnan
– volume: 145
  start-page: 104793
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_48
  article-title: Aerobic biodegradation of starch—Polyurethane flexible films under soil burial condition: Changes in physical structure and chemical composition
  publication-title: Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.104793
  contributor:
    fullname: Tai
– ident: ref_78
– volume: 21
  start-page: 75
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_106
  article-title: Bio-based and biodegradable polymers—State-of-the- art, challenges and emerging trends
  publication-title: Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2019.12.005
  contributor:
    fullname: Rameshkumar
– volume: 113
  start-page: 434
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_75
  article-title: Changes of physical properties of PLA-based blends during early stage of biodegradation in compost
  publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.078
  contributor:
    fullname: Kucharczyk
– volume: 111
  start-page: 264
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_17
  article-title: Biodegradation and ecotoxicological impact of cellulose nanocomposites in municipal solid waste composting
  publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.027
  contributor:
    fullname: Salehpour
– volume: 151
  start-page: 110826
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_80
  article-title: Aerobic biodegradation in freshwater and marine environments of textile micro fibers generated in clothes laundering: Effects of cellulose and polyester-based microfibers on the microbiome
  publication-title: Mar. Pollut. Bull.
  doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110826
  contributor:
    fullname: Zambrano
– volume: 123
  start-page: 826
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_45
  article-title: Studies on the properties and biodegradability of PVA/Trapanatans starch(N-st) composite films and PVA/N-st-g-poly(EMA) composite films
  publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.134
  contributor:
    fullname: Kaur
– volume: 304
  start-page: 1900383
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_2
  article-title: How do bioplastics and fossil-based plastics play in a circular economy?
  publication-title: Macromol. Mater. Eng.
  doi: 10.1002/mame.201900383
  contributor:
    fullname: Kawashima
– ident: ref_70
  doi: 10.3390/ijms20020284
– volume: 122
  start-page: 37
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_71
  article-title: Improvement of mechanical properties and thermal stability of biodegradable rice starch—Based films blended with carboxymethyl chitosan
  publication-title: Ind. Crop. Prod.
  doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.047
  contributor:
    fullname: Suriyatem
– ident: ref_26
  doi: 10.3390/polym8070262
– volume: 121
  start-page: 66
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_51
  article-title: Optimized and scaled-up production of cellulose-reinforced biodegradable composite films made up of carrot processing waste
  publication-title: Ind. Crop. Prod.
  doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.003
  contributor:
    fullname: Otoni
– ident: ref_90
– ident: ref_84
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-71279-6_25
– volume: 33
  start-page: 648
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_36
  article-title: Degradation behaviour of poly (lactic acid) films and fibres in soil under Mediterranean field conditions and laboratory simulations testing
  publication-title: Ind. Crop. Prod.
  doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.12.031
  contributor:
    fullname: Rudnik
– volume: 3
  start-page: 77
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_5
  article-title: Application of biodegradable polymers in food packaging industry: A comprehensive review
  publication-title: J. Packag. Technol. Res.
  doi: 10.1007/s41783-018-0049-y
  contributor:
    fullname: Mangaraj
– volume: 113
  start-page: 338
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_18
  article-title: Soil burial-induced chemical and thermal changes in starch/poly (lactic acid) composites
  publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.139
  contributor:
    fullname: Lv
– ident: ref_69
– volume: 59
  start-page: 526
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_13
  article-title: Biodegradation of bioplastics in natural environments
  publication-title: Waste Manag.
  doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.006
  contributor:
    fullname: Emadian
– volume: 193
  start-page: 19
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_25
  article-title: Bionanocomposites materials for food packaging applications: Concepts and future outlook
  publication-title: Carbohydr. Polym.
  doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.088
  contributor:
    fullname: Youssef
– volume: 259
  start-page: 113836
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_83
  article-title: Monitoring polymer degradation under different conditions in the marine environment
  publication-title: Environ. Pollut.
  doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113836
– volume: 239
  start-page: 117994
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_102
  article-title: Bioplastics based on wheat gluten processed by extrusion
  publication-title: J. Clean. Prod.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117994
  contributor:
    fullname: Romero
– volume: 59
  start-page: E59
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_39
  article-title: Biodegradation and thermal properties of crosslinked chitosan/corn cob biocomposite films by electron beam irradiation
  publication-title: Polym. Eng. Sci.
  doi: 10.1002/pen.24854
  contributor:
    fullname: Chan
– ident: ref_54
  doi: 10.3390/polym11121963
– volume: 48
  start-page: 143
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_73
  article-title: Compostability assessment of nano-reinforced poly (lactic acid) films
  publication-title: Waste Manag.
  doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.030
  contributor:
    fullname: Balaguer
– volume: 170
  start-page: 109017
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_38
  article-title: Biodegradation of plastics in soil: The effect of temperature
  publication-title: Polym. Degrad. Stab.
  doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109017
  contributor:
    fullname: Pischedda
– ident: ref_66
– ident: ref_107
– volume: 93
  start-page: 26
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_22
  article-title: Industrial and crop wastes: A new source for nanocellulose biorefinery
  publication-title: Ind. Crops Prod.
  doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.06.004
  contributor:
    fullname: Gandini
– ident: ref_47
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.112
– ident: ref_93
– volume: 151
  start-page: 178
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_62
  article-title: Disintegrability under composting conditions of films based on gelatin, chitosan and/or sodium caseinate containing boldo-of-Chile leafs extract
  publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.051
  contributor:
    fullname: Bonilla
– volume: 140
  start-page: 111642
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_60
  article-title: Valorization of energy crops as a source for nanocellulose production—Current knowledge and future prospects
  publication-title: Ind. Crop. Prod.
  doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111642
  contributor:
    fullname: Pires
– ident: ref_8
  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-51271-8.00004-8
– volume: 423
  start-page: 126915
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_10
  article-title: Environmental behaviors of microplastics in aquatic systems: A systematic review on degradation, adsorption, toxicity and biofilm under aging conditions
  publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126915
  contributor:
    fullname: Luo
– ident: ref_33
  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-099438-3.00008-2
– ident: ref_96
– volume: 51
  start-page: 12058
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_3
  article-title: Biodegradability of plastics: Challenges and misconceptions
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04051
  contributor:
    fullname: Kubowicz
– ident: ref_79
– ident: ref_12
  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21875-1
– volume: 97
  start-page: 356
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_52
  article-title: Mechanical, rheological and degradation properties of PBAT nanocomposites reinforced by functionalized cellulose nanocrystals
  publication-title: Eur. Polym. J.
  doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.10.026
  contributor:
    fullname: Pinheiro
– volume: 66
  start-page: 319
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_57
  article-title: Biodegradability studies of poly (butylene succinate) composites filled with sugarcane rind fiber
  publication-title: Polym. Test.
  doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.02.003
  contributor:
    fullname: Huang
– ident: ref_29
– ident: ref_85
– ident: ref_32
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-54130-2
– volume: 428
  start-page: 128151
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_11
  article-title: From properties to toxicity: Comparing microplastics to other airborne microparticles
  publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128151
  contributor:
    fullname: Wieland
– volume: 14
  start-page: 4103
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_19
  article-title: Biotechnology of plastic waste degradation, recycling, and valorization: Current advances and future perspectives
  publication-title: ChemSusChem
  doi: 10.1002/cssc.202100752
  contributor:
    fullname: Qin
– ident: ref_91
– volume: 1902
  start-page: 020060
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_30
  article-title: Procedure for determining aqueous medium absorption in biopolymers
  publication-title: AIP Conf. Proc.
  doi: 10.1063/1.5010677
  contributor:
    fullname: Andrzejewska
– ident: ref_24
  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-809270-5.00027-3
– volume: 28
  start-page: 1548
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_61
  article-title: Tailoring the microbial community for improving the biodegradation of chitosan films in composting environment
  publication-title: J. Polym. Environ.
  doi: 10.1007/s10924-020-01711-0
  contributor:
    fullname: Altun
– ident: ref_43
– volume: 1
  start-page: 1700048
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_82
  article-title: Fate of so-called biodegradable polymers in seawater and freshwater
  publication-title: Glob. Chall.
  doi: 10.1002/gch2.201700048
  contributor:
    fullname: Bagheri
– volume: 26
  start-page: 2434
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_56
  article-title: A comparative study on the mechanical and biodegradation characteristics of starch-based composites reinforced with different lignocellulosic fibers
  publication-title: J. Polym. Environ.
  doi: 10.1007/s10924-017-1143-x
  contributor:
    fullname: Ibrahim
– volume: 4
  start-page: 68
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_55
  article-title: Application of biotests for the determination of soil ecotoxicity after exposure to biodegradable plastics
  publication-title: Front. Environ. Sci.
  doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2016.00068
  contributor:
    fullname: Sforzini
– ident: ref_99
SSID ssj0000456617
Score 2.542113
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Our society lives in a time of transition where traditional petroleum-based polymers/plastics are being replaced by more sustainable alternative materials. To...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
crossref
pubmed
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
StartPage 1359
SubjectTerms Aquatic environment
aquatic systems
Biodegradability
Biodegradation
biodegradation assay
Bioplastics
Biopolymers
Chemical contaminants
compost
Composting
Enzymes
food packaging
Hazardous areas
High density polyethylenes
Legislation
Microorganisms
Organic chemicals
Plastics
Polyethylene terephthalate
Polymers
R&D
Recycling
Research & development
Review
soil
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Nb9QwELVQL3BBUL4CLTIS4mbVcZw4PrJVSwUCcaBSb5EntmklSFbsVqI3fgS_kF_CjJ1dbRASF652DpN5yczzx7xh7GWIFqjIWlgLWug6NgKgjqKpTKysrtvgk9rnh-bsXL-9qC92Wn3RnbAsD5wdd9RCDE3tLVQRybWKbfRReyTSEMArAyn6SruzmEoxGHkB5uYsqlnhuv5oOX65-Vrq1JLOzpJQ0ur_G8H8857kTuI5vcfuToyRv86W3me3wrDPbh9vGrU9YJfvUxfoFMXCiq9Hnk9yOXI7vrgaPelB-KzHfcPHSGNigdnL849kLhLAXz9-TkJN_N1mk427wfOT7xQDhs_8jVuuHrLz05NPx2diaqAget2Wa-Gp9sM4KR1ozOu19CQfF8FJ08sAfWy18rhi0hHavlceUQuNq7TRtgUJZfWI7Q3jEJ4w7kCp6PpSRVPpppfQ1sEpR9IzfYjaFuzVxqPdMutkdLi-INd3M9cXbEH-3j5E8tZpAEHvJtC7f4FesIMNWt30z606pHaWihpKU7AX22nEgo5A3BDG6_xMbRVy3II9zuBuLaEdMCSDqmBmBvvM1PnMcHWZFLktHW5a9fR_vNszdkdRiYWshDIHbG_97TocIvFZw_P0jf8GCScHJw
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– databaseName: ProQuest Technology Collection
  dbid: 8FG
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3NbtQwEB5BOcAF8U-gICMhblYTx4njE2KrbisQiAOVeos8_mkrQbJ0txK98RA8IU-Cx0kWghBX24fRjD3zzdj-BuClDxrpkzXXGiWXVag5YhV4XapQalk13iW2zw_10bF8e1KdjAW39fiscvKJyVG73lKNfC8Gbk1P1gv1evWVU9coul0dW2hchxuFUIqSr2Z5uK2xEFyJEXqg1ixjdr-36j9ffSlkakynZ6EoMfb_C2b-_Vryj_CzvAO3R9zI3gyGvgvXfHcPbu5P7druw9n71As6-TK_ZpueDfe5LCI8tjjvHbFCuIGV-4r1gcb4IsYwxz6SuBEG_vz-Y6RrYu-mUhsznWMH38gTdKfs0KzWD-B4efBp_4iPbRS4lU2x4Y5-gCiT5wZljO5V7ohELqDJlc092tBI4WLeJAM21goXbedrU0oldYM5FuVD2On6zj8GZlCIYGwhgiplbXNsKm-EIQIa64PUGbyaNNquBraMNmYZpPp2pvoMFqTv7SIiuU4D_cVpO56ZtsHg68ppLEPMq0RoggvSxRwKPTqhMIPdyVrtePLW7e99ksGL7XS0BV2EmM73l8OaSouIdDN4NBh3KwnVwSIkFBmomdlnos5nuvOzxMut6YpTiyf_F-sp3BL0hSIvuVC7sLO5uPTPIrDZ4PO0e38BNdX82Q
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
Title Methodologies to Assess the Biodegradability of Bio-Based Polymers-Current Knowledge and Existing Gaps
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35406232
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2649110817
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2649592533
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9002992
https://doaj.org/article/8bfe65d9b3f5482f8fdf4d217bebd27b
Volume 14
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1La9tAEB7i9NBeSt9RmpotlN4US6vVY4-1sR1aEkxpwDexz8QQSyZ2oLnlR_QX9pd0diWZqPTUiw6rFQz7jXZmdme-AfhkLJeuyDrkXLKQpTYLpUxtmCW5TThLC6M92-dFdnbJvi7T5QGkXS2MT9pXcnVa3axPq9W1z63crNWoyxMbLc4n3N0lcToawAAV9FGI7rdfdAnQLDd8mgmG9KNNfXO_jpnvRudYQt1RB1p92jNFnrH_X27m39mSj8zP7AU8b_1G8qWR7yUcmOoVPJ107dpew_W57wXt9zKzJbuaNPe5BD08Ml7V2rFC6IaV-57U1o2FY7Rhmiyc5OgG_n741dI1kW_dURsRlSbTn24nqK7IXGy2b-ByNv0xOQvbNgqhYkW8C7WrAMlFFAnJ0LqnkXYkclaKKFeRkcoWjGqMm5iVhVJUI3YmEwnLGS9kJOPkLRxWdWWOgAhJqRUqpjZPWKYiWaRGUOEIaJSxjAfwuVvRctOwZZQYZTgUyh4KAYzdeu8nOZJrP1DfXpUt1GUhrclSzWViMa6itrDaMo0xlDRS01wGcNKhVbZ_3rZEB4-70oY4D-Dj_jVi4S5CRGXqu2ZOyil6ugG8a8DdS9IpRwB5D_aeqP03qKael7tVy-P__vI9PKOuuiJKQpqfwOHu9s58QJ9nJ4cwKGbzITwZTy8W34f-5ACf82U89Nr_BwKKCjs
link.rule.ids 230,315,730,783,787,867,888,2109,12777,21400,27936,27937,33385,33386,33756,33757,43612,43817,53804,53806,74363,74630
linkProvider National Library of Medicine
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3NbtQwEB5BeygXxH8DBYyEuFlNHCeOT4ittiy0XVWolXqL_NtWgmTpbiV64yF4Qp4ET-IsBCGutg-jGXvmm7H9DcBr56XGT9ZUSs0pL3xJtS48LXPhc8mLytmO7XNezk75x7PiLBbclvFZ5eATO0dtW4M18t0QuCU-Wc_E28VXil2j8HY1ttC4DZtIVRWSr83JdH78aV1lQcASYnRPrpmH_H530X6--ZLxrjWdHAWjjrP_X0Dz7_eSfwSg_XtwNyJH8q439X245ZoHsLU3NGx7CBdHXTfozpu5JVm1pL_RJQHjkclla5EXwva83Dek9ThGJyGKWXKM4gYg-PP7j0jYRA6GYhtRjSXTb-gLmnPyXi2Wj-B0f3qyN6OxkQI1vMpW1OIfEKHSVGke4nuRWqSR81qlwqROG19xZkPmxL2ujGE2WM-VKueCy0qnOssfw0bTNm4biNKMeWUy5kXOS5PqqnCKKaSgMc5zmcCbQaP1oufLqEOegaqvR6pPYIL6Xi9CmutuoL06r-OpqSvtXVlYqXMfMivmK289tyGL0k5bJnQCO4O16nj2lvXvnZLAq_V0sAVehajGtdf9mkKygHUTeNIbdy0JVsICKGQJiJHZR6KOZ5rLi46ZW-Ilp2RP_y_WS9ianRwd1ocf5gfP4A7DDxVpTpnYgY3V1bV7HmDOSr-Ie_kXctMBOQ
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3NbtQwEB7BVgIuFb9toICREDdrE8eJ4xNiyy6FwmqFqNRbZMd2W6kkS3crtTcegifkSfAkzkIQ4mr7MJqx59_fALy0Tmr8ZE2l1JzyzOVU68zRPBUulTwrrGnRPuf5wRH_cJwdh_6nVWir7HViq6hNU2GOfOwNt8SW9USMXWiLWLydvV5-ozhBCiutYZzGTdgSPE_jEWxNpvPF503GBZ0Xb687oM3Ux_rjZXN-_TXh7Zg6OTBMLX7_v5zOv3sn_zBGs7uwHbxI8qYT-z24Yev7cHu_H972AE4_tZOhW81mV2TdkK66S7y_RyZnjUGMCNNhdF-TxuEanXiLZsgCyfVO4c_vPwJ4EznsE29E1YZMr1Av1CfknVquHsLRbPpl_4CGoQq04kWypgb_gwgVx0pzb-uz2CCknNMqFlVsdeUKzoyPorjTRVUx4yVpc5VywWWhY52kj2BUN7XdBaI0Y05VCXMi5XkV6yKziimEo6ms4zKCVz1Hy2WHnVH6mANZXw5YH8EE-b05hJDX7UJzcVKGF1QW2tk8M1KnzkdZzBXOOG58RKWtNkzoCPZ6aZXhHa7K37cmghebbS8LLIuo2jaX3ZlMMu_3RrDTCXdDCWbFvIPIIhADsQ9IHe7UZ6ctSrfEgqdkj_9P1nO45a9x-fH9_PAJ3GH4tyJOKRN7MFpfXNqn3uNZ62fhKv8CIVIFZw
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Methodologies+to+Assess+the+Biodegradability+of+Bio-Based+Polymers%E2%80%94Current+Knowledge+and+Existing+Gaps&rft.jtitle=Polymers&rft.au=Pires%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+Ricardo+Afonso&rft.au=Souza%2C+Victor+Gomes+Lauriano&rft.au=Fuci%C3%B1os%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Pastrana%2C+Lorenzo&rft.date=2022-03-27&rft.issn=2073-4360&rft.eissn=2073-4360&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=1359&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fpolym14071359&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_3390_polym14071359
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2073-4360&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2073-4360&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2073-4360&client=summon