Validity study of the K6 scale as a measure of moderate mental distress based on mental health treatment need and utilization
The widely‐used Kessler K6 non‐specific distress scale screens for severe mental illness defined as a K6 score ≥ 13, estimated to afflict about 6% of US adults. The K6, as currently used, fails to capture individuals struggling with more moderate mental distress that nonetheless warrants mental heal...
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| Published in | International journal of methods in psychiatric research Vol. 21; no. 2; pp. 88 - 97 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Chichester, UK
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
01.06.2012
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The widely‐used Kessler K6 non‐specific distress scale screens for severe mental illness defined as a K6 score ≥ 13, estimated to afflict about 6% of US adults. The K6, as currently used, fails to capture individuals struggling with more moderate mental distress that nonetheless warrants mental health intervention. The current study determined a cutoff criterion on the K6 scale indicative of moderate mental distress based on mental health treatment need and assessed the validity of this criterion by comparing participants with identified moderate and severe mental distress on relevant clinical, impairment, and risk behavior measures. Data were analyzed from 50,880 adult participants in the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified K6 ≥ 5 as the optimal lower threshold cut‐point indicative of moderate mental distress. Based on the K6, 8.6% of California adults had serious mental distress and another 27.9% had moderate mental distress. Correlates of moderate and serious mental distress were similar. Respondents with moderate mental distress had rates of mental health care utilization, impairment, substance use and other risks lower than respondents with serious mental distress and greater than respondents with none/low mental distress. The findings support expanded use and analysis of the K6 scale in quantifying and examining correlates of mental distress at a moderate, yet still clinically relevant, level. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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| AbstractList | The widely-used Kessler K6 non-specific distress scale screens for severe mental illness defined as a K6 score ≥ 13, estimated to afflict about 6% of US adults. The K6, as currently used, fails to capture individuals struggling with more moderate mental distress that nonetheless warrants mental health intervention. The current study determined a cutoff criterion on the K6 scale indicative of moderate mental distress based on mental health treatment need and assessed the validity of this criterion by comparing participants with identified moderate and severe mental distress on relevant clinical, impairment, and risk behavior measures. Data were analyzed from 50,880 adult participants in the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified K6 ≥ 5 as the optimal lower threshold cut-point indicative of moderate mental distress. Based on the K6, 8.6% of California adults had serious mental distress and another 27.9% had moderate mental distress. Correlates of moderate and serious mental distress were similar. Respondents with moderate mental distress had rates of mental health care utilization, impairment, substance use and other risks lower than respondents with serious mental distress and greater than respondents with none/low mental distress. The findings support expanded use and analysis of the K6 scale in quantifying and examining correlates of mental distress at a moderate, yet still clinically relevant, level.The widely-used Kessler K6 non-specific distress scale screens for severe mental illness defined as a K6 score ≥ 13, estimated to afflict about 6% of US adults. The K6, as currently used, fails to capture individuals struggling with more moderate mental distress that nonetheless warrants mental health intervention. The current study determined a cutoff criterion on the K6 scale indicative of moderate mental distress based on mental health treatment need and assessed the validity of this criterion by comparing participants with identified moderate and severe mental distress on relevant clinical, impairment, and risk behavior measures. Data were analyzed from 50,880 adult participants in the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified K6 ≥ 5 as the optimal lower threshold cut-point indicative of moderate mental distress. Based on the K6, 8.6% of California adults had serious mental distress and another 27.9% had moderate mental distress. Correlates of moderate and serious mental distress were similar. Respondents with moderate mental distress had rates of mental health care utilization, impairment, substance use and other risks lower than respondents with serious mental distress and greater than respondents with none/low mental distress. The findings support expanded use and analysis of the K6 scale in quantifying and examining correlates of mental distress at a moderate, yet still clinically relevant, level. The widely-used Kessler K6 non-specific distress scale screens for severe mental illness defined as a K6 score ≥ 13, estimated to afflict about 6% of US adults. The K6, as currently used, fails to capture individuals struggling with more moderate mental distress that nonetheless warrants mental health intervention. The current study determined a cutoff criterion on the K6 scale indicative of moderate mental distress based on mental health treatment need and assessed the validity of this criterion by comparing participants with identified moderate and severe mental distress on relevant clinical, impairment, and risk behavior measures. Data were analyzed from 50,880 adult participants in the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified K6 ≥ 5 as the optimal lower threshold cut-point indicative of moderate mental distress. Based on the K6, 8.6% of California adults had serious mental distress and another 27.9% had moderate mental distress. Correlates of moderate and serious mental distress were similar. Respondents with moderate mental distress had rates of mental health care utilization, impairment, substance use and other risks lower than respondents with serious mental distress and greater than respondents with none/low mental distress. The findings support expanded use and analysis of the K6 scale in quantifying and examining correlates of mental distress at a moderate, yet still clinically relevant, level. The widely‐used Kessler K6 non‐specific distress scale screens for severe mental illness defined as a K6 score ≥ 13, estimated to afflict about 6% of US adults. The K6, as currently used, fails to capture individuals struggling with more moderate mental distress that nonetheless warrants mental health intervention. The current study determined a cutoff criterion on the K6 scale indicative of moderate mental distress based on mental health treatment need and assessed the validity of this criterion by comparing participants with identified moderate and severe mental distress on relevant clinical, impairment, and risk behavior measures. Data were analyzed from 50,880 adult participants in the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified K6 ≥ 5 as the optimal lower threshold cut‐point indicative of moderate mental distress. Based on the K6, 8.6% of California adults had serious mental distress and another 27.9% had moderate mental distress. Correlates of moderate and serious mental distress were similar. Respondents with moderate mental distress had rates of mental health care utilization, impairment, substance use and other risks lower than respondents with serious mental distress and greater than respondents with none/low mental distress. The findings support expanded use and analysis of the K6 scale in quantifying and examining correlates of mental distress at a moderate, yet still clinically relevant, level. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
| Author | Prochaska, Judith J. Max, Wendy Shi, Yanling Ong, Michael Sung, Hai-Yen |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco CA USA 2 Institute for Health & Aging, School of Nursing University of California San Francisco CA USA 3 Department of Medicine University of California Los Angeles CA USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Department of Medicine University of California Los Angeles CA USA – name: 1 Department of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco CA USA – name: 2 Institute for Health & Aging, School of Nursing University of California San Francisco CA USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Judith J. surname: Prochaska fullname: Prochaska, Judith J. email: jprochaska@ucsf.edu, jprochaska@ucsf.edu organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, CA, San Francisco, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Hai-Yen surname: Sung fullname: Sung, Hai-Yen organization: Institute for Health & Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, CA, San Francisco, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Wendy surname: Max fullname: Max, Wendy organization: Institute for Health & Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, CA, San Francisco, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Yanling surname: Shi fullname: Shi, Yanling organization: Institute for Health & Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, CA, San Francisco, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Michael surname: Ong fullname: Ong, Michael organization: Department of Medicine, University of California, CA, Los Angeles, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22351472$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| References | Zahran H.S., Kobau R., Moriarty D.G., Zack M.M., Giles W.H. (2004). Self-reported frequent mental distress among adults - United States, 1993-2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53(41), 963-966. Miles H., Johnson S., Amponsah-Afuwape S., Finch E., Leese M., Thornicroft G. (2003) Characteristics of subgroups of individuals with psychotic illness and a comorbid substance use disorder. Psychiatric Services, 54(4), 554-561. USDHHS. (1999) Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, Washington, DC, Department of Health and Human Services. American Psychiatric Association. (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition, Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association. Lasser K., Boyd J.W., Woolhandler S., Himmelstein D.U., McCormick D., Bor D.H. (2000) Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 2606-2610, DOI: 10.1001/jama.284.20.2606 Brown E.R., Holtby S., Zahnd E., Abbott G.B. (2005) Community-based participatory research in the California Health Interview Survey. Preventing Chronic Disease, 2(4), A03. Baillie A.J. (2005) Predictive gender and education bias in Kessler's psychological distress scale (K10). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 743-748, DOI: 10.1007/s00127-005-0935-9 Vedsted P., Fink P., Sorensen H.T., Olesen F. (2004) Physical, mental and social factors associated with frequent attendance in Danish general practice. A population-based cross-sectional study. Social Science & Medicine, 59, 813-823, DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.11.027 SAS Institute Inc. (2009) SAS/STAT ® 9.2 User's Guide, second edition, Cary, NC, SAS Institute Inc. Hanley J.A., McNeil B.J. (1982) The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology, 143(1), 29-36. Furukawa T.A., Kessler R.C., Slade T., Andrews G. (2003) The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Psychological Medicine, 33(2), 357-362. Katon W.J., Lin E., Russo J., Unutzer J. (2003) Increased medical costs of a population-based sample of depressed elderly patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(9), 897-903. Kessler R.C., Green J.G., Gruber M.J., Sampson N.A., Bromet E., Cuitan M., Furukawa T.A., Gureje O., Hinkov H., Hu C.Y., Lara C., Lee S., Mneimneh Z., Myer L., Oakley-Browne M., Posada-Villa J., Sagar R., Viana M.C., Zaslavsky A.M. (2010) Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 19(Suppl 1), 4-22. Rizzo L., Brick J.M., Park I. (2004) A minimally intrusive method for sampling persons in Random Digit Dialing Surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 68, 267-274, DOI: 10.1093/poq/nfh014 Sanchez-Villegas A., Ara I., Guillen-Grima F, Bes-Rastrollo M., Varo-Cenarruzabeitia J.J., Martínez-González M.A. (2008) Physical activity, sedentary index, and mental disorders in the SUN cohort study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40, 827-834, DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31816348b9 Centers for Disease Control. (2010) QuickStats: percentage of adults aged ≥ 18 years who experienced serious psychological distress during the preceding 30 days,* by sex and age group - National Health Interview Survey, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59(49), 1621. Indig D., Eyeson-Annan M., Copeland J., Conigrave K.M. (2007) The effects of alcohol consumption, psychological distress and smoking status on emergency department presentations in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Public Health, 7, 46, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-46 Kessler R.C., Barker P.R., Colpe L.J., Epstein J.F., Gfroerer J.C., Hiripi E., Howes M.J., Normand S.L., Manderscheid R.W., Walters E.E., Zaslavsky A.M. (2003) Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(2), 184-189. Murray C.J.L, Lopez A.D. (1996) The Global Burden of Disease, Geneva, World Health Organization, Harvard School of Public Health, World Bank. World Health Organization. (2004) The World Health Report 2004: Changing History, Annex Table 3: Burden of Disease in DALYs by Cause, Sex, and Mortality Stratum in WHO Regions, Estimates for 2002, Geneva, World Health Organization. Grant D.R., Kravitz-Wirtz N., Aguilar-Gaxiola S., Sribney W.M., Aydin M., Brown E.R. (2010) Mental Health Status and Use of Mental Health Services by California Adults, Los Angeles, CA, UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. Kessler R.C., Andrews G., Colpe L.J., Hiripi E., Mroczek D.K., Normand S.L., Walters E.E., Zaslavsky A.M. (2002) Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32, 959-976, DOI: 10.1017/S0033291702006074 Kessler R.C., Heeringa S., Lakoma M.D., Petukhova M., Rupp A.E., Schoenbaum M., Wang P.S., Zaslavsky A.M. (2008) Individual and societal effects of mental disorders on earnings in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 703-711, DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010126 Veldhuizen S., Cairney J., Kurdyak P., Streiner D.L. (2007) The sensitivity of the K6 as a screen for any disorder in community mental health surveys: a cautionary note. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 256-259. 2010; 59 2010; 19 2010 2002; 32 2004; 68 2005; 40 2009 1996 1982; 143 1994 2004 2007; 52 2008; 165 2003; 54 2003; 33 1999 2004; 53 2009c 2009b 2009a 2004; 59 2007; 7 2000; 284 2005; 2 2003; 60 2008; 40 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_5_1 Kessler R.C. (e_1_2_7_16_1) 1996 American Psychiatric Association (e_1_2_7_2_1) 1994 e_1_2_7_3_1 e_1_2_7_9_1 e_1_2_7_7_1 e_1_2_7_19_1 e_1_2_7_18_1 e_1_2_7_17_1 e_1_2_7_15_1 e_1_2_7_14_1 e_1_2_7_13_1 e_1_2_7_12_1 e_1_2_7_11_1 Centers for Disease Control (e_1_2_7_8_1) 2010; 59 SAS Institute Inc (e_1_2_7_24_1) 2009 e_1_2_7_26_1 e_1_2_7_27_1 Grant D.R. (e_1_2_7_10_1) 2010 Zahran H.S. (e_1_2_7_29_1) 2004; 53 Murray C.J.L (e_1_2_7_21_1) 1996 Brown E.R. (e_1_2_7_4_1) 2005; 2 e_1_2_7_23_1 e_1_2_7_22_1 e_1_2_7_20_1 USDHHS (e_1_2_7_25_1) 1999 World Health Organization (e_1_2_7_28_1) 2004 |
| References_xml | – reference: American Psychiatric Association. (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition, Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association. – reference: Brown E.R., Holtby S., Zahnd E., Abbott G.B. (2005) Community-based participatory research in the California Health Interview Survey. Preventing Chronic Disease, 2(4), A03. – reference: Zahran H.S., Kobau R., Moriarty D.G., Zack M.M., Giles W.H. (2004). Self-reported frequent mental distress among adults - United States, 1993-2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53(41), 963-966. – reference: Furukawa T.A., Kessler R.C., Slade T., Andrews G. (2003) The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Psychological Medicine, 33(2), 357-362. – reference: Kessler R.C., Barker P.R., Colpe L.J., Epstein J.F., Gfroerer J.C., Hiripi E., Howes M.J., Normand S.L., Manderscheid R.W., Walters E.E., Zaslavsky A.M. (2003) Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(2), 184-189. – reference: World Health Organization. (2004) The World Health Report 2004: Changing History, Annex Table 3: Burden of Disease in DALYs by Cause, Sex, and Mortality Stratum in WHO Regions, Estimates for 2002, Geneva, World Health Organization. – reference: Vedsted P., Fink P., Sorensen H.T., Olesen F. (2004) Physical, mental and social factors associated with frequent attendance in Danish general practice. A population-based cross-sectional study. Social Science & Medicine, 59, 813-823, DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.11.027 – reference: Baillie A.J. (2005) Predictive gender and education bias in Kessler's psychological distress scale (K10). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 743-748, DOI: 10.1007/s00127-005-0935-9 – reference: Kessler R.C., Heeringa S., Lakoma M.D., Petukhova M., Rupp A.E., Schoenbaum M., Wang P.S., Zaslavsky A.M. (2008) Individual and societal effects of mental disorders on earnings in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 703-711, DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010126 – reference: Indig D., Eyeson-Annan M., Copeland J., Conigrave K.M. (2007) The effects of alcohol consumption, psychological distress and smoking status on emergency department presentations in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Public Health, 7, 46, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-46 – reference: Hanley J.A., McNeil B.J. (1982) The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology, 143(1), 29-36. – reference: Murray C.J.L, Lopez A.D. (1996) The Global Burden of Disease, Geneva, World Health Organization, Harvard School of Public Health, World Bank. – reference: SAS Institute Inc. (2009) SAS/STAT ® 9.2 User's Guide, second edition, Cary, NC, SAS Institute Inc. – reference: Centers for Disease Control. (2010) QuickStats: percentage of adults aged ≥ 18 years who experienced serious psychological distress during the preceding 30 days,* by sex and age group - National Health Interview Survey, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59(49), 1621. – reference: Veldhuizen S., Cairney J., Kurdyak P., Streiner D.L. (2007) The sensitivity of the K6 as a screen for any disorder in community mental health surveys: a cautionary note. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 256-259. – reference: Katon W.J., Lin E., Russo J., Unutzer J. (2003) Increased medical costs of a population-based sample of depressed elderly patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(9), 897-903. – reference: Kessler R.C., Green J.G., Gruber M.J., Sampson N.A., Bromet E., Cuitan M., Furukawa T.A., Gureje O., Hinkov H., Hu C.Y., Lara C., Lee S., Mneimneh Z., Myer L., Oakley-Browne M., Posada-Villa J., Sagar R., Viana M.C., Zaslavsky A.M. (2010) Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 19(Suppl 1), 4-22. – reference: Rizzo L., Brick J.M., Park I. (2004) A minimally intrusive method for sampling persons in Random Digit Dialing Surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 68, 267-274, DOI: 10.1093/poq/nfh014 – reference: USDHHS. (1999) Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, Washington, DC, Department of Health and Human Services. – reference: Lasser K., Boyd J.W., Woolhandler S., Himmelstein D.U., McCormick D., Bor D.H. (2000) Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 2606-2610, DOI: 10.1001/jama.284.20.2606 – reference: Miles H., Johnson S., Amponsah-Afuwape S., Finch E., Leese M., Thornicroft G. (2003) Characteristics of subgroups of individuals with psychotic illness and a comorbid substance use disorder. Psychiatric Services, 54(4), 554-561. – reference: Grant D.R., Kravitz-Wirtz N., Aguilar-Gaxiola S., Sribney W.M., Aydin M., Brown E.R. (2010) Mental Health Status and Use of Mental Health Services by California Adults, Los Angeles, CA, UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. – reference: Kessler R.C., Andrews G., Colpe L.J., Hiripi E., Mroczek D.K., Normand S.L., Walters E.E., Zaslavsky A.M. (2002) Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32, 959-976, DOI: 10.1017/S0033291702006074 – reference: Sanchez-Villegas A., Ara I., Guillen-Grima F, Bes-Rastrollo M., Varo-Cenarruzabeitia J.J., Martínez-González M.A. (2008) Physical activity, sedentary index, and mental disorders in the SUN cohort study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40, 827-834, DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31816348b9 – year: 2009 – volume: 60 start-page: 184 issue: 2 year: 2003 end-page: 189 article-title: Screening for serious mental illness in the general population publication-title: Archives of General Psychiatry – volume: 68 start-page: 267 year: 2004 end-page: 274 article-title: A minimally intrusive method for sampling persons in Random Digit Dialing Surveys publication-title: Public Opinion Quarterly – volume: 54 start-page: 554 issue: 4 year: 2003 end-page: 561 article-title: Characteristics of subgroups of individuals with psychotic illness and a comorbid substance use disorder publication-title: Psychiatric Services – volume: 143 start-page: 29 issue: 1 year: 1982 end-page: 36 article-title: The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve publication-title: Radiology – volume: 53 start-page: 963 issue: 41 year: 2004 end-page: 966 article-title: Self‐reported frequent mental distress among adults – United States, 1993–2001 publication-title: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report – year: 1996 – volume: 7 start-page: 46 year: 2007 article-title: The effects of alcohol consumption, psychological distress and smoking status on emergency department presentations in New South Wales, Australia publication-title: BMC Public Health – year: 2009b – volume: 2 start-page: A03 issue: 4 year: 2005 article-title: Community‐based participatory research in the California Health Interview Survey publication-title: Preventing Chronic Disease – volume: 40 start-page: 827 year: 2008 end-page: 834 article-title: Physical activity, sedentary index, and mental disorders in the SUN cohort study publication-title: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise – year: 1994 – volume: 33 start-page: 357 issue: 2 year: 2003 end-page: 362 article-title: The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well‐Being publication-title: Psychological Medicine – volume: 40 start-page: 743 year: 2005 end-page: 748 article-title: Predictive gender and education bias in Kessler's psychological distress scale (K10) publication-title: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology – year: 2010 – volume: 19 start-page: 4 issue: Suppl 1 year: 2010 end-page: 22 article-title: Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative publication-title: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research – volume: 52 start-page: 256 issue: 4 year: 2007 end-page: 259 article-title: The sensitivity of the K6 as a screen for any disorder in community mental health surveys: a cautionary note publication-title: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry – volume: 59 start-page: 813 year: 2004 end-page: 823 article-title: Physical, mental and social factors associated with frequent attendance in Danish general practice. A population‐based cross‐sectional study publication-title: Social Science & Medicine – volume: 284 start-page: 2606 year: 2000 end-page: 2610 article-title: Smoking and mental illness: a population‐based prevalence study publication-title: Journal of the American Medical Association – volume: 165 start-page: 703 year: 2008 end-page: 711 article-title: Individual and societal effects of mental disorders on earnings in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication publication-title: The American Journal of Psychiatry – year: 2004 – start-page: 59 year: 1996 end-page: 70 – volume: 60 start-page: 897 issue: 9 year: 2003 end-page: 903 article-title: Increased medical costs of a population‐based sample of depressed elderly patients publication-title: Archives of General Psychiatry – year: 2009c – year: 2009a – volume: 59 start-page: 1621 issue: 49 year: 2010 article-title: QuickStats: percentage of adults aged ≥ 18 years who experienced serious psychological distress during the preceding 30 days,* by sex and age group – National Health Interview Survey, 2009 publication-title: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report – volume: 32 start-page: 959 year: 2002 end-page: 976 article-title: Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non‐specific psychological distress publication-title: Psychological Medicine – year: 1999 – ident: e_1_2_7_9_1 doi: 10.1017/S0033291702006700 – ident: e_1_2_7_12_1 doi: 10.1186/1471‐2458‐7‐46 – volume: 53 start-page: 963 issue: 41 year: 2004 ident: e_1_2_7_29_1 article-title: Self‐reported frequent mental distress among adults – United States, 1993–2001 publication-title: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report – volume: 59 start-page: 1621 issue: 49 year: 2010 ident: e_1_2_7_8_1 article-title: QuickStats: percentage of adults aged ≥ 18 years who experienced serious psychological distress during the preceding 30 days,* by sex and age group – National Health Interview Survey, 2009 publication-title: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report – volume-title: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition year: 1994 ident: e_1_2_7_2_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_26_1 doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.11.027 – ident: e_1_2_7_27_1 doi: 10.1177/070674370705200408 – ident: e_1_2_7_7_1 – volume-title: SAS/STAT ® 9.2 User's Guide year: 2009 ident: e_1_2_7_24_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_15_1 doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184 – ident: e_1_2_7_3_1 doi: 10.1007/s00127‐005‐0935‐9 – ident: e_1_2_7_5_1 – volume-title: The Global Burden of Disease year: 1996 ident: e_1_2_7_21_1 – volume-title: Mental Health Status and Use of Mental Health Services by California Adults year: 2010 ident: e_1_2_7_10_1 – volume: 2 start-page: A03 issue: 4 year: 2005 ident: e_1_2_7_4_1 article-title: Community‐based participatory research in the California Health Interview Survey publication-title: Preventing Chronic Disease – ident: e_1_2_7_19_1 doi: 10.1001/jama.284.20.2606 – ident: e_1_2_7_13_1 doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.897 – start-page: 59 volume-title: Mental Health, United States, 1996 year: 1996 ident: e_1_2_7_16_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_23_1 doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31816348b9 – ident: e_1_2_7_17_1 doi: 10.1002/mpr.310 – ident: e_1_2_7_20_1 doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.54.4.554 – volume-title: The World Health Report 2004: Changing History, Annex Table 3: Burden of Disease in DALYs by Cause, Sex, and Mortality Stratum in WHO Regions, Estimates for 2002 year: 2004 ident: e_1_2_7_28_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_14_1 doi: 10.1017/S0033291702006074 – volume-title: Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General year: 1999 ident: e_1_2_7_25_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_6_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_22_1 doi: 10.1093/poq/nfh014 – ident: e_1_2_7_18_1 doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010126 – ident: e_1_2_7_11_1 doi: 10.1148/radiology.143.1.7063747 |
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| Snippet | The widely‐used Kessler K6 non‐specific distress scale screens for severe mental illness defined as a K6 score ≥ 13, estimated to afflict about 6% of US... The widely-used Kessler K6 non-specific distress scale screens for severe mental illness defined as a K6 score ≥ 13, estimated to afflict about 6% of US... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Female Health Services Needs and Demand Humans Kessler Male Mental Disorders - diagnosis Mental Disorders - epidemiology Mental Disorders - therapy mental distress Mental Health Middle Aged psychiatric scale Psychiatric Status Rating Scales - statistics & numerical data Psychometrics ROC Curve Sensitivity and Specificity Sex Factors Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology Young Adult |
| Title | Validity study of the K6 scale as a measure of moderate mental distress based on mental health treatment need and utilization |
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