Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) forms a cluster of metabolic dysregulations including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of MetS encompasses multiple genetic and acquired entities that fall under the umbrella of insulin resistance and chronic...
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| Published in | International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 23; no. 2; p. 786 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
12.01.2022
MDPI |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Metabolic syndrome (MetS) forms a cluster of metabolic dysregulations including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of MetS encompasses multiple genetic and acquired entities that fall under the umbrella of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. If left untreated, MetS is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Given that CVDs constitute by far the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, it has become essential to investigate the role played by MetS in this context to reduce the heavy burden of the disease. As such, and while MetS relatively constitutes a novel clinical entity, the extent of research about the disease has been exponentially growing in the past few decades. However, many aspects of this clinical entity are still not completely understood, and many questions remain unanswered to date. In this review, we provide a historical background and highlight the epidemiology of MetS. We also discuss the current and latest knowledge about the histopathology and pathophysiology of the disease. Finally, we summarize the most recent updates about the management and the prevention of this clinical syndrome. |
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| AbstractList | Metabolic syndrome (MetS) forms a cluster of metabolic dysregulations including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of MetS encompasses multiple genetic and acquired entities that fall under the umbrella of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. If left untreated, MetS is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Given that CVDs constitute by far the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, it has become essential to investigate the role played by MetS in this context to reduce the heavy burden of the disease. As such, and while MetS relatively constitutes a novel clinical entity, the extent of research about the disease has been exponentially growing in the past few decades. However, many aspects of this clinical entity are still not completely understood, and many questions remain unanswered to date. In this review, we provide a historical background and highlight the epidemiology of MetS. We also discuss the current and latest knowledge about the histopathology and pathophysiology of the disease. Finally, we summarize the most recent updates about the management and the prevention of this clinical syndrome. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) forms a cluster of metabolic dysregulations including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of MetS encompasses multiple genetic and acquired entities that fall under the umbrella of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. If left untreated, MetS is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Given that CVDs constitute by far the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, it has become essential to investigate the role played by MetS in this context to reduce the heavy burden of the disease. As such, and while MetS relatively constitutes a novel clinical entity, the extent of research about the disease has been exponentially growing in the past few decades. However, many aspects of this clinical entity are still not completely understood, and many questions remain unanswered to date. In this review, we provide a historical background and highlight the epidemiology of MetS. We also discuss the current and latest knowledge about the histopathology and pathophysiology of the disease. Finally, we summarize the most recent updates about the management and the prevention of this clinical syndrome.Metabolic syndrome (MetS) forms a cluster of metabolic dysregulations including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of MetS encompasses multiple genetic and acquired entities that fall under the umbrella of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. If left untreated, MetS is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Given that CVDs constitute by far the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, it has become essential to investigate the role played by MetS in this context to reduce the heavy burden of the disease. As such, and while MetS relatively constitutes a novel clinical entity, the extent of research about the disease has been exponentially growing in the past few decades. However, many aspects of this clinical entity are still not completely understood, and many questions remain unanswered to date. In this review, we provide a historical background and highlight the epidemiology of MetS. We also discuss the current and latest knowledge about the histopathology and pathophysiology of the disease. Finally, we summarize the most recent updates about the management and the prevention of this clinical syndrome. |
| Author | Allam, Sabine Bouferraa, Youssef Fahed, Gracia Aoun, Laurence Assi, Hazem I. Bou Zerdan, Morgan Bou Zerdan, Maroun |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, New York, NY 13205, USA; marounzerdan@gmail.com 6 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 2020, Lebanon 2 Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh 1200, Lebanon; Laurenceaoun90@gmail.com 5 Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; youssefbf95@gmail.com 1 Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 2020, Lebanon; gif04@mail.aub.edu (G.F.); morganzerdan@gmail.com (M.B.Z.) 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Beirut 1100, Lebanon; sabineallam@hotmail.com |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh 1200, Lebanon; Laurenceaoun90@gmail.com – name: 4 Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, New York, NY 13205, USA; marounzerdan@gmail.com – name: 1 Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 2020, Lebanon; gif04@mail.aub.edu (G.F.); morganzerdan@gmail.com (M.B.Z.) – name: 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Beirut 1100, Lebanon; sabineallam@hotmail.com – name: 6 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 2020, Lebanon – name: 5 Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; youssefbf95@gmail.com |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Gracia surname: Fahed fullname: Fahed, Gracia – sequence: 2 givenname: Laurence surname: Aoun fullname: Aoun, Laurence – sequence: 3 givenname: Morgan surname: Bou Zerdan fullname: Bou Zerdan, Morgan – sequence: 4 givenname: Sabine surname: Allam fullname: Allam, Sabine – sequence: 5 givenname: Maroun orcidid: 0000-0002-9229-3079 surname: Bou Zerdan fullname: Bou Zerdan, Maroun – sequence: 6 givenname: Youssef surname: Bouferraa fullname: Bouferraa, Youssef – sequence: 7 givenname: Hazem I. orcidid: 0000-0002-8483-0938 surname: Assi fullname: Assi, Hazem I. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35054972$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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