Deciphering the Interactions in the Root–Soil Nexus Caused by Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors: A Review

Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH3) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitr...

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Published inAgronomy (Basel) Vol. 13; no. 6; p. 1603
Main Authors Gupta, Sneha, Yildirim, Sibel, Andrikopoulos, Benjamin, Wille, Uta, Roessner, Ute
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 01.06.2023
Subjects
20th century
Agricultural practices
agronomy
Amino acids
Ammonia
Ammonium
Availability
Bacteria
clay
Clay minerals
Corn
Crop fields
Crop production
Crop yield
Crops
Denitrification
Ecosystems
Emissions
Fertilizer industry
Fertilizers
hydrolysis
Inhibitors
Interlayers
Leaching
Legumes
Metabolism
Microorganisms
Minerals
Nitrates
Nitrification
nitrification inhibitors
nitrites
Nitrogen
nitrogen cycling
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrosomonas
Nitrous oxide
Outdoor air quality
Plant growth
plant nitrogen uptake
Proteins
Reviews
runoff
smart agriculture
soil
Soil bacteria
Soil microorganisms
Soils
Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable production
Synchronism
temperature
Urea
Urease
Vaporization
Volatilization
wind
Australia
Serbia
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Abstract Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH3) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitrification, nitrate (NO3−) leaching, and runoff. Additionally, N can become immobilized by soil minerals when ammonium (NH4+) gets trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals. Although synchronizing N availability with plant uptake could potentially reduce N loss, this approach is hindered by the fact that N loss from crop fields is typically influenced by a combination of management practices (which can be controlled) and weather dynamics, particularly precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and wind (which are beyond our control). In recent years, the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors has emerged as a strategy to temporarily delay the microbiological transformations of N-based fertilizers, thereby synchronizing N availability with plant uptake and mitigating N loss. Urease inhibitors slow down the hydrolysis of urea to NH4+ and reduce nitrogen loss through NH3 volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors temporarily inhibit soil bacteria (Nitrosomonas spp.) that convert NH4+ to nitrite (NO2−), thereby slowing down the first and rate-determining step of the nitrification process and reducing nitrogen loss as NO3− or through denitrification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of urease and nitrification inhibitor technologies and their profound implications for plants and root nitrogen uptake. It underscores the critical need to develop design principles for inhibitors with enhanced efficiency, highlighting their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into future directions for inhibitor usage and emphasizes the essential traits that superior inhibitors should possess, thereby paving the way for innovative advancements in optimizing nitrogen management and ensuring sustainable crop production.
AbstractList Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH3) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitrification, nitrate (NO3−) leaching, and runoff. Additionally, N can become immobilized by soil minerals when ammonium (NH4+) gets trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals. Although synchronizing N availability with plant uptake could potentially reduce N loss, this approach is hindered by the fact that N loss from crop fields is typically influenced by a combination of management practices (which can be controlled) and weather dynamics, particularly precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and wind (which are beyond our control). In recent years, the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors has emerged as a strategy to temporarily delay the microbiological transformations of N-based fertilizers, thereby synchronizing N availability with plant uptake and mitigating N loss. Urease inhibitors slow down the hydrolysis of urea to NH4+ and reduce nitrogen loss through NH3 volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors temporarily inhibit soil bacteria (Nitrosomonas spp.) that convert NH4+ to nitrite (NO2−), thereby slowing down the first and rate-determining step of the nitrification process and reducing nitrogen loss as NO3− or through denitrification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of urease and nitrification inhibitor technologies and their profound implications for plants and root nitrogen uptake. It underscores the critical need to develop design principles for inhibitors with enhanced efficiency, highlighting their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into future directions for inhibitor usage and emphasizes the essential traits that superior inhibitors should possess, thereby paving the way for innovative advancements in optimizing nitrogen management and ensuring sustainable crop production.
Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH₃) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitrification, nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching, and runoff. Additionally, N can become immobilized by soil minerals when ammonium (NH₄⁺) gets trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals. Although synchronizing N availability with plant uptake could potentially reduce N loss, this approach is hindered by the fact that N loss from crop fields is typically influenced by a combination of management practices (which can be controlled) and weather dynamics, particularly precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and wind (which are beyond our control). In recent years, the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors has emerged as a strategy to temporarily delay the microbiological transformations of N-based fertilizers, thereby synchronizing N availability with plant uptake and mitigating N loss. Urease inhibitors slow down the hydrolysis of urea to NH₄⁺ and reduce nitrogen loss through NH₃ volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors temporarily inhibit soil bacteria (Nitrosomonas spp.) that convert NH₄⁺ to nitrite (NO₂⁻), thereby slowing down the first and rate-determining step of the nitrification process and reducing nitrogen loss as NO₃⁻ or through denitrification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of urease and nitrification inhibitor technologies and their profound implications for plants and root nitrogen uptake. It underscores the critical need to develop design principles for inhibitors with enhanced efficiency, highlighting their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into future directions for inhibitor usage and emphasizes the essential traits that superior inhibitors should possess, thereby paving the way for innovative advancements in optimizing nitrogen management and ensuring sustainable crop production.
Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH[sub.3]) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitrification, nitrate (NO[sub.3] [sup.−]) leaching, and runoff. Additionally, N can become immobilized by soil minerals when ammonium (NH[sub.4] [sup.+]) gets trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals. Although synchronizing N availability with plant uptake could potentially reduce N loss, this approach is hindered by the fact that N loss from crop fields is typically influenced by a combination of management practices (which can be controlled) and weather dynamics, particularly precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and wind (which are beyond our control). In recent years, the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors has emerged as a strategy to temporarily delay the microbiological transformations of N-based fertilizers, thereby synchronizing N availability with plant uptake and mitigating N loss. Urease inhibitors slow down the hydrolysis of urea to NH[sub.4] [sup.+] and reduce nitrogen loss through NH[sub.3] volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors temporarily inhibit soil bacteria (Nitrosomonas spp.) that convert NH[sub.4] [sup.+] to nitrite (NO[sub.2] [sup.−]), thereby slowing down the first and rate-determining step of the nitrification process and reducing nitrogen loss as NO[sub.3] [sup.−] or through denitrification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of urease and nitrification inhibitor technologies and their profound implications for plants and root nitrogen uptake. It underscores the critical need to develop design principles for inhibitors with enhanced efficiency, highlighting their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into future directions for inhibitor usage and emphasizes the essential traits that superior inhibitors should possess, thereby paving the way for innovative advancements in optimizing nitrogen management and ensuring sustainable crop production.
Audience Academic
Author Gupta, Sneha
Yildirim, Sibel
Andrikopoulos, Benjamin
Wille, Uta
Roessner, Ute
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ProviderPackageCode CITATION
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PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2023-06-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2023-06-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 06
  year: 2023
  text: 2023-06-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Basel
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Basel
PublicationTitle Agronomy (Basel)
PublicationYear 2023
Publisher MDPI AG
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
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Snippet Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops...
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SubjectTerms 20th century
Agricultural practices
agronomy
Amino acids
Ammonia
Ammonium
Availability
Bacteria
clay
Clay minerals
Corn
Crop fields
Crop production
Crop yield
Crops
Denitrification
Ecosystems
Emissions
Fertilizer industry
Fertilizers
hydrolysis
Inhibitors
Interlayers
Leaching
Legumes
Metabolism
Microorganisms
Minerals
Nitrates
Nitrification
nitrification inhibitors
nitrites
Nitrogen
nitrogen cycling
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrosomonas
Nitrous oxide
Outdoor air quality
Plant growth
plant nitrogen uptake
Proteins
Reviews
runoff
smart agriculture
soil
Soil bacteria
Soil microorganisms
Soils
Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable production
Synchronism
temperature
Urea
Urease
Vaporization
Volatilization
wind
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Title Deciphering the Interactions in the Root–Soil Nexus Caused by Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors: A Review
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Volume 13
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