The MTT Assay: Utility, Limitations, Pitfalls, and Interpretation in Bulk and Single-Cell Analysis

The MTT assay for cellular metabolic activity is almost ubiquitous to studies of cell toxicity; however, it is commonly applied and interpreted erroneously. We investigated the applicability and limitations of the MTT assay in representing treatment toxicity, cell viability, and metabolic activity....

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in	International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 22; no. 23; p. 12827
Main Authors	Ghasemi, Mahshid, Turnbull, Tyron, Sebastian, Sonia, Kempson, Ivan
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Switzerland MDPI AG 26.11.2021 MDPI
Subjects	Cell Count Cell Survival Culture Media - pharmacology Cytotoxicity Enzymes Gold - chemistry Humans Male Metabolism Metal Nanoparticles - administration & dosage Metal Nanoparticles - chemistry Polyethylene glycol Prostatic Neoplasms - drug therapy Prostatic Neoplasms - metabolism Prostatic Neoplasms - pathology Reagents Secretome Single-Cell Analysis - methods Tumor Cells, Cultured how to gold nanoparticles PC-3 cells interpret cell metabolism image cytometry MTT assay cytotoxicity viability assay
Online Access	Get full text

Cover

Loading…

Abstract	The MTT assay for cellular metabolic activity is almost ubiquitous to studies of cell toxicity; however, it is commonly applied and interpreted erroneously. We investigated the applicability and limitations of the MTT assay in representing treatment toxicity, cell viability, and metabolic activity. We evaluated the effect of potential confounding variables on the MTT assay measurements on a prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) including cell seeding number, MTT concentration, MTT incubation time, serum starvation, cell culture media composition, released intracellular contents (cell lysate and secretome), and extrusion of formazan to the extracellular space. We also assessed the confounding effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) as a tested treatment in PC-3 cells on the assay measurements. We additionally evaluated the applicability of microscopic image cytometry as a tool for measuring intracellular MTT reduction at the single-cell level. Our findings show that the assay measurements are a result of a complicated process dependant on many of the above-mentioned factors, and therefore, optimization of the assay and rational interpretation of the data is necessary to prevent misleading conclusions on variables such as cell viability, treatment toxicity, and/or cell metabolism. We conclude, with recommendations on how to apply the assay and a perspective on where the utility of the assay is a powerful tool, but likewise where it has limitations.
AbstractList	The MTT assay for cellular metabolic activity is almost ubiquitous to studies of cell toxicity; however, it is commonly applied and interpreted erroneously. We investigated the applicability and limitations of the MTT assay in representing treatment toxicity, cell viability, and metabolic activity. We evaluated the effect of potential confounding variables on the MTT assay measurements on a prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) including cell seeding number, MTT concentration, MTT incubation time, serum starvation, cell culture media composition, released intracellular contents (cell lysate and secretome), and extrusion of formazan to the extracellular space. We also assessed the confounding effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) as a tested treatment in PC-3 cells on the assay measurements. We additionally evaluated the applicability of microscopic image cytometry as a tool for measuring intracellular MTT reduction at the single-cell level. Our findings show that the assay measurements are a result of a complicated process dependant on many of the above-mentioned factors, and therefore, optimization of the assay and rational interpretation of the data is necessary to prevent misleading conclusions on variables such as cell viability, treatment toxicity, and/or cell metabolism. We conclude, with recommendations on how to apply the assay and a perspective on where the utility of the assay is a powerful tool, but likewise where it has limitations.The MTT assay for cellular metabolic activity is almost ubiquitous to studies of cell toxicity; however, it is commonly applied and interpreted erroneously. We investigated the applicability and limitations of the MTT assay in representing treatment toxicity, cell viability, and metabolic activity. We evaluated the effect of potential confounding variables on the MTT assay measurements on a prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) including cell seeding number, MTT concentration, MTT incubation time, serum starvation, cell culture media composition, released intracellular contents (cell lysate and secretome), and extrusion of formazan to the extracellular space. We also assessed the confounding effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) as a tested treatment in PC-3 cells on the assay measurements. We additionally evaluated the applicability of microscopic image cytometry as a tool for measuring intracellular MTT reduction at the single-cell level. Our findings show that the assay measurements are a result of a complicated process dependant on many of the above-mentioned factors, and therefore, optimization of the assay and rational interpretation of the data is necessary to prevent misleading conclusions on variables such as cell viability, treatment toxicity, and/or cell metabolism. We conclude, with recommendations on how to apply the assay and a perspective on where the utility of the assay is a powerful tool, but likewise where it has limitations. The MTT assay for cellular metabolic activity is almost ubiquitous to studies of cell toxicity; however, it is commonly applied and interpreted erroneously. We investigated the applicability and limitations of the MTT assay in representing treatment toxicity, cell viability, and metabolic activity. We evaluated the effect of potential confounding variables on the MTT assay measurements on a prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) including cell seeding number, MTT concentration, MTT incubation time, serum starvation, cell culture media composition, released intracellular contents (cell lysate and secretome), and extrusion of formazan to the extracellular space. We also assessed the confounding effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) as a tested treatment in PC-3 cells on the assay measurements. We additionally evaluated the applicability of microscopic image cytometry as a tool for measuring intracellular MTT reduction at the single-cell level. Our findings show that the assay measurements are a result of a complicated process dependant on many of the above-mentioned factors, and therefore, optimization of the assay and rational interpretation of the data is necessary to prevent misleading conclusions on variables such as cell viability, treatment toxicity, and/or cell metabolism. We conclude, with recommendations on how to apply the assay and a perspective on where the utility of the assay is a powerful tool, but likewise where it has limitations.
Author	Kempson, Ivan Ghasemi, Mahshid Turnbull, Tyron Sebastian, Sonia
AuthorAffiliation	Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia; mahshid.ghasemi_esfidvajani@mymail.unisa.edu.au (M.G.); Tyron.Turnbull@unisa.edu.au (T.T.); sonia.sebastian@mymail.unisa.edu.au (S.S.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia; mahshid.ghasemi_esfidvajani@mymail.unisa.edu.au (M.G.); Tyron.Turnbull@unisa.edu.au (T.T.); sonia.sebastian@mymail.unisa.edu.au (S.S.)
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Mahshid surname: Ghasemi fullname: Ghasemi, Mahshid – sequence: 2 givenname: Tyron surname: Turnbull fullname: Turnbull, Tyron – sequence: 3 givenname: Sonia surname: Sebastian fullname: Sebastian, Sonia – sequence: 4 givenname: Ivan orcidid: 0000-0002-3886-9516 surname: Kempson fullname: Kempson, Ivan
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34884632$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark	eNptkc1v1DAQxS1URD_gyBVZ4sKhAX8kjs0BaVkVqLQIJLZny3EmrRfHWWwHaf97XHaL2oqLPdL7zdObmVN0FKYACL2k5C3nirxzmzExxjhlkrVP0AmtGasIEe3RvfoYnaa0IYRx1qhn6JjXUtaCsxPUrW8Af12v8SIls3uPr7LzLu_O8cqNLpvsppDO8XeXB-N9qUzo8WXIELcR9jJ2AX-c_c-_0g8Xrj1US_AeL4Lxu-TSc_S0NCd4cfjP0NWni_XyS7X69vlyuVhVtpY0V7JRajBMCWFEp4zhktKWAghjehi6wUjSc0u4UMISsL0d2h5Y0wxdzSxpWn6GPux9t3M3Qm8h5Gi83kY3mrjTk3H6oRLcjb6efmspmrbhshi8ORjE6dcMKevRJVtGMQGmOWkmiGx4Xd6Cvn6EbqY5loH3FGVCKV6oV_cT_Ytyt_4C8D1g45RShEHbw9JLQOc1Jfr2yPrBkUtX9ajrzvj__B-F5qln
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1210_endocr_bqad026 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2024_131958 crossref_primary_10_1002_cbdv_202201006 crossref_primary_10_1021_acschemneuro_3c00234 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13568_024_01700_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_phyplu_2025_100751 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41388_023_02840_1 crossref_primary_10_30910_turkjans_1442321 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms242216458 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0297817 crossref_primary_10_3390_life12060832 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molstruc_2024_139045 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_microb_2025_100290 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4MD00270A crossref_primary_10_2334_josnusd_24_0061 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_atmosenv_2023_120032 crossref_primary_10_1089_jmf_2023_0199 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13205_022_03373_2 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00702_023_02600_1 crossref_primary_10_1002_jbm_b_35510 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molstruc_2023_135994 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsbiomaterials_4c01413 crossref_primary_10_1364_BOE_509835 crossref_primary_10_1039_D3RA04985J crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2024_1511824 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11051_023_05675_9 crossref_primary_10_59518_farabimedj_1579677 crossref_primary_10_32604_or_2022_025816 crossref_primary_10_1002_cbdv_202400864 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_inoche_2024_112904 crossref_primary_10_47582_jompac_1605042 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms23126511 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00203_024_04182_2 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jafc_3c03608 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12668_024_01394_0 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsami_3c17792 crossref_primary_10_3390_foods13132045 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules28196928 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2024_e41077 crossref_primary_10_1515_chem_2023_0145 crossref_primary_10_3390_cimb46070380 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_57680_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jds_2023_06_009 crossref_primary_10_1002_jat_4780 crossref_primary_10_1002_slct_202404627 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cryobiol_2025_105203 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4MH00981A crossref_primary_10_15671_hjbc_1464084 crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines10112942 crossref_primary_10_1002_cmdc_202300299 crossref_primary_10_20473_jmv_vol7_iss1_2024_1_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijpharm_2025_125507 crossref_primary_10_3390_life14020228 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4NJ01576B crossref_primary_10_3390_genes14091730 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jksus_2022_102513 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molliq_2024_125329 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hermed_2024_100937 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jksus_2024_103243 crossref_primary_10_1080_00084433_2024_2435108 crossref_primary_10_3390_polym15112436 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13770_023_00522_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_crfs_2024_100919 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10853_024_09876_y crossref_primary_10_3153_FH24020 crossref_primary_10_31857_S004446182404008X crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules29215168 crossref_primary_10_3390_M1787 crossref_primary_10_3390_antiox12030537 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jddst_2024_106531 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0314280 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10570_023_05647_1 crossref_primary_10_1002_slct_202400689 crossref_primary_10_1142_S0219519423400377 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms26010220 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms232213814 crossref_primary_10_4103_jomfp_jomfp_32_24 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4MD00383G crossref_primary_10_1186_s40001_025_02388_8 crossref_primary_10_1111_eos_12911 crossref_primary_10_3390_mi14071323 crossref_primary_10_1177_22808000231198803 crossref_primary_10_3390_beverages11010011 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jep_2024_118655 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12668_024_01426_9 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsnano_3c01599 crossref_primary_10_1039_D2NJ04365C crossref_primary_10_2174_2211738511666230607121118 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_69201_0 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4TB01200C crossref_primary_10_3390_plants13182622 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_algal_2023_103018 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10989_023_10583_6 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12906_025_04763_8 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jafc_2c06658 crossref_primary_10_1007_s43630_024_00586_7 crossref_primary_10_3390_antiox13121582 crossref_primary_10_3390_jfb15120373 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jconrel_2023_02_042 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2025_104076 crossref_primary_10_3390_ph17070943 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41420_022_01207_x crossref_primary_10_32604_jrm_2023_043449 crossref_primary_10_1088_1748_605X_adbaa4 crossref_primary_10_3390_antiox13010111 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nanoso_2025_101455 crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines12030661 crossref_primary_10_4103_jpbs_jpbs_13_23 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molstruc_2024_138177 crossref_primary_10_2174_1389201024666230823094412 crossref_primary_10_3390_foods11193067 crossref_primary_10_1002_anbr_202400098 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4MD00153B crossref_primary_10_55071_ticaretfbd_1356139 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42770_025_01651_8 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsomega_2c06049 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sajb_2023_02_013 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_43727 crossref_primary_10_3390_endocrines5030022 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bcp_2024_116478 crossref_primary_10_1142_S1682648524500069 crossref_primary_10_1080_15287394_2024_2420083 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmrt_2023_10_027 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms25168628 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13346_024_01656_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodres_2023_113194 crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics15112573 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13530_024_00245_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aoas_2022_06_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apsusc_2024_161908 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12033_023_00959_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopha_2024_116568 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ibiod_2024_105751 crossref_primary_10_32604_or_2024_053337 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_chemrestox_4c00113 crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics15051541 crossref_primary_10_2147_IDR_S400538 crossref_primary_10_3390_neuroglia4020008 crossref_primary_10_2174_0122117385281838240105110106 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11094_025_03297_0 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms26051885 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhazmat_2024_136205 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2024_1430451 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00726_023_03279_0 crossref_primary_10_3390_antibiotics12040720 crossref_primary_10_1080_14756366_2025_2468353 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4NA00692E crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bmcl_2025_130183 crossref_primary_10_3390_app14020783 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nxmate_2023_100071 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jddst_2024_106463 crossref_primary_10_1111_edt_12980 crossref_primary_10_1039_D3DT01696J crossref_primary_10_1080_09205063_2024_2439668 crossref_primary_10_1039_D3TB01088K crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jnatprod_3c00509 crossref_primary_10_1021_acschemneuro_2c00436 crossref_primary_10_3390_bioengineering10111303 crossref_primary_10_21869_2223_1528_2023_13_4_139_151 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_micres_2023_127486 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chemphyslip_2024_105396 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_50221_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_snr_2024_100215 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13062_024_00581_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bioadv_2024_214144 crossref_primary_10_4103_endo_endo_142_24 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matchemphys_2024_128919 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsomega_4c08211 crossref_primary_10_52711_0974_360X_2024_00703 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42535_023_00731_0 crossref_primary_10_2217_nnm_2023_0351 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_49691 crossref_primary_10_22159_ijap_2024v16i4_50798 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_phyplu_2021_100212 crossref_primary_10_1002_chem_202303982 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00270_024_03847_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jphotochem_2023_114632 crossref_primary_10_2217_nnm_2023_0129 crossref_primary_10_1002_jbt_23679 crossref_primary_10_1039_D3BM01900D crossref_primary_10_1002_aoc_6689 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00210_023_02675_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_reprotox_2025_108861 crossref_primary_10_5395_rde_2024_49_e40 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules28207034 crossref_primary_10_1002_ardp_202300650 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jiph_2025_102724 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhazmat_2025_137712 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jsps_2023_101794 crossref_primary_10_1039_D3TB01726E crossref_primary_10_31073_onehealthjournal2024_I_03 crossref_primary_10_20535_ibb_2023_7_2_286158 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jphotochem_2023_114768 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42770_023_01194_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s12032_023_02150_2 crossref_primary_10_1021_acschemneuro_3c00281 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10822_024_00583_z crossref_primary_10_3390_nano13091470 crossref_primary_10_3390_gels11030164 crossref_primary_10_1515_ntrev_2023_0152 crossref_primary_10_1111_eci_14172 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mtcomm_2024_109332 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10616_024_00674_7 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13369_024_09509_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jep_2025_119518 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsomega_4c01980 crossref_primary_10_3390_app131910976 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsabm_4c00635 crossref_primary_10_3390_gels9090708 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biombioe_2025_107625 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_54828_w crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics16111426 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsptsci_4c00462 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11356_023_30151_1 crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics16111421 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41208_023_00649_z crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules28072965 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2023_1117845 crossref_primary_10_3390_biom14040440 crossref_primary_10_3233_ADR_230046 crossref_primary_10_3390_biology13060455 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_actbio_2023_09_013 crossref_primary_10_1002_app_56711 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4RA00684D crossref_primary_10_1016_j_actbio_2023_09_012 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12903_025_05518_0 crossref_primary_10_3390_biom13081163 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13321_022_00647_y crossref_primary_10_2217_nnm_2023_0312 crossref_primary_10_1093_toxres_tfaf025 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12917_022_03379_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matchemphys_2023_127766 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nexres_2025_100167 crossref_primary_10_3390_nu17050764 crossref_primary_10_3390_polym17020228 crossref_primary_10_5005_jp_journals_10024_3570 crossref_primary_10_1021_acschemneuro_2c00363 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsptsci_4c00448 crossref_primary_10_1111_php_14020 crossref_primary_10_4081_jbr_2025_13148 crossref_primary_10_5005_jp_journals_10024_3536 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbabio_2024_149501 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jbc_2024_107481 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_81171_x crossref_primary_10_1186_s12934_023_02206_y crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms25094746 crossref_primary_10_1113_EP091715 crossref_primary_10_3390_ani14182681 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules28155813 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2309822120 crossref_primary_10_1080_08923973_2024_2425028 crossref_primary_10_1002_vnl_22145 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0297043 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chroma_2025_465886 crossref_primary_10_51335_organoid_2022_2_e31 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fct_2024_115195 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4AN01560F crossref_primary_10_3389_fchem_2024_1366370 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10787_024_01573_1 crossref_primary_10_3390_vetsci11120636 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4RA04956J crossref_primary_10_3390_ph17010062 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules27227807 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2023_164484 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sajb_2024_07_048 crossref_primary_10_1142_S0219581X22500533 crossref_primary_10_1002_term_3331 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dib_2024_110380 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mimet_2023_106676 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_talanta_2024_127172 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bioelechem_2022_108347 crossref_primary_10_3390_biology14020162 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bcp_2023_115608 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19084626 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ica_2024_122398 crossref_primary_10_1155_2022_5967429 crossref_primary_10_47352_jmans_2774_3047_165 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jiec_2024_04_049 crossref_primary_10_32708_uutfd_1148449 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms252413350 crossref_primary_10_15406_jsrt_2024_09_00166 crossref_primary_10_3390_photonics11040316 crossref_primary_10_3390_jox14030073 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsami_3c03826 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40729_023_00488_w crossref_primary_10_3390_cells14050388 crossref_primary_10_1021_cbmi_4c00008 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms24076378 crossref_primary_10_12688_f1000research_140284_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_micpath_2024_107139 crossref_primary_10_12688_f1000research_140284_1 crossref_primary_10_1002_cbic_202400558 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12013_025_01730_5 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00418_023_02243_z crossref_primary_10_3390_gels10040274 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13205_023_03571_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbagen_2024_130705 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules28207101 crossref_primary_10_1177_00368504241296304 crossref_primary_10_3389_ftox_2022_981701 crossref_primary_10_1080_15376516_2024_2318570 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trac_2024_117661 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molstruc_2023_136047 crossref_primary_10_1097_SCS_0000000000009924 crossref_primary_10_3892_br_2023_1645 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsami_4c17990 crossref_primary_10_2298_JSC231207010M crossref_primary_10_1186_s12917_024_04246_x crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms25010152 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsomega_3c07574 crossref_primary_10_22159_ijap_2024v16i4_50749 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells11152314 crossref_primary_10_4103_apjtb_apjtb_823_23 crossref_primary_10_3390_microbiolres14040119 crossref_primary_10_3892_ol_2024_14694 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11033_024_09250_w crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2024_1483856 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsomega_4c00228 crossref_primary_10_3233_BME_230179 crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines11051313 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2024_137916 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaim_2023_100823 crossref_primary_10_29296_25877313_2023_11_08 crossref_primary_10_3390_polym16233265 crossref_primary_10_1002_cmdc_202400018 crossref_primary_10_3390_plants12183306 crossref_primary_10_3390_antiox14030271 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells12030386 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_crgsc_2023_100367 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_64629_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2023_124546 crossref_primary_10_3390_life12111805 crossref_primary_10_3892_br_2023_1629 crossref_primary_10_3390_cancers16132319 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12668_024_01355_7 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules29091939 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsbiomaterials_3c00232 crossref_primary_10_20538_1682_0363_2024_4_111_119 crossref_primary_10_1515_gps_2022_0080 crossref_primary_10_3390_coatings14070893 crossref_primary_10_1186_s43094_024_00711_4 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules28010361 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_toxicon_2024_107631 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_microc_2024_112644 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_analchem_2c05464 crossref_primary_10_1002_slct_202303791 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cej_2022_140215 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2023_1324111 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_biomac_4c01484 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12860_025_00532_0 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_49844_1 crossref_primary_10_12688_f1000research_157465_1 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11696_024_03730_w crossref_primary_10_1038_s44303_024_00013_7 crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics16081097 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11694_022_01659_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s10965_024_04020_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2024_e40131 crossref_primary_10_17816_brmma634519 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_freeradbiomed_2025_01_030 crossref_primary_10_1097_IJ9_0000000000000120 crossref_primary_10_21869_2223_1528_2024_14_1_115_127 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13399_023_04587_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envres_2023_116141 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_colsurfa_2024_134794 crossref_primary_10_1002_slct_202300291 crossref_primary_10_1002_fpf2_12039 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_81855_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2023_125134 crossref_primary_10_1155_2024_6635565 crossref_primary_10_1002_cbdv_202301791 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bios_2025_117313 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2023_128648 crossref_primary_10_3389_ftox_2024_1402630 crossref_primary_10_3390_polym15061509 crossref_primary_10_47947_ijnls_1477018 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molstruc_2024_139947 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells13020147 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_taap_2022_116084 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaim_2024_101036 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2023_124633 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules30061359 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12906_023_04056_y crossref_primary_10_13005_bpj_2984 crossref_primary_10_3389_fbioe_2023_1127996 crossref_primary_10_3390_life14121629 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms231911649 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules29051079 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cej_2022_138281 crossref_primary_10_1002_jbm_b_35498 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0305137 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00203_025_04260_z crossref_primary_10_3390_polym15163469 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jorganchem_2024_123224 crossref_primary_10_13005_bpj_2619 crossref_primary_10_5812_ijpr_130236 crossref_primary_10_3892_mmr_2024_13311 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molstruc_2024_138869 crossref_primary_10_1186_s11671_024_04084_8 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms24010804 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_microc_2024_112549 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsomega_3c07242 crossref_primary_10_3390_antiox13050580 crossref_primary_10_3390_polym17060742 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00277_024_06134_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jep_2024_119084 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10439_023_03384_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2023_127692 crossref_primary_10_3390_toxics13030175 crossref_primary_10_3233_JAD_230881 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejmech_2022_114865 crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics16020212 crossref_primary_10_3390_ph17030389 crossref_primary_10_1139_cjc_2023_0043 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apsadv_2024_100665 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_exer_2024_109806 crossref_primary_10_4236_jbbs_2024_146011 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10096_024_05009_0 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms25179176 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11274_024_04159_9 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2022_1010103 crossref_primary_10_1126_sciadv_ade7486 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopha_2023_115997 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tice_2024_102568 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10863_024_10050_x crossref_primary_10_55230_mabjournal_v53i3_2949 crossref_primary_10_3897_pharmacia_71_e138556 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chemosphere_2023_138659 crossref_primary_10_1088_1755_1315_1271_1_012093 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mex_2024_102667 crossref_primary_10_1002_cbf_4007 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2024_1435222 crossref_primary_10_1038_s44298_024_00028_2 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2023_1282144 crossref_primary_10_2174_0126673878245506231031124020 crossref_primary_10_5005_jp_journals_10015_2357 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2023_1150270 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11033_024_09757_2 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsmedchemlett_4c00173 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4TB00656A crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2023_125054 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aca_2024_343309 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2024_e38777 crossref_primary_10_3390_cimb45040218 crossref_primary_10_3390_polym14153139 crossref_primary_10_1002_cbdv_202300021 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11696_022_02465_w crossref_primary_10_4070_kcj_2023_0131 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopha_2023_115731 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsmedchemlett_4c00289 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms25052547 crossref_primary_10_1111_php_13802 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbrc_2024_150851 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_crtox_2024_100209 crossref_primary_10_1002_jcb_30488 crossref_primary_10_1111_febs_16998 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pdpdt_2022_103008 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cyto_2023_156407 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_61946_y crossref_primary_10_1002_jmr_3023 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2025_141851 crossref_primary_10_1002_cbdv_202301003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molliq_2025_126957 crossref_primary_10_1155_2023_2334675 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12672_023_00857_2 crossref_primary_10_1111_iej_14112 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0309258 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tiv_2024_105940 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules29225360 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00204_024_03872_6 crossref_primary_10_3390_jfb15060166 crossref_primary_10_3390_polym14132672 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmed_2022_886485 crossref_primary_10_1002_chem_202402244 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tiv_2023_105631 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molstruc_2024_137904 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_watres_2022_118960 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsomega_3c08969 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules29030588 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10853_023_09053_7 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jnatprod_4c01218 crossref_primary_10_1080_23311932_2023_2272469 crossref_primary_10_1155_2024_8858665 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2023_e18317 crossref_primary_10_1557_s43578_024_01283_y crossref_primary_10_3103_S0096392524600595 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tiv_2023_105741 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molstruc_2023_136405 crossref_primary_10_1002_slct_202400176 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jece_2023_111452 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41420_024_01950_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eurpolymj_2023_112418 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12989_022_00512_8 crossref_primary_10_2147_OTT_S460359 crossref_primary_10_1080_01932691_2024_2444974 crossref_primary_10_1080_21691401_2024_2306529 crossref_primary_10_25259_JLP_33_2024 crossref_primary_10_3390_jfb14050280 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_47654_z crossref_primary_10_1007_s12291_024_01207_x crossref_primary_10_3390_polym16213100 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules28227494 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bmc_2024_118022 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcell_2022_1046357 crossref_primary_10_3390_ma15134643 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejpb_2024_114466 crossref_primary_10_51847_0Q8tPKDOPW crossref_primary_10_1088_1748_605X_aca85d crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics16080980 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2024_1376638 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_arabjc_2023_104813 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cellsig_2022_110458 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jmedchem_4c02032 crossref_primary_10_3390_M1976 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0292152 crossref_primary_10_15311_selcukdentj_1494689 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms24076675 crossref_primary_10_1002_vnl_21970 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijfoodmicro_2024_110895 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2024_e40630 crossref_primary_10_1021_jacs_3c02033 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules28166148 crossref_primary_10_3390_antiox12111956 crossref_primary_10_1186_s43042_025_00667_x crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms24129911 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hermed_2025_100993 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2025_139753 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4MD00844H crossref_primary_10_1080_09205063_2024_2355744 crossref_primary_10_31436_jop_v3i2_244 crossref_primary_10_3390_jfb13040285 crossref_primary_10_3390_separations10020110 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2025_140855 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2024_1427803 crossref_primary_10_3390_horticulturae10091005 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11033_024_09501_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s11064_024_04239_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_funbio_2024_07_006 crossref_primary_10_3390_ma18040884
Cites_doi	10.1166/jnn.2020.17152 10.2144/000112528 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69020581.x 10.1080/01926230701320337 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4 10.1007/s10616-007-9057-4 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128293 10.1002/jcp.29714 10.1002/1097-4644(20010101)80:1<133::AID-JCB120>3.0.CO;2-T 10.3109/10715769309147503 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.233 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.03.009 10.5607/en.2015.24.3.235 10.1002/aoc.5290 10.1146/annurev-pathol-121808-102144 10.1016/0022-1759(89)90397-9 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.07.014 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4665 10.1002/cyto.a.22079 10.1021/am3031322 10.1007/s11356-019-07511-x 10.1111/cpr.12296 10.1016/j.msec.2017.08.021 10.1002/mp.14872 10.1002/jemt.20070 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500628 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01293 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.02.005 10.1186/s13046-018-0758-7 10.1038/s41598-018-19930-w 10.1038/cdd.2008.150 10.4254/wjh.v12.i3.84 10.1038/bjc.1987.190 10.3390/app11062603 10.1016/S1387-2656(05)11004-7 10.1039/C8RA01107A 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.02.006 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.03.006 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.7.1933 10.1186/s12917-021-02905-x 10.1101/cshperspect.a006783 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.01.032 10.3906/biy-1703-104 10.1088/0031-9155/55/4/002 10.1152/nips.01519.2004 10.1371/journal.pone.0215536 10.1016/S0168-0102(98)00055-8 10.1038/s41598-020-68668-x 10.1152/ajpcell.00091.2011 10.1002/aoc.3873 10.1006/abbi.2000.1907 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.05.001 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.02.019 10.5114/fn.2013.34195 10.3390/ijms18081679 10.1007/s00216-019-02154-w 10.1039/df9511100055 10.1007/s11356-021-12670-x 10.1002/0471141755.ph1208s25 10.1007/s10616-015-9909-2 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.01.006 10.1186/s11671-020-03297-x 10.1021/acsnano.8b07982 10.1016/j.micron.2004.08.002 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.129 10.15171/apb.2018.068 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060301
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2021 by the authors. 2021
Copyright_xml	– notice: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2021 by the authors. 2021
DBID	AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 3V. 7X7 7XB 88E 8FI 8FJ 8FK 8G5 ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR CCPQU DWQXO FYUFA GHDGH GNUQQ GUQSH K9. M0S M1P M2O MBDVC PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS Q9U 7X8 5PM
DOI	10.3390/ijms222312827
DatabaseName	CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed ProQuest Central (Corporate) Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Research Library ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Korea Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student ProQuest Research Library ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Collection PML(ProQuest Medical Library) Research Library Research Library (Corporate) ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central Basic MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) Publicly Available Content Database Research Library Prep ProQuest Central Student ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing Research Library (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Korea Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest Research Library ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) ProQuest Central Basic ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList	MEDLINE - Academic Publicly Available Content Database MEDLINE CrossRef
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Biology
EISSN	1422-0067
ExternalDocumentID	PMC8657538 34884632 10_3390_ijms222312827
Genre	Journal Article
GrantInformation_xml	– fundername: Tour de Cure grantid: RSP-253-18/19 – fundername: Australian Research Council grantid: DP190102119
GroupedDBID	--- 29J 2WC 53G 5GY 5VS 7X7 88E 8FE 8FG 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8G5 A8Z AADQD AAFWJ AAHBH AAYXX ABDBF ABUWG ACGFO ACIHN ACIWK ACPRK ACUHS ADBBV AEAQA AENEX AFKRA AFZYC ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS AZQEC BAWUL BCNDV BENPR BPHCQ BVXVI CCPQU CITATION CS3 D1I DIK DU5 DWQXO E3Z EBD EBS EJD ESX F5P FRP FYUFA GNUQQ GUQSH GX1 HH5 HMCUK HYE IAO IHR ITC KQ8 LK8 M1P M2O M48 MODMG O5R O5S OK1 OVT P2P PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO RNS RPM TR2 TUS UKHRP ~8M 3V. ABJCF BBNVY BHPHI CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF GROUPED_DOAJ HCIFZ KB. M7P M~E NPM PDBOC 7XB 8FK K9. MBDVC PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQUKI PRINS Q9U 7X8 5PM
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c481t-8599fa2966a6b9aa381171ee6aadefbfa80d3c03696c0ecdcf7de255fb42c0573
IEDL.DBID	M48
ISSN	1422-0067 1661-6596
IngestDate	Thu Aug 21 18:25:39 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 11 10:02:19 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 25 20:41:46 EDT 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:27:51 EST 2025 Tue Jul 01 02:47:42 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:56:42 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	true
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	23
Keywords	how to gold nanoparticles PC-3 cells interpret cell metabolism image cytometry MTT assay cytotoxicity viability assay
Language	English
License	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c481t-8599fa2966a6b9aa381171ee6aadefbfa80d3c03696c0ecdcf7de255fb42c0573
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23
ORCID	0000-0002-3886-9516
OpenAccessLink	http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.3390/ijms222312827
PMID	34884632
PQID	2608126993
PQPubID	2032341
ParticipantIDs	pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8657538 proquest_miscellaneous_2608534608 proquest_journals_2608126993 pubmed_primary_34884632 crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_ijms222312827 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms222312827
ProviderPackageCode	CITATION AAYXX
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	20211126
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2021-11-26
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 11 year: 2021 text: 20211126 day: 26
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: Switzerland – name: Basel
PublicationTitle	International journal of molecular sciences
PublicationTitleAlternate	Int J Mol Sci
PublicationYear	2021
Publisher	MDPI AG MDPI
Publisher_xml	– name: MDPI AG – name: MDPI
References	Ghazali (ref_6) 2020; 12 Wang (ref_31) 2018; 5 Chakrabarti (ref_49) 2001; 80 Stockert (ref_2) 2018; 120 Kroemer (ref_61) 2009; 16 Liu (ref_5) 1997; 69 Patra (ref_11) 2020; 153 ref_12 (ref_24) 2021; 263 ref_19 Karp (ref_21) 2005; 6 Burdon (ref_39) 1993; 18 ref_16 Talorete (ref_47) 2007; 52 Pyne (ref_67) 2020; 36 Zhang (ref_41) 2012; 26 Liu (ref_33) 2010; 55 Turnbull (ref_75) 2019; 13 ref_60 Peng (ref_52) 2005; 45 Bromfield (ref_36) 2003; 6 Bernas (ref_44) 2004; 64 Surin (ref_4) 2017; 82 ref_22 Koyanagi (ref_17) 2015; 68 Hansen (ref_45) 1989; 119 Bhowmik (ref_70) 2017; 268 Pirkmajer (ref_56) 2011; 301 Bilmin (ref_53) 2013; 1 Ward (ref_20) 2012; 4 Ong (ref_25) 2017; 78 Wang (ref_26) 2020; 46 Ghorbani (ref_72) 2017; 81 White (ref_55) 2020; 10 Desprez (ref_37) 2010; 5 Hock (ref_29) 2017; 52 Ding (ref_63) 2020; 15 Moldovan (ref_7) 2020; 235 Turkevich (ref_78) 1951; 11 Canals (ref_57) 2016; 21 Balakrishnan (ref_71) 2016; 49 ref_35 Keihan (ref_65) 2017; 31 Ziegler (ref_58) 2004; 19 Golpour (ref_54) 2014; 3 Dzwonek (ref_64) 2018; 8 Plumb (ref_18) 1989; 49 Diaz (ref_13) 2007; 51 Abe (ref_40) 1998; 31 Elmore (ref_59) 2007; 35 Molinari (ref_77) 2005; 36 Ismail (ref_23) 2021; 25 ref_38 Ari (ref_51) 2017; 41 Gokduman (ref_9) 2020; 20 Ahmeda (ref_69) 2020; 34 Mosmann (ref_3) 1983; 65 Vairavel (ref_68) 2020; 27 Rai (ref_32) 2018; 8 Bernas (ref_15) 2000; 380 Lim (ref_62) 2012; 81 Li (ref_28) 2016; 51 Berridge (ref_1) 2005; 11 Lupu (ref_34) 2013; 27 Lee (ref_42) 2014; 35 Stockert (ref_14) 2012; 114 Marahrens (ref_27) 2019; 41 Twentyman (ref_48) 1987; 56 Funk (ref_50) 2007; 43 Ghaziyani (ref_66) 2018; 8 ref_8 Nikoloff (ref_10) 2021; 28 Wang (ref_73) 2013; 5 Turnbull (ref_74) 2019; 411 Jo (ref_46) 2015; 24 Young (ref_43) 2005; 19 Tang (ref_30) 2018; 37 Huynh (ref_76) 2021; 48
References_xml	– volume: 20 start-page: 1391 year: 2020 ident: ref_9 article-title: In Vitro Investigation of Therapeutic Potential of Bare Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles (≤100 ppm) on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells publication-title: J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2020.17152 – volume: 43 start-page: 178 year: 2007 ident: ref_50 article-title: Serum albumin leads to false-positive results in the XTT and the MTT assay publication-title: Biotechniques doi: 10.2144/000112528 – volume: 69 start-page: 581 year: 1997 ident: ref_5 article-title: Mechanism of cellular 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction publication-title: J. Neurochem. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69020581.x – volume: 41 start-page: 387 year: 2019 ident: ref_27 article-title: Effects of green tea, matcha tea and their components epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells Corrigendum in/10.3892/or. 2019.7430 publication-title: Oncol. Rep. – volume: 3 start-page: 74 year: 2014 ident: ref_54 article-title: Human Fibroblast Switches to Anaerobic Metabolic Pathway in Response to Serum Starvation: A Mimic of Warburg Effect publication-title: Int. J. Mol. Cell. Med. – volume: 35 start-page: 495 year: 2007 ident: ref_59 article-title: Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death publication-title: Toxicol. Pathol. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 – volume: 65 start-page: 55 year: 1983 ident: ref_3 article-title: Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays publication-title: J. Immunol. Methods doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4 – volume: 52 start-page: 189 year: 2007 ident: ref_47 article-title: Influence of medium type and serum on MTT reduction by flavonoids in the absence of cells publication-title: Cytotechnology doi: 10.1007/s10616-007-9057-4 – volume: 263 start-page: 128293 year: 2021 ident: ref_24 article-title: Effects of deltamethrin and thiacloprid on cell viability, colony formation and DNA double-strand breaks in human bronchial epithelial cells publication-title: Chemosphere doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128293 – volume: 235 start-page: 8702 year: 2020 ident: ref_7 article-title: Biomechanical stimulation effects on the metabolism of adipocyte publication-title: J. Cell. Physiol. doi: 10.1002/jcp.29714 – volume: 5 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: ref_31 article-title: Biological effects of radiation on cancer cells publication-title: Mil. Med Res. – volume: 80 start-page: 133 year: 2001 ident: ref_49 article-title: Vitamin A as an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of MTT to formazan by vitamin C publication-title: J. Cell. Biochem. doi: 10.1002/1097-4644(20010101)80:1<133::AID-JCB120>3.0.CO;2-T – volume: 82 start-page: 737 year: 2017 ident: ref_4 article-title: Disruption of functional activity of mitochondria during MTT assay of viability of cultured neurons publication-title: Biochemistry – volume: 18 start-page: 369 year: 1993 ident: ref_39 article-title: Reduction of a Tetrazolium Salt and Superoxide Generation in Human Tumor Cells (HeLa) publication-title: Free Radic. Res. Commun. doi: 10.3109/10715769309147503 – volume: 153 start-page: 128 year: 2020 ident: ref_11 article-title: Evaluation of sodium alginate for encapsulation-vitrification of testicular Leydig cells publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.233 – volume: 268 start-page: 119 year: 2017 ident: ref_70 article-title: Down–regulation of cyclin–dependent kinase-4 and MAPK through estrogen receptor mediated cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer induced by gold nanoparticle tagged toxin protein NKCT1 publication-title: Chem. Interactions doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.03.009 – volume: 24 start-page: 235 year: 2015 ident: ref_46 article-title: The Unreliability of MTT Assay in the Cytotoxic Test of Primary Cultured Glioblastoma Cells publication-title: Exp. Neurobiol. doi: 10.5607/en.2015.24.3.235 – volume: 34 start-page: 5290 year: 2020 ident: ref_69 article-title: Green synthesis and chemical characterization of gold nanoparticle synthesized using Camellia sinensis leaf aqueous extract for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in comparison to daunorubicin in a leukemic mouse model publication-title: Appl. Organomet. Chem. doi: 10.1002/aoc.5290 – volume: 5 start-page: 99 year: 2010 ident: ref_37 article-title: The Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype: The Dark Side of Tumor Suppression publication-title: Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-121808-102144 – volume: 119 start-page: 203 year: 1989 ident: ref_45 article-title: Re-examination and further development of a precise and rapid dye method for measuring cell growth/cell kill publication-title: J. Immunol. Methods doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(89)90397-9 – volume: 45 start-page: 108 year: 2005 ident: ref_52 article-title: Reduction of MTT by flavonoids in the absence of cells publication-title: Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.07.014 – volume: 46 start-page: 1085 year: 2020 ident: ref_26 article-title: Sulforaphane suppresses the viability and metastasis, and promotes the apoptosis of bladder cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of FAT-1 publication-title: Int. J. Mol. Med. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4665 – volume: 81 start-page: 691 year: 2012 ident: ref_62 article-title: Multiparametric assessment of Cd2+ cytotoxicity using MTT-based microfluidic image cytometry publication-title: Cytom. Part A doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.22079 – volume: 5 start-page: 1800 year: 2013 ident: ref_73 article-title: Reductase-like Activity of Silicon Nanowire Arrays publication-title: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces doi: 10.1021/am3031322 – volume: 27 start-page: 8166 year: 2020 ident: ref_68 article-title: An eco-friendly synthesis of Enterococcus sp.–mediated gold nanoparticle induces cytotoxicity in human colorectal cancer cells publication-title: Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-07511-x – volume: 49 start-page: 678 year: 2016 ident: ref_71 article-title: Gold nanoparticle-conjugated quercetin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis and invasiveness via EGFR/VEGFR-2-mediated pathway in breast cancer publication-title: Cell Prolif. doi: 10.1111/cpr.12296 – volume: 81 start-page: 561 year: 2017 ident: ref_72 article-title: Decoration of gold nanoparticles with thiolated pH-responsive polymeric (PEG-bp (2-dimethylamio ethyl methacrylate-co-itaconic acid) shell: A novel platform for targeting of anticancer agent publication-title: Mater. Sci. Eng. C doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.08.021 – volume: 21 start-page: 1 year: 2016 ident: ref_57 article-title: Serum depletion induces changes in protein expression in the trophoblast-derived cell line HTR-8/SVneo publication-title: Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. – volume: 48 start-page: 3120 year: 2021 ident: ref_76 article-title: Predictive modeling of hypoxic head and neck cancers during fractionated radiotherapy with gold nanoparticle radiosensitization publication-title: Med. Phys. doi: 10.1002/mp.14872 – volume: 64 start-page: 126 year: 2004 ident: ref_44 article-title: Backscattered light confocal imaging of intracellular MTT-formazan crystals publication-title: Microsc. Res. Tech. doi: 10.1002/jemt.20070 – volume: 6 start-page: 73 year: 2003 ident: ref_36 article-title: Cell death in irradiated prostate epithelial cells: Role of apoptotic and clonogenic cell kill publication-title: Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. doi: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500628 – volume: 36 start-page: 7634 year: 2020 ident: ref_67 article-title: Denaturant-Mediated Modulation of the Formation and Drug Encapsulation Responses of Gold Nanoparticles publication-title: Langmuir doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01293 – volume: 120 start-page: 159 year: 2018 ident: ref_2 article-title: Tetrazolium salts and formazan products in Cell Biology: Viability assessment, fluorescence imaging, and labeling perspectives publication-title: Acta Histochem. doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.02.005 – volume: 37 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: ref_30 article-title: Role of metabolism in cancer cell radioresistance and radiosensitization methods publication-title: J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. doi: 10.1186/s13046-018-0758-7 – volume: 8 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: ref_32 article-title: Mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic hyperactivation limits the application of MTT assay in the estimation of radiation induced growth inhibition publication-title: Sci. Rep. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19930-w – volume: 16 start-page: 3 year: 2009 ident: ref_61 article-title: Classification of cell death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009 publication-title: Cell Death Differ. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2008.150 – volume: 12 start-page: 84 year: 2020 ident: ref_6 article-title: High omega arachidonic acid/docosahexaenoic acid ratio induces mitochondrial dysfunction and altered lipid metabolism in human hepatoma cells publication-title: World J. Hepatol. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i3.84 – volume: 56 start-page: 279 year: 1987 ident: ref_48 article-title: A study of some variables in a tetrazolium dye (MTT) based assay for cell growth and chemosensitivity publication-title: Br. J. Cancer doi: 10.1038/bjc.1987.190 – ident: ref_16 doi: 10.3390/app11062603 – volume: 11 start-page: 127 year: 2005 ident: ref_1 article-title: Tetrazolium dyes as tools in cell biology: New insights into their cellular reduction publication-title: Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. doi: 10.1016/S1387-2656(05)11004-7 – volume: 8 start-page: 14947 year: 2018 ident: ref_64 article-title: Towards potent but less toxic nanopharmaceuticals—lipoic acid bioconjugates of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles with an anticancer drug and addressing unit publication-title: RSC Adv. doi: 10.1039/C8RA01107A – volume: 26 start-page: 636 year: 2012 ident: ref_41 article-title: Exocytosis of MTT formazan could exacerbate cell injury publication-title: Toxicol. Vitr. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.02.006 – volume: 27 start-page: 1445 year: 2013 ident: ref_34 article-title: The noncellular reduction of MTT tetrazolium salt by TiO2 nanoparticles and its implications for cytotoxicity assays publication-title: Toxicol. Vitr. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.03.006 – volume: 35 start-page: 1933 year: 2014 ident: ref_42 article-title: An Image Cytometric MTT Assay as an Alternative Assessment Method of Nanoparticle Cytotoxicity publication-title: Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. doi: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.7.1933 – ident: ref_12 doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02905-x – volume: 4 start-page: a006783 year: 2012 ident: ref_20 article-title: Signaling in Control of Cell Growth and Metabsolism publication-title: Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006783 – volume: 52 start-page: 755 year: 2017 ident: ref_29 article-title: Breast milk-derived exosomes promote intestinal epithelial cell growth publication-title: J. Pediatr. Surg. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.01.032 – volume: 41 start-page: 919 year: 2017 ident: ref_51 article-title: The MTT viability assay yields strikingly false-positive viabilities although the cells are killed by some plant extracts publication-title: Turk. J. Boil. doi: 10.3906/biy-1703-104 – volume: 55 start-page: 931 year: 2010 ident: ref_33 article-title: Enhancement of cell radiation sensitivity by pegylated gold nanoparticles publication-title: Phys. Med. Biol. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/4/002 – volume: 19 start-page: 124 year: 2004 ident: ref_58 article-title: Morphological Features of Cell Death publication-title: Physiology doi: 10.1152/nips.01519.2004 – ident: ref_8 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215536 – volume: 51 start-page: 213 year: 2007 ident: ref_13 article-title: Localization of MTT formazan in lipid droplets. An alternative hypothesis about the nature of formazan granules and aggregates publication-title: Eur. J. Histochem. – volume: 31 start-page: 295 year: 1998 ident: ref_40 article-title: Amyloid β protein inhibits cellular MTT reduction not by suppression of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase but by acceleration of MTT formazan exocytosis in cultured rat cortical astrocytes publication-title: Neurosci. Res. doi: 10.1016/S0168-0102(98)00055-8 – volume: 10 start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: ref_55 article-title: Serum deprivation initiates adaptation and survival to oxidative stress in prostate cancer cells publication-title: Sci. Rep. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68668-x – volume: 301 start-page: C272 year: 2011 ident: ref_56 article-title: Serum starvation: Caveat emptor publication-title: Am. J. Physiol. Physiol. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00091.2011 – volume: 31 start-page: e3873 year: 2017 ident: ref_65 article-title: Facile synthesis of PEG-coated magnetite (Fe3O4) and embedment of gold nanoparticle as a nontoxic antimicrobial agent publication-title: Appl. Organomet. Chem. doi: 10.1002/aoc.3873 – volume: 380 start-page: 108 year: 2000 ident: ref_15 article-title: The Role of Plasma Membrane in Bioreduction of Two Tetrazolium Salts, MTT, and CTC publication-title: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. doi: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1907 – volume: 6 start-page: 608 year: 2005 ident: ref_21 article-title: Cell signaling and signal transduction: Communication between cells. Cell and Molecular Biology publication-title: Concepts Exp. – volume: 19 start-page: 1051 year: 2005 ident: ref_43 article-title: Modification of MTT assay conditions to examine the cytotoxic effects of amitraz on the human lymphoblastoid cell line, WIL2NS publication-title: Toxicol. Vitr. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.05.001 – volume: 51 start-page: 775 year: 2016 ident: ref_28 article-title: Intestinal epithelial cell injury is rescued by hydrogen sulfide publication-title: J. Pediatr. Surg. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.02.019 – volume: 1 start-page: 44 year: 2013 ident: ref_53 article-title: Influence of serum and albumin on the in vitro anandamide cytotoxicity toward C6 glioma cells assessed by the MTT cell viability assay: Implications for the methodology of the MTT tests publication-title: Folia Neuropathol. doi: 10.5114/fn.2013.34195 – ident: ref_35 doi: 10.3390/ijms18081679 – volume: 411 start-page: 7529 year: 2019 ident: ref_74 article-title: A quantitative study of intercellular heterogeneity in gold nanoparticle uptake across multiple cell lines publication-title: Anal. Bioanal. Chem. doi: 10.1007/s00216-019-02154-w – volume: 11 start-page: 55 year: 1951 ident: ref_78 article-title: A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold publication-title: Discuss. Faraday Soc. doi: 10.1039/df9511100055 – volume: 28 start-page: 29188 year: 2021 ident: ref_10 article-title: Amitraz induced cytotoxic effect on bovine cumulus cells and impaired oocyte maturation publication-title: Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12670-x – ident: ref_60 doi: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1208s25 – volume: 68 start-page: 1489 year: 2015 ident: ref_17 article-title: A comparative study of colorimetric cell proliferation assays in immune cells publication-title: Cytotechnology doi: 10.1007/s10616-015-9909-2 – volume: 114 start-page: 785 year: 2012 ident: ref_14 article-title: MTT assay for cell viability: Intracellular localization of the formazan product is in lipid droplets publication-title: Acta Histochem. doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.01.006 – volume: 15 start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: ref_63 article-title: Designing aptamer-gold nanoparticle-loaded pH-sensitive liposomes encapsulate morin for treating cancer publication-title: Nanoscale Res. Lett. doi: 10.1186/s11671-020-03297-x – volume: 13 start-page: 5077 year: 2019 ident: ref_75 article-title: Cross-Correlative Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Biological Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Radiosensitization publication-title: ACS Nano doi: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07982 – ident: ref_19 – ident: ref_22 – volume: 49 start-page: 4435 year: 1989 ident: ref_18 article-title: Effects of the pH dependence of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide-formazan absorption on chemosensitivity determined by a novel tetrazolium-based assay publication-title: Cancer Res. – volume: 36 start-page: 177 year: 2005 ident: ref_77 article-title: Kinetics of MTT-formazan exocytosis in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells publication-title: Micron doi: 10.1016/j.micron.2004.08.002 – volume: 25 start-page: 14878 year: 2021 ident: ref_23 article-title: Cytotoxicity assessment of zirconia-reinforced experimental nanohybrid dental composite using MTT assay publication-title: Ann. Rom. Soc. Cell Biol. – volume: 78 start-page: 647 year: 2017 ident: ref_25 article-title: Insight into cytotoxicity of Mg nanocomposites using MTT assay technique publication-title: Mater. Sci. Eng. C doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.129 – volume: 8 start-page: 599 year: 2018 ident: ref_66 article-title: Anti-CD24 bio Modified PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles as Targeted Computed Tomography Contrast Agent publication-title: Adv. Pharm. Bull. doi: 10.15171/apb.2018.068 – ident: ref_38 doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060301
SSID	ssj0023259
Score	2.7133486
Snippet	The MTT assay for cellular metabolic activity is almost ubiquitous to studies of cell toxicity; however, it is commonly applied and interpreted erroneously. We...
SourceID	pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref
SourceType	Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source
StartPage	12827
SubjectTerms	Cell Count Cell Survival Culture Media - pharmacology Cytotoxicity Enzymes Gold - chemistry Humans Male Metabolism Metal Nanoparticles - administration & dosage Metal Nanoparticles - chemistry Polyethylene glycol Prostatic Neoplasms - drug therapy Prostatic Neoplasms - metabolism Prostatic Neoplasms - pathology Reagents Secretome Single-Cell Analysis - methods Tumor Cells, Cultured
SummonAdditionalLinks	– databaseName: ProQuest Technology Collection dbid: 8FG link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3di9QwEB_0RPDl8NvqKRHEpw3XNmk29UX0cD2EE8FduLeSphNutXbv3O7D_vfOtN16q-hLKcxA2plkPpLJ_ABekcex3rhYhtJqqZVG6Sw6maDRZUn2r-raF599NqcL_ek8Ox823NZDWeXOJnaGulp53iM_pribfJEhd_r28koyahSfrg4QGjfhFtEMl3TZ2ccx4VJpB5aWkA-SJstN32NTUZp_vPz2Y82ukcwzA8pc90l_BZp_1ktec0Czu3A4RI7iXa_qe3ADm_twu8eS3D6AkhQuzuZzQQJ32zdi0XLV63YiuitM_b7cRHxZtsHVNb25phL7FYdi2Yj3m_p7R_pKLq1GeYI1DTk0LnkIi9mH-cmpHAAUpNc2aaXN8jy4lDIaZ8rcOcW3ShNE41yFoQzOxpXyMUP6-Rh95cO0QsoxQqlTz50SH8FBs2rwCQiMEfWUwoksUAKSG-tSpLWMiIFvt9oIJjsRFn74Kwa5qAvKMljixZ7EI3g9sl_2bTX-xXi000cxrK518XsuRPByJNO64MMO1-Bq0_NkStMzgse9-saRFFktbVQawXRPsSMD99zepzTLi673tuWDKmWf_v-znsGdlGtfkkSm5ggO2p8bfE7BS1u-6GboL6EI7q4 priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest
Title	The MTT Assay: Utility, Limitations, Pitfalls, and Interpretation in Bulk and Single-Cell Analysis
URI	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34884632 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2608126993 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2608534608 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8657538
Volume	22
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link	http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1La9wwEB7yoCWXkqQvt8miQOlp1fohy3IghCRkGwobQrsLezOyPaLbuk6beKH77zOyvU7dtJdejEEjhGckzXzW6BuAN-RxVCa1y02qBBeBQK4Vau6hFGlK-19e0xePL-XFVHychbN7SqFWgbd_hXa2ntT0pnj36-fymBb8kUWcBNnfz79-v7VujrZaP1qHTXJKkS1mMBbdgQLFDWHcUGw-7LIFjwOax0IGft87PQg5_8yc_M0VjbbhSRtDspPG6DuwhuUuPGqqSi6fQkqmZ-PJhJHq9fKQTSub_7ocsvoyU_OHbsiu5pXRRUFvusxZP_eQzUt2uii-1U2fybkVyM-woCFbCpNnMB2dT84ueFtKgWdCeRVXYRwb7RO20TKNtQ7s_VIPUWqdo0mNVm4eZK4t7pe5mOWZiXIktGFS4WeWM_E5bJTXJb4Ehi6iiCiwCA1BkVgq7SOtakQ09p6rcmC4UmGStV9ly10UCeENq_ykp3wH3nbiPxqCjX8J7q3skaymSUJojCIUSUGWAwddM60Qe-yhS7xeNDJhIOjpwIvGfN1IK7s7EPUM2wlY9u1-Szn_UrNwK3tkFahX_93zNWz5NkHG87gv92CjulngPkU4VTqA9WgW0VONPgxg8_T88urTwPqccFDP6junBwFe
linkProvider	Scholars Portal
linkToHtml	http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3db9MwED-NIQQviG8CA4wEPNVaEjuug4QQDErH1gmJVtpb5iRnUQjpoKlQ_yn-Rs75YgXB216iSD7lw3e-3519HwBPCHF0pozPbaoll0IiNxoND1DJNCX9l9fliydHajyT74-j4y342eXCuLDKTifWijpfZG6PfJfsbsIiRXD68vQbd12j3Olq10KjEYsDXP8gl235Yv8N8fdpGI7eTvfGvO0qwDOpg4rrKI6tCcnMNyqNjREu1TJAVMbkaFNrtJ-LzHd97jIfszyzwxzJ8LapDDNXPpCeewEuSkFI7jLTR-96B0-EdXO2gDCPqyhWTU1PIvR355-_Lh0UExy4BjZnMfAvw_bP-MwzgDe6BldbS5W9akTrOmxheQMuNb0r1zchJQFjk-mUEYPN-jmbVS7Kdj1gdcpUsw84YB_mlTVFQXemzNlmhCObl-z1qvhSD30kCC2Q72FBr2wLpdyC2blM7W3YLhcl3gWGPqIckvkSWXJ4YqVNiKQ7ENG6bFrtwaCbwiRr_8o11SgS8mrcjCcbM-7Bs578tCnj8S_CnY4fSbual8lv2fPgcT9M69AdrpgSF6uGJhKSrh7cadjXv0mQlpRKhB4MNxjbE7ga35sj5fxTXetbu4Mxoe_9_7MeweXxdHKYHO4fHdyHK6GLuwkCHqod2K6-r_ABGU5V-rCWVgYn5708fgEziC1X
linkToPdf	http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Zj9MwEB4tXYF4QdwEFjAS8FSrSZy4DhJC7FHtsmxVQSvtW9ZJxqIQ0oWmQv1r_DrGudiC4G1foki2cniOb8aeA-A5IY5KpXa5SVTAAxEg1wo191AGSUL6L6vKF5-M5eEseHcanm7BzzYXxoZVtjqxUtTZIrV75AOyuwmLJMHpwDRhEZP90Zvzb9x2kLInrW07jZpFjnH9g9y35eujfaL1C98fHUz3DnnTYYCngfJKrsIoMtonk1_LJNJa2LRLD1FqnaFJjFZuJlLX9rxLXUyz1AwzJCPcJIGf2lKC9NwrsD20XlEPtncPxpMPnbsn_KpVm0cIyGUYybrCpxCRO5h__rq0wEzgYNvZXETEv8zcP6M1L8Df6CbcaOxW9rZmtFuwhcVtuFp3slzfgYTYjZ1Mp4zIrdev2Ky0MbfrPqsSqOpdwT6bzEuj85zudJGxzXhHNi_Y7ir_Ug19JEDNke9hTq9syqbchdmlLO496BWLAh8AQxcxGJIxExpyfyKptI-kSRDR2Nxa5UC_XcI4bf7KttjIY_Jx7IrHGyvuwMtu-nld1ONfE3daesSNbC_j35zowLNumKTSHrXoAherek4oAro6cL8mX_cmQTozkMJ3YLhB2G6Crfi9OVLMP1WVv5U9JhPq4f8_6ylcI9GI3x-Njx_Bdd8G4Xge9-UO9MrvK3xMVlSZPGnYlcHZZUvILwesMuk
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+MTT+Assay%3A+Utility%2C+Limitations%2C+Pitfalls%2C+and+Interpretation+in+Bulk+and+Single-Cell+Analysis&rft.jtitle=International+journal+of+molecular+sciences&rft.au=Ghasemi%2C+Mahshid&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+Tyron&rft.au=Sebastian%2C+Sonia&rft.au=Kempson%2C+Ivan&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft.pub=MDPI&rft.eissn=1422-0067&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=23&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fijms222312827&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34884632&rft.externalDocID=PMC8657538
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1422-0067&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1422-0067&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1422-0067&client=summon