Global Gene Expression of Seed Coat Tissues Reveals a Potential Mechanism of Regulating Seed Size Formation in Castor Bean
The physiological and molecular basis of seed size formation is complex, and the development of seed coat (derived from integument cells) might be a critical factor that determines seed size formation for many endospermic seeds. Castor bean ( L.), a model system of studying seed biology, has large a...
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Published in | International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 20; no. 6; p. 1282 |
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Abstract | The physiological and molecular basis of seed size formation is complex, and the development of seed coat (derived from integument cells) might be a critical factor that determines seed size formation for many endospermic seeds. Castor bean (
L.), a model system of studying seed biology, has large and persistent endosperm with a hard seed coat at maturity. Here, we investigated the potential molecular mechanisms underlying seed size formation in castor bean by comparing the difference between global gene expression within developing seed coat tissues between the large-seed ZB107 and small-seed ZB306. First, we observed the cell size of seed coat and concluded that the large seed coat area of ZB107 resulted from more cell numbers (rather than cell size). Furthermore, we found that the lignin proportion of seed coat was higher in ZB306. An investigation into global gene expression of developing seed coat tissues revealed that 815 genes were up-regulated and 813 were down-regulated in ZB306 relative to ZB107. Interestingly, we found that many genes involved in regulating cell division were up-regulated in ZB107, whereas many genes involved in regulating lignin biosynthesis (including several NAC members, as well as MYB46/83 and MYB58/63) and in mediating programmed cell death (such as CysEP1 and βVPE) were up-regulated in ZB306. Furthermore, the expression patterns of the genes mentioned above indicated that the lignification of seed coat tissues was enhanced and occurred earlier in the developing seeds of ZB306. Taken together, we tentatively proposed a potential scenario for explaining the molecular mechanisms of seed coat governing seed size formation in castor bean by increasing the cell number and delaying the onset of lignification in seed coat tissues in large-seed ZB107. This study not only presents new information for possible modulation of seed coat related genes to improve castor seed yield, but also provides new insights into understanding the molecular basis of seed size formation in endospermic seeds with hard seed coat. |
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AbstractList | The physiological and molecular basis of seed size formation is complex, and the development of seed coat (derived from integument cells) might be a critical factor that determines seed size formation for many endospermic seeds. Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), a model system of studying seed biology, has large and persistent endosperm with a hard seed coat at maturity. Here, we investigated the potential molecular mechanisms underlying seed size formation in castor bean by comparing the difference between global gene expression within developing seed coat tissues between the large-seed ZB107 and small-seed ZB306. First, we observed the cell size of seed coat and concluded that the large seed coat area of ZB107 resulted from more cell numbers (rather than cell size). Furthermore, we found that the lignin proportion of seed coat was higher in ZB306. An investigation into global gene expression of developing seed coat tissues revealed that 815 genes were up-regulated and 813 were down-regulated in ZB306 relative to ZB107. Interestingly, we found that many genes involved in regulating cell division were up-regulated in ZB107, whereas many genes involved in regulating lignin biosynthesis (including several NAC members, as well as MYB46/83 and MYB58/63) and in mediating programmed cell death (such as CysEP1 and βVPE) were up-regulated in ZB306. Furthermore, the expression patterns of the genes mentioned above indicated that the lignification of seed coat tissues was enhanced and occurred earlier in the developing seeds of ZB306. Taken together, we tentatively proposed a potential scenario for explaining the molecular mechanisms of seed coat governing seed size formation in castor bean by increasing the cell number and delaying the onset of lignification in seed coat tissues in large-seed ZB107. This study not only presents new information for possible modulation of seed coat related genes to improve castor seed yield, but also provides new insights into understanding the molecular basis of seed size formation in endospermic seeds with hard seed coat. The physiological and molecular basis of seed size formation is complex, and the development of seed coat (derived from integument cells) might be a critical factor that determines seed size formation for many endospermic seeds. Castor bean ( L.), a model system of studying seed biology, has large and persistent endosperm with a hard seed coat at maturity. Here, we investigated the potential molecular mechanisms underlying seed size formation in castor bean by comparing the difference between global gene expression within developing seed coat tissues between the large-seed ZB107 and small-seed ZB306. First, we observed the cell size of seed coat and concluded that the large seed coat area of ZB107 resulted from more cell numbers (rather than cell size). Furthermore, we found that the lignin proportion of seed coat was higher in ZB306. An investigation into global gene expression of developing seed coat tissues revealed that 815 genes were up-regulated and 813 were down-regulated in ZB306 relative to ZB107. Interestingly, we found that many genes involved in regulating cell division were up-regulated in ZB107, whereas many genes involved in regulating lignin biosynthesis (including several NAC members, as well as MYB46/83 and MYB58/63) and in mediating programmed cell death (such as CysEP1 and βVPE) were up-regulated in ZB306. Furthermore, the expression patterns of the genes mentioned above indicated that the lignification of seed coat tissues was enhanced and occurred earlier in the developing seeds of ZB306. Taken together, we tentatively proposed a potential scenario for explaining the molecular mechanisms of seed coat governing seed size formation in castor bean by increasing the cell number and delaying the onset of lignification in seed coat tissues in large-seed ZB107. This study not only presents new information for possible modulation of seed coat related genes to improve castor seed yield, but also provides new insights into understanding the molecular basis of seed size formation in endospermic seeds with hard seed coat. The physiological and molecular basis of seed size formation is complex, and the development of seed coat (derived from integument cells) might be a critical factor that determines seed size formation for many endospermic seeds. Castor bean ( Ricinus communis L.), a model system of studying seed biology, has large and persistent endosperm with a hard seed coat at maturity. Here, we investigated the potential molecular mechanisms underlying seed size formation in castor bean by comparing the difference between global gene expression within developing seed coat tissues between the large-seed ZB107 and small-seed ZB306. First, we observed the cell size of seed coat and concluded that the large seed coat area of ZB107 resulted from more cell numbers (rather than cell size). Furthermore, we found that the lignin proportion of seed coat was higher in ZB306. An investigation into global gene expression of developing seed coat tissues revealed that 815 genes were up-regulated and 813 were down-regulated in ZB306 relative to ZB107. Interestingly, we found that many genes involved in regulating cell division were up-regulated in ZB107, whereas many genes involved in regulating lignin biosynthesis (including several NAC members, as well as MYB46/83 and MYB58/63) and in mediating programmed cell death (such as CysEP1 and βVPE) were up-regulated in ZB306. Furthermore, the expression patterns of the genes mentioned above indicated that the lignification of seed coat tissues was enhanced and occurred earlier in the developing seeds of ZB306. Taken together, we tentatively proposed a potential scenario for explaining the molecular mechanisms of seed coat governing seed size formation in castor bean by increasing the cell number and delaying the onset of lignification in seed coat tissues in large-seed ZB107. This study not only presents new information for possible modulation of seed coat related genes to improve castor seed yield, but also provides new insights into understanding the molecular basis of seed size formation in endospermic seeds with hard seed coat. [...]MNT/ARF2 is a repressor of seed size, and thus extra cell division in the integuments of mnt (megaintegumenta) mutation leads to the formation of enlarged seed coats [15]. [...]final seed size is determined by the co-ordinated growth of three seed components, embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. The expression level of LAC4 is regulated by miR397b, and determines lignin biosynthesis and seed yield in Arabidopsis [27]. [...]the biosynthesis of the secondary cell wall (including cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) can also be activated by the secondary cell wall NAC transcription factors (VND6, VND7, SND1, etc.) as well as MYB transcription factors, i.e. MYB46 and MYB83 [28,29,30]. According to the change in embryo length and seed coat color [16], the process of castor bean seed development can be divided into three stages, i.e., the early stage, middle stage, and late stage. [...]the large-seed ZB107 underwent a longer development duration than the small-seed ZB306, implying that the seed coat tissues of ZB107 had a longer cell division phase and generated more cell numbers than ZB306. Since the cell lignification of seed coat tissues physically limited the seed development in volume [31], we investigated the lignin content of seed coat tissues for the mature seeds of ZB107 and ZB306 when the lignification process had finished. |
Author | Wang, Zaiqing Zhang, Yang Li, Fei Liu, Aizhong Yu, Anmin |
AuthorAffiliation | 3 Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oil Crops Biology, Crops Research Institute of Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; pengzhang_123@163.com 2 University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 1 Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; yuanmin@mail.kib.ac.cn (A.Y.); wangzaiqing@mail.kib.ac.cn (Z.W.); lifeia@mail.kib.ac.cn (F.L.) 4 Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; yuanmin@mail.kib.ac.cn (A.Y.); wangzaiqing@mail.kib.ac.cn (Z.W.); lifeia@mail.kib.ac.cn (F.L.) – name: 4 Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China – name: 2 University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China – name: 3 Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oil Crops Biology, Crops Research Institute of Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; pengzhang_123@163.com |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Anmin surname: Yu fullname: Yu, Anmin email: yuanmin@mail.kib.ac.cn, yuanmin@mail.kib.ac.cn organization: University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. yuanmin@mail.kib.ac.cn – sequence: 2 givenname: Zaiqing surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Zaiqing email: wangzaiqing@mail.kib.ac.cn, wangzaiqing@mail.kib.ac.cn organization: University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. wangzaiqing@mail.kib.ac.cn – sequence: 3 givenname: Yang surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Yang email: pengzhang_123@163.com organization: Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oil Crops Biology, Crops Research Institute of Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China. pengzhang_123@163.com – sequence: 4 givenname: Fei surname: Li fullname: Li, Fei email: lifeia@mail.kib.ac.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China. lifeia@mail.kib.ac.cn – sequence: 5 givenname: Aizhong surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Aizhong email: liuaizhong@mail.kib.ac.cn organization: Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China. liuaizhong@mail.kib.ac.cn |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30875738$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Keywords | cell division lignin castor bean seed coat seed size |
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Snippet | The physiological and molecular basis of seed size formation is complex, and the development of seed coat (derived from integument cells) might be a critical... [...]MNT/ARF2 is a repressor of seed size, and thus extra cell division in the integuments of mnt (megaintegumenta) mutation leads to the formation of enlarged... |
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SubjectTerms | Alcohol Biosynthesis castor bean Cell division Cell growth Cell size Cell walls Cellulose Coating Embryos Endosperm Gene expression Gene Expression Profiling - methods Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Gene Ontology Gene Regulatory Networks Hemicellulose High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing Lignin Lignin - biosynthesis Mutation Oilseeds Phylogeny Plant growth Plant Proteins - genetics Plant reproduction Ricinus communis - anatomy & histology Ricinus communis - genetics Ricinus communis - metabolism seed coat Seed coats seed size Seeds Seeds - anatomy & histology Seeds - genetics Seeds - metabolism Sequence Analysis, DNA Transcription factors |
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Title | Global Gene Expression of Seed Coat Tissues Reveals a Potential Mechanism of Regulating Seed Size Formation in Castor Bean |
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