Reconceptualization of Hormetic Responses in the Frame of Redox Toxicology
Cellular adaptive mechanisms emerging after exposure to low levels of toxic agents or stressful stimuli comprise an important biological feature that has gained considerable scientific interest. Investigations of low-dose exposures to diverse chemical compounds signify the non-linear mode of action...
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Published in | International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 23; no. 1; p. 49 |
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Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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21.12.2021
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Abstract | Cellular adaptive mechanisms emerging after exposure to low levels of toxic agents or stressful stimuli comprise an important biological feature that has gained considerable scientific interest. Investigations of low-dose exposures to diverse chemical compounds signify the non-linear mode of action in the exposed cell or organism at such dose levels in contrast to the classic detrimental effects induced at higher ones, a phenomenon usually referred to as hormesis. The resulting phenotype is a beneficial effect that tests our physiology within the limits of our homeostatic adaptations. Therefore, doses below the region of adverse responses are of particular interest and are specified as the hormetic gain zone. The manifestation of redox adaptations aiming to prevent from disturbances of redox homeostasis represent an area of particular interest in hormetic responses, observed after exposure not only to stressors but also to compounds of natural origin, such as phytochemicals. Findings from previous studies on several agents demonstrate the heterogeneity of the specific zone in terms of the molecular events occurring. Major factors deeply involved in these biphasic phenomena are the bioactive compound per se, the dose level, the duration of exposure, the cell, tissue or even organ exposed to and, of course, the biomarker examined. In the end, the molecular fate is a complex toxicological event, based on beneficial and detrimental effects, which, however, are poorly understood to date. |
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AbstractList | Cellular adaptive mechanisms emerging after exposure to low levels of toxic agents or stressful stimuli comprise an important biological feature that has gained considerable scientific interest. Investigations of low-dose exposures to diverse chemical compounds signify the non-linear mode of action in the exposed cell or organism at such dose levels in contrast to the classic detrimental effects induced at higher ones, a phenomenon usually referred to as hormesis. The resulting phenotype is a beneficial effect that tests our physiology within the limits of our homeostatic adaptations. Therefore, doses below the region of adverse responses are of particular interest and are specified as the hormetic gain zone. The manifestation of redox adaptations aiming to prevent from disturbances of redox homeostasis represent an area of particular interest in hormetic responses, observed after exposure not only to stressors but also to compounds of natural origin, such as phytochemicals. Findings from previous studies on several agents demonstrate the heterogeneity of the specific zone in terms of the molecular events occurring. Major factors deeply involved in these biphasic phenomena are the bioactive compound per se, the dose level, the duration of exposure, the cell, tissue or even organ exposed to and, of course, the biomarker examined. In the end, the molecular fate is a complex toxicological event, based on beneficial and detrimental effects, which, however, are poorly understood to date. |
Author | Vardakas, Periklis Nepka, Charitini Skaperda, Zoi Tekos, Fotios Kouretas, Demetrios |
AuthorAffiliation | 2 Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece; cnepka@yahoo.gr 1 Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; zoskaper@bio.uth.gr (Z.S.); ftekos@uth.gr (F.T.); periklis_vardakas94@hotmail.com (P.V.) |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; zoskaper@bio.uth.gr (Z.S.); ftekos@uth.gr (F.T.); periklis_vardakas94@hotmail.com (P.V.) – name: 2 Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece; cnepka@yahoo.gr |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Zoi orcidid: 0000-0001-5251-4925 surname: Skaperda fullname: Skaperda, Zoi organization: Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece – sequence: 2 givenname: Fotios orcidid: 0000-0002-9588-0367 surname: Tekos fullname: Tekos, Fotios organization: Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece – sequence: 3 givenname: Periklis surname: Vardakas fullname: Vardakas, Periklis organization: Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece – sequence: 4 givenname: Charitini surname: Nepka fullname: Nepka, Charitini organization: Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece – sequence: 5 givenname: Demetrios orcidid: 0000-0002-7469-6640 surname: Kouretas fullname: Kouretas, Demetrios organization: Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece |
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Keywords | polyphenols dose hormesis redox biomarkers oxidative stress duration of exposure |
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SubjectTerms | Adaptation Adaptation, Physiological - physiology Animals Antioxidants Apoptosis Bioactive compounds Biocompatibility Biomarkers Biomarkers - metabolism Chemical compounds Dietary supplements dose duration of exposure Enzymes Exposure Heterogeneity Homeostasis Hormesis Hormesis - physiology Humans Metabolism Olive oil Oxidation-Reduction Oxidative stress Phenotypes Phytochemicals polyphenols Radiation redox biomarkers Regulation Review Toxicology Toxicology - methods |
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Title | Reconceptualization of Hormetic Responses in the Frame of Redox Toxicology |
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