Neurodevelopmental Impairments as Long-term Effects of Iron Deficiency in Early Childhood: A Systematic Review

• Published in: Balkan medical journal Vol. 42; no. 2; pp. 108 - 120
• Main Authors: Theola, Jason, Andriastuti, Murti
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Turkey Galenos Yayinevi Tic. Ltd 03.03.2025; Aves Yayincilik Ltd. STI; Galenos Publishing; Galenos Publishing House
• Subjects: Age; Anemia; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - complications; Babies; Bias; Brain research; Causes of; Child; Child development deviations; Child, Preschool; Childhood; Clinical trials; Cognition & reasoning; Cognitive ability; Cohort analysis; Complications and side effects; Content analysis; Developmental disabilities; Evidence; Hemoglobin; Humans; Infant; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Iron deficiency anemia; Medical Subject Headings-MeSH; Memory; Meta-analysis; Motor ability; Neurodevelopmental disorders; Neurodevelopmental Disorders - etiology; Original; Statistical analysis; Systematic review; Indonesia
• DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2025.2024-11-24
• ISSN: 2146-3123; 2146-3131

Numerous studies have reported neurodevelopmental disorders in children with a history of early-life iron deficiency (ID), though findings vary. To evaluate the long-term impact of early childhood ID on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Systematic review. A literature search was conducted across five electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Sage, and Embase) using the keywords “iron deficiency anemia” and “infant.” The JBI critical appraisal tool for cohort studies was used to evaluate study quality. Seventeen relevant cohort studies were identified through the systematic search. Of these, 14 were rated as high quality, while 3 were classified as moderate quality. The neurodevelopmental domains assessed included cognitive deficits (seven studies), motor deficits (four studies), verbal deficits (seven studies), behavioral deficits (nine studies), auditory function (one study), and neuroendocrine function (two studies). Early-life ID disrupts neurodevelopment, leading to persistent cognitive, motor, behavioral, and neuroendocrine impairments. Children with a history of early childhood ID demonstrate poorer cognitive, motor, and behavioral outcomes compared with their non-ID counterparts. Preventing ID within the first 1,000 days of life is essential to mitigate irreversible deficits in motor, cognitive, and behavioral functions.