Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Chronic Stress

The Hepatitis B virus is one of the most significant hepatocarcinogens globally. The carcinogenic mechanisms of this virus are complex, and may include interactions with the host's immune system. Certain factors, such as stress on the body, can also potentiate these mechanisms. Stress, although...

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Published inInternational journal of molecular sciences Vol. 23; no. 7; p. 3917
Main Authors Noverati, Nicholas, Bashir-Hamidu, Rukaiya, Halegoua-DeMarzio, Dina, Hann, Hie-Won
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 01.04.2022
MDPI
Subjects
Antigens
Cancer therapies
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogens
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - pathology
chronic stress
Cytokines
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B - complications
Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis B, Chronic - complications
hepatocarcinogenesis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Homeostasis
Humans
Immune system
Infections
Liver cancer
Liver Neoplasms - pathology
Minority & ethnic groups
Pathogenesis
Psychological stress
Race factors
Review
Risk analysis
Risk factors
Social interactions
Tumorigenesis
Tumors
Vaccines
Viral infections
Viruses
Hepatitis B virus
chronic stress
hepatocarcinogenesis
hepatocellular carcinoma
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Summary:The Hepatitis B virus is one of the most significant hepatocarcinogens globally. The carcinogenic mechanisms of this virus are complex, and may include interactions with the host's immune system. Certain factors, such as stress on the body, can also potentiate these mechanisms. Stress, although adaptive in an acute form, is deleterious to health when chronic and can both suppress and activate the host's defense system. In hepatocellular carcinoma, this can lead to tumor initiation and progression. Those that are more prone to stress, or exposed to situations that incite stress, may be at higher risk of developing cancer. Racial disparities, for example, are a source of chronic psychosocial stress in America and predispose minorities to poorer outcomes. As it remains perplexing why some individuals with chronic hepatitis B develop feared complications while others do not, it is important to recognize as many risk factors as possible, including those often overlooked such as chronic stress.
Bibliography:ObjectType-Article-2
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ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms23073917