Multifaceted Mechanisms of Action of Metformin Which Have Been Unraveled One after Another in the Long History - Kaneto, Hideaki; Kimura, Tomohiko; Obata, Atsushi; Shimoda, Masashi; Kaku, Kohei (International journal of molecular sciences, 2021)
Keywords: Antidiabetics; Apoptosis; Arteriosclerosis; Autophagy - drug effects; Biosynthesis; Cell growth; Clinical medicine; COVID-19 - complications; COVID-19 - mortality; Diabetes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - drug therapy; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - mortality; Digestive system; Drugs; Gastrointestinal Microbiome - drug effects; Glucagon; Glucose; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypoxia; Insulin resistance; Insulin-Secreting Cells - drug effects; Insulin-Secreting Cells - metabolism; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - drug effects; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - metabolism; Ischemia; Kinases; Liver; Metformin - pharmacology; Microbiota; Musculoskeletal system; Nitric oxide; Peptides; Proteins; Review; Transcription factors; COVID-19; autophagy; gut microbiome; GDF15; glucagon signaling; mTOR; AMPK; metformin