Unit of analysis issues in laboratory-based research
Many studies in the biomedical research literature report analyses that fail to recognise important data dependencies from multilevel or complex experimental designs. Statistical inferences resulting from such analyses are unlikely to be valid and are often potentially highly misleading. Failure to...
Saved in:
| Published in | eLife Vol. 7 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
eLife Sciences Publications Ltd
10.01.2018
eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | Many studies in the biomedical research literature report analyses that fail to recognise important data dependencies from multilevel or complex experimental designs. Statistical inferences resulting from such analyses are unlikely to be valid and are often potentially highly misleading. Failure to recognise this as a problem is often referred to in the statistical literature as a unit of analysis (UoA) issue. Here, by analysing two example datasets in a simulation study, we demonstrate the impact of UoA issues on study efficiency and estimation bias, and highlight where errors in analysis can occur. We also provide code (written in R) as a resource to help researchers undertake their own statistical analyses. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Many studies in the biomedical research literature report analyses that fail to recognise important data dependencies from multilevel or complex experimental designs. Statistical inferences resulting from such analyses are unlikely to be valid and are often potentially highly misleading. Failure to recognise this as a problem is often referred to in the statistical literature as a unit of analysis (UoA) issue. Here, by analysing two example datasets in a simulation study, we demonstrate the impact of UoA issues on study efficiency and estimation bias, and highlight where errors in analysis can occur. We also provide code (written in R) as a resource to help researchers undertake their own statistical analyses. Many studies in the biomedical research literature report analyses that fail to recognise important data dependencies from multilevel or complex experimental designs. Statistical inferences resulting from such analyses are unlikely to be valid and are often potentially highly misleading. Failure to recognise this as a problem is often referred to in the statistical literature as a unit of analysis (UoA) issue. Here, by analysing two example datasets in a simulation study, we demonstrate the impact of UoA issues on study efficiency and estimation bias, and highlight where errors in analysis can occur. We also provide code (written in R) as a resource to help researchers undertake their own statistical analyses. Many studies in the biomedical research literature report analyses that fail to recognise important data dependencies from multilevel or complex experimental designs. Statistical inferences resulting from such analyses are unlikely to be valid and are often potentially highly misleading. Failure to recognise this as a problem is often referred to in the statistical literature as a (UoA) issue. Here, by analysing two example datasets in a simulation study, we demonstrate the impact of UoA issues on study efficiency and estimation bias, and highlight where errors in analysis can occur. We also provide code (written in R) as a resource to help researchers undertake their own statistical analyses. Many studies in the biomedical research literature report analyses that fail to recognise important data dependencies from multilevel or complex experimental designs. Statistical inferences resulting from such analyses are unlikely to be valid and are often potentially highly misleading. Failure to recognise this as a problem is often referred to in the statistical literature as a unit of analysis (UoA) issue. Here, by analysing two example datasets in a simulation study, we demonstrate the impact of UoA issues on study efficiency and estimation bias, and highlight where errors in analysis can occur. We also provide code (written in R) as a resource to help researchers undertake their own statistical analyses.Many studies in the biomedical research literature report analyses that fail to recognise important data dependencies from multilevel or complex experimental designs. Statistical inferences resulting from such analyses are unlikely to be valid and are often potentially highly misleading. Failure to recognise this as a problem is often referred to in the statistical literature as a unit of analysis (UoA) issue. Here, by analysing two example datasets in a simulation study, we demonstrate the impact of UoA issues on study efficiency and estimation bias, and highlight where errors in analysis can occur. We also provide code (written in R) as a resource to help researchers undertake their own statistical analyses. |
| Author | Sitch, Alice J Parsons, Nick R Teare, M Dawn |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Nick R orcidid: 0000-0001-9975-888X surname: Parsons fullname: Parsons, Nick R organization: Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom – sequence: 2 givenname: M Dawn surname: Teare fullname: Teare, M Dawn organization: Sheffield School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom – sequence: 3 givenname: Alice J orcidid: 0000-0001-7727-4497 surname: Sitch fullname: Sitch, Alice J organization: Public Health Building, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29319501$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNptkd1LZCEYhyVaqq2uuo8D3Swsp9SjR70JIvYjGNibDbqT169yOHMsPRPMf58z00bFeqGijw-v7-8r2h3T6BE6IfhccM4u_CwGf95RJvsddEAxxy2W7G733X4fHZcyx3UIJiVRe2ifqo4ojskBYrdjnJoUGhhhWJVYmljK0tdlbAYwKcOU8qo1ULxrsi8esn04Ql8CDMUfv66H6Pbnj7_Xv9vZn18311ez1jLBp7YPlDiPGVDDremZ4c5ZHhS1MrCApbMBiJHBWul60VOrHKF9qJMyTijoDtHN1usSzPVjjgvIK50g6s1Byvca8hTt4DUOHosAUijBmCEGKHNEYaW4pZ0jrrout67HpVl4Z_04ZRg-SD_ejPFB36dnzWtlpCdV8O1VkNNT7dCkF7FYPwww-rQsmiipuMSd4hU9-4TO0zLXBq8pRaXoMFsLT99X9FbKv3Aq8H0L2JxKyT68IQTrdfp6k77epF9p8om2cYIppvV34vDfNy9237L9 |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0278709 crossref_primary_10_1152_jn_00184_2022 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13104_022_05965_w crossref_primary_10_3389_fnut_2023_1241165 crossref_primary_10_7554_eLife_48175 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_joca_2018_06_017 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2024_111314 crossref_primary_10_1002_jor_25473 crossref_primary_10_1002_jor_24544 crossref_primary_10_7554_eLife_50732 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_celrep_2024_115046 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181649412 10.1186/1471-2288-13-19 10.1126/science.aaa1724 10.1002/9781118861769 10.1373/clinchem.2013.220335 10.1007/BF02599201 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000412 10.1111/2041-210X.12504 10.7554/eLife.05519 10.1017/CBO9781139020879 10.1136/bmj.314.7098.1874 10.1016/j.bdq.2015.11.002 10.1002/9781118548387 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62227-8 10.1186/1471-2288-11-102 10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00012 10.1017/S0080456800012163 10.1080/10618600.1996.10474713 10.1007/978-1-4419-0318-1 10.1038/nn.3648 10.1111/2041-210X.12306 10.1186/1471-2202-11-5 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.11.012 10.1371/journal.pone.0007824 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304587 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2017, Parsons et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ ) (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2017, Parsons et al 2017 Parsons et al |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2017, Parsons et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ ) (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2017, Parsons et al 2017 Parsons et al |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION NPM 3V. 7X7 7XB 88E 88I 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BBNVY BENPR BHPHI CCPQU DWQXO FYUFA GHDGH GNUQQ HCIFZ K9. LK8 M0S M1P M2P M7P PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS Q9U 7X8 5PM DOA |
| DOI | 10.7554/eLife.32486 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef PubMed ProQuest Central (Corporate) Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) Science Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Natural Science Collection Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials - QC Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central Natural Science Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Biological Sciences ProQuest Health & Medical Collection Proquest Medical Database Science Database Biological Science Database ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central Basic MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef PubMed Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Central Student ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest Natural Science Collection ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) Natural Science Collection ProQuest Central Korea Health & Medical Research Collection Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) ProQuest Science Journals (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central Basic ProQuest Science Journals ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) Biological Science Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | PubMed CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Biology Statistics Public Health |
| EISSN | 2050-084X |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_0fe07fa879744b1ba24d190995c23d1d PMC5762161 29319501 10_7554_eLife_32486 |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article |
| GeographicLocations | United Kingdom--UK |
| GeographicLocations_xml | – name: United Kingdom--UK |
| GroupedDBID | 53G 5VS 7X7 88E 88I 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ AAFWJ AAKDD AAYXX ABUWG ACGFO ACGOD ACPRK ADBBV ADRAZ AENEX AFKRA AFPKN ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS AZQEC BAWUL BBNVY BCNDV BENPR BHPHI BPHCQ BVXVI CCPQU CITATION DIK DWQXO EMOBN FYUFA GNUQQ GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HCIFZ HMCUK HYE IAO IEA IHR INH INR ISR ITC KQ8 LK8 M1P M2P M48 M7P M~E NQS OK1 PGMZT PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO RHI RNS RPM UKHRP NPM PJZUB PPXIY PQGLB 3V. 7XB 8FK K9. PKEHL PQEST PQUKI PRINS Q9U 7X8 5PM PUEGO |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-6f21de04a2b5cb64b5ddc5f92c8f4f08dcfa1b8fcc8d6762c9d126fd129bd79a3 |
| IEDL.DBID | DOA |
| ISSN | 2050-084X |
| IngestDate | Wed Aug 27 01:32:12 EDT 2025 Thu Aug 21 18:10:47 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 11 09:17:05 EDT 2025 Sat Aug 23 14:22:26 EDT 2025 Mon Jul 21 05:54:44 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 04:07:53 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:07:23 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | global health epidemiology experimental design Science Forum mixed-effects models statistics |
| Language | English |
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c475t-6f21de04a2b5cb64b5ddc5f92c8f4f08dcfa1b8fcc8d6762c9d126fd129bd79a3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 These authors contributed equally to this work. |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9975-888X 0000-0001-7727-4497 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://doaj.org/article/0fe07fa879744b1ba24d190995c23d1d |
| PMID | 29319501 |
| PQID | 1992873041 |
| PQPubID | 2045579 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_0fe07fa879744b1ba24d190995c23d1d pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5762161 proquest_miscellaneous_1989580395 proquest_journals_1992873041 pubmed_primary_29319501 crossref_primary_10_7554_eLife_32486 crossref_citationtrail_10_7554_eLife_32486 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2018-01-10 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2018-01-10 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 01 year: 2018 text: 2018-01-10 day: 10 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England – name: Cambridge |
| PublicationTitle | eLife |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Elife |
| PublicationYear | 2018 |
| Publisher | eLife Sciences Publications Ltd eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: eLife Sciences Publications Ltd – name: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd |
| References | Gelman (bib21) 2007 Aho (bib3) 2014 Academy of Medical Sciences (bib2) 2017 Hosmer (bib24) 2013 Snijders (bib41) 2012 Chow (bib14) 2008 Mangiafico (bib31) 2017 Parsons (bib37) 2017 Altman (bib5) 2001; 134 Kilkenny (bib28) 2009; 4 Altman (bib4) 1997; 314 Galwey (bib20) 2014 Hemming (bib23) 2011; 11 Fleming (bib18) 2013; 41 Pinheiro (bib39) 2016 Mead (bib35) 2012 Pinheiro (bib38) 2000 Diggle (bib15) 2013 R Core Team (bib40) 2016 Brown (bib9) 2015 Aarts (bib1) 2014; 17 Bouwmeester (bib8) 2013; 13 Altman (bib6) 2014; 60 Green (bib22) 2016; 7 Ioannidis (bib26) 2014; 383 Bunce (bib10) 2014; 98 CRAN (bib12) 2017 Calhoun (bib13) 2008; 46 Fox (bib19) 2011 McNutt (bib34) 2014; 346 Johnson (bib27) 2015; 6 Ihaka (bib25) 1996; 5 NC3Rs (bib36) 2017 Venables (bib42) 2017 Kilkenny (bib29) 2010; 8 McCullagh (bib33) 1998 Lazic (bib30) 2010; 11 Divine (bib16) 1992; 7 Bates (bib7) 2015; 67 Bustin (bib11) 2016; 7 Fisher (bib17) 1919; 52 Masca (bib32) 2015; 4 24411645 - Lancet. 2014 Jan 11;383(9912):166-75 21718530 - BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011 Jun 30;11:102 18520319 - Med Care. 2008 Jun;46(6):635-43 27077047 - Biomol Detect Quantif. 2015 Dec 28;7:A1-5 11304107 - Ann Intern Med. 2001 Apr 17;134(8):663-94 23414436 - BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013 Feb 15;13:19 25951517 - Elife. 2015 May 07;4:null 9224131 - BMJ. 1997 Jun 28;314(7098):1874 24671065 - Nat Neurosci. 2014 Apr;17(4):491-6 25893088 - Methods Ecol Evol. 2015 Feb;6(2):133-142 24520099 - Clin Chem. 2014 Apr;60(4):580-2 20074371 - BMC Neurosci. 2010 Jan 14;11:5 20613859 - PLoS Biol. 2010 Jun 29;8(6):e1000412 23201411 - J Dent. 2013 Mar;41(3):265-70 1453246 - J Gen Intern Med. 1992 Nov-Dec;7(6):623-9 19956596 - PLoS One. 2009 Nov 30;4(11):e7824 25383411 - Science. 2014 Nov 7;346(6210):679 24357496 - Br J Ophthalmol. 2014 Mar;98(3):408-12 |
| References_xml | – volume: 46 start-page: 635 year: 2008 ident: bib13 article-title: Addressing the unit of analysis in medical care studies: a systematic review publication-title: Medical Care doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181649412 – volume: 13 start-page: 10 year: 2013 ident: bib8 article-title: Prediction models for clustered data: comparison of a random intercept and standard regression model publication-title: BMC Medical Research Methodology doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-13-19 – volume: 346 start-page: 679 year: 2014 ident: bib34 article-title: Journals unite for reproducibility publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1724 – volume-title: Introduction to Mixed Modelling: Beyond Regression and Analysis of Variance year: 2014 ident: bib20 doi: 10.1002/9781118861769 – volume: 60 start-page: 580 year: 2014 ident: bib6 article-title: The time has come to register diagnostic and prognostic research publication-title: Clinical Chemistry doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.220335 – volume: 7 start-page: 623 year: 1992 ident: bib16 article-title: The unit of analysis error in studies about physicians' patient care behavior publication-title: Journal of General Internal Medicine doi: 10.1007/BF02599201 – volume-title: Nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models year: 2016 ident: bib39 – year: 2017 ident: bib2 article-title: Reproducibility and reliability of biomedical research – volume-title: Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling year: 2012 ident: bib41 – year: 2017 ident: bib42 article-title: An introduction to R. version 3.4.1 – volume: 67 start-page: 1 year: 2015 ident: bib7 article-title: Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4 publication-title: Journal of Statistical Software doi: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 – year: 2017 ident: bib12 article-title: The Comprehensive R Archive Network – volume: 8 start-page: e1000412 year: 2010 ident: bib29 article-title: Improving bioscience research reporting: the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research publication-title: PLoS Biology doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000412 – volume-title: Applied Mixed Models in Medicine year: 2015 ident: bib9 – volume: 7 start-page: 493 year: 2016 ident: bib22 article-title: SIMR : an R package for power analysis of generalized linear mixed models by simulation publication-title: Methods in Ecology and Evolution doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12504 – volume: 4 start-page: e05519 year: 2015 ident: bib32 article-title: RIPOSTE: a framework for improving the design and analysis of laboratory-based research publication-title: eLife doi: 10.7554/eLife.05519 – volume-title: Statistical Principles for the Design of Experiments year: 2012 ident: bib35 doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139020879 – volume: 314 start-page: 1874 year: 1997 ident: bib4 article-title: Statistics notes. Units of analysis publication-title: BMJ doi: 10.1136/bmj.314.7098.1874 – volume: 7 start-page: A1 year: 2016 ident: bib11 article-title: Improving the reliability of peer-reviewed publications: we are all in it together publication-title: Biomolecular Detection and Quantification doi: 10.1016/j.bdq.2015.11.002 – volume-title: Applied Logistic Regression year: 2013 ident: bib24 doi: 10.1002/9781118548387 – volume-title: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing year: 2016 ident: bib40 – volume: 383 start-page: 166 year: 2014 ident: bib26 article-title: Increasing value and reducing waste in research design, conduct, and analysis publication-title: The Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62227-8 – volume: 11 start-page: 102 year: 2011 ident: bib23 article-title: Sample size calculations for cluster randomised controlled trials with a fixed number of clusters publication-title: BMC Medical Research Methodology doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-11-102 – volume: 134 start-page: 663 year: 2001 ident: bib5 article-title: The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration publication-title: Annals of Internal Medicine doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00012 – volume-title: Analysis of Longitudinal Data year: 2013 ident: bib15 – volume: 52 start-page: 399 year: 1919 ident: bib17 article-title: XV. The correlation between relatives on the supposition of mendelian inheritance publication-title: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh doi: 10.1017/S0080456800012163 – volume: 5 start-page: 299 year: 1996 ident: bib25 article-title: R: a language for data analysis and graphics publication-title: Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics doi: 10.1080/10618600.1996.10474713 – volume-title: Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS year: 2000 ident: bib38 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0318-1 – volume-title: GitHub year: 2017 ident: bib37 article-title: R code for unit of analysis manuscript – volume: 17 start-page: 491 year: 2014 ident: bib1 article-title: A solution to dependency: using multilevel analysis to accommodate nested data publication-title: Nature Neuroscience doi: 10.1038/nn.3648 – volume: 6 start-page: 133 year: 2015 ident: bib27 article-title: Power analysis for generalized linear mixed models in ecology and evolution publication-title: Methods in Ecology and Evolution doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12306 – volume-title: Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models year: 2007 ident: bib21 – volume: 11 start-page: 5 year: 2010 ident: bib30 article-title: The problem of pseudoreplication in neuroscientific studies: is it affecting your analysis? publication-title: BMC Neuroscience doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-5 – year: 2017 ident: bib36 article-title: EDA: experimental design assistant – volume: 41 start-page: 265 year: 2013 ident: bib18 article-title: Are clustering effects accounted for in statistical analysis in leading dental specialty journals? publication-title: Journal of Dentistry doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.11.012 – volume: 4 start-page: e7824 year: 2009 ident: bib28 article-title: Survey of the quality of experimental design, statistical analysis and reporting of research using animals publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007824 – volume-title: Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research year: 2008 ident: bib14 – volume-title: Foundational and Applied Statistics for Biologists Using R year: 2014 ident: bib3 – volume-title: An R Companion to Applied Regression year: 2011 ident: bib19 – volume: 98 start-page: 408 year: 2014 ident: bib10 article-title: Ophthalmic statistics note 1: unit of analysis publication-title: British Journal of Ophthalmology doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304587 – year: 2017 ident: bib31 article-title: Summary and analysis of extension program evaluation in R: transforming data – volume-title: Generalized Linear Models year: 1998 ident: bib33 – reference: 9224131 - BMJ. 1997 Jun 28;314(7098):1874 – reference: 18520319 - Med Care. 2008 Jun;46(6):635-43 – reference: 21718530 - BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011 Jun 30;11:102 – reference: 23414436 - BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013 Feb 15;13:19 – reference: 24520099 - Clin Chem. 2014 Apr;60(4):580-2 – reference: 24357496 - Br J Ophthalmol. 2014 Mar;98(3):408-12 – reference: 27077047 - Biomol Detect Quantif. 2015 Dec 28;7:A1-5 – reference: 1453246 - J Gen Intern Med. 1992 Nov-Dec;7(6):623-9 – reference: 24671065 - Nat Neurosci. 2014 Apr;17(4):491-6 – reference: 25893088 - Methods Ecol Evol. 2015 Feb;6(2):133-142 – reference: 23201411 - J Dent. 2013 Mar;41(3):265-70 – reference: 20074371 - BMC Neurosci. 2010 Jan 14;11:5 – reference: 11304107 - Ann Intern Med. 2001 Apr 17;134(8):663-94 – reference: 25951517 - Elife. 2015 May 07;4:null – reference: 20613859 - PLoS Biol. 2010 Jun 29;8(6):e1000412 – reference: 25383411 - Science. 2014 Nov 7;346(6210):679 – reference: 24411645 - Lancet. 2014 Jan 11;383(9912):166-75 – reference: 19956596 - PLoS One. 2009 Nov 30;4(11):e7824 |
| SSID | ssj0000748819 |
| Score | 2.2319582 |
| Snippet | Many studies in the biomedical research literature report analyses that fail to recognise important data dependencies from multilevel or complex experimental... |
| SourceID | doaj pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref |
| SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source |
| SubjectTerms | Biomedical research Clinical trials Epidemiology and Global Health experimental design Experiments Generalized linear models Human subjects Laboratories Medical research mixed-effects models Public health Science Science Forum Scientists Statistical analysis Statistical methods Statistics |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: Health & Medical Collection dbid: 7X7 link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3fa9cwED90IgxE9OuvzikV9iTUtWnaJE-i4hiiPjn4vpXkkrjBaOd33z3sv99dm2_dV4YvLTQphLtL7pPL5XMAB1o75IB-4RXqQrooaEo1viidqK1CE5rxKObHz_b4RH5bNssUcLtMaZWbNXFcqP2AHCM_5DRJTeYoq48XfwquGsWnq6mExn14wNRlnNKllmqOsZB71OTxpmt5ihznYfh-FsMHAhF8d_qWIxr5-u8Cmf_mSt5yPkdP4HFCjfmnSc1P4V7oF_BwqiN5vYBHU_Atn-4ULWCXIeTEwPwMJMPKfIi5Tfwj-ShrevV5MoFhdV2wO_N54v45fQ4nR19_fTkuUq2EAqVq1kUbReVDKa1wDbpWusZ7bKIRqKOMpfYYbeV0RNS-pQUQja9EG-lhnFfG1i9gpx_68ApyV6FVbYleRpQOlfG1UMEZT5sbrNuQwfuN4DpMROJcz-K8ow0FS7kbpdyNUs7gYO58MfFn3N3tM2tg7sKk1-OHYfW7S3OoK2MoVbRa0R5IuspZIT3hGWMaFLWvfAb7G_11aSZedn_tJoN3czPNIT4YsX0YrriPJuMpa9Nk8HJS9zwSgkNcKZf-VluGsDXU7Zb-7HTk6aatnCBAvff_Yb2GXQJhnFFILnEfdtarq_CGgM7avR2t-Qbqh__v priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest – databaseName: Scholars Portal Journals: Open Access dbid: M48 link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Na9wwEB3SlEIupU2_3KbFhZwK3tqyZEmn0paGUJqeupCbkUZSEwh2ut1A9t9nJGuXbthjLzZYI5BnNJo3lvwG4Fgpi_GDfuUkqorbwMilhKtqy1ojUXuRtmLOfnanc_79XJzvwboYZ1bg352pXawnNV9czW7_rD6RwxN-nUmKhh_9j8vgZ4QMVPcAHlJIktFDzzLOT0uypHna6On_vPt9tiJSIu7fhTbvH5r8JwqdPIHHGT6Wnyd7P4U9PxzCo6mg5OoQDiJ2nKiXnwGPeLIcQ2ky8UiZlEy3ocy2HxerKsYxV2bSn4vnMD_59uvraZWLJFTIpVhWXWCN8zU3zAq0HbfCORRBM1SBh1o5DKaxKiAq19HKh9o1rAt00dZJbdoXsD-Mg38FpW3QyK5GxwNyi1K7lklvtaOsBtvOF_BhrageM4N4LGRx1VMmEbXaJ632SasFHG-EryfijN1iX6LGNyKR7To9GBe_--w8fR18LYNRkpIfbhtrGHcEZLQWyFrXuAKO1vbq1zOoj-dqFa1fvCng_aaZnCfuiJjBjzdRRmmh6laLAl5O5t2MhHBQLJFLveWW4beGut0yXF4kgm7K4Rgh6df_493ewAFhtHjgkCLmEewvFzf-LeGgpX2X5vgdVawKWw priority: 102 providerName: Scholars Portal |
| Title | Unit of analysis issues in laboratory-based research |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29319501 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1992873041 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1989580395 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC5762161 https://doaj.org/article/0fe07fa879744b1ba24d190995c23d1d |
| Volume | 7 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1RS-QwEB7u9jjwRU5Pz-re0gOfhJ5tmjTJ43koIqeInLBvJZkkKEhXdH3w3ztJ67J7CL7cSwvNFNKZJPNNM_kGYF8pi_GHfuEkqoLbwGhKCVeUltVGovYibcWcXzSn1_xsKqZLpb5iTlhPD9wr7rAMvpTBKEnAl9vKGsYdOTGtBbLaVS6uvuTzloKptAZLGpiV7g_kSXKZh_7PbfA_CT7EU9NLLigx9b8FL__NklxyOydfYH3Ai_mvvp8b8MF3m_C5ryD5vAlrESz2XMtfgUcAmc9CbgamkTxplW5dPhh79vBcRMfl8oHl52YLrk-O__4-LYaqCAVyKeZFE1jlfMkNswJtw61wDkXQDFXgoVQOg6msCojKNbTUoXYVawJdtHVSm3obRt2s8zuQ2wqNbEp0PCC3KLWrmfRWOwpjsG58BgevimpxoAyPlSvuWgodolbbpNU2aTWD_YXwfc-U8bbYUdT4QiTSW6cHZPR2MHr7ntEzGL_aqx3m3GMbE2kVLVi8yuDHoplmS9wCMZ2fPUUZpYUqay0y-Nabd9ETAj6xJi69LVcMv9LV1Zbu9iYxclPQxgg67_6Pb9uDNQJlMcOQXOQYRvOHJ_-dgM_cTuCjnMoJfDo6vri8mqQRT9dzrl4A_rwGlQ |
| linkProvider | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3dS9xAEB_sSakg0l4_TLVtCvalkJpsdrO7D6XUVjnreZSi4FvMflVBEj1Pyv1T_Rs7m696RfrmSwLJJCzzsfOb3Z0ZgC0hlPYL-pHhWkRUOYImxUwUK5IWXEvL6q2Yw0k2OqbfTtjJEvzucmH8scpuTqwnalNpv0a-7Y9JClRHmny6vIp81yi_u9q10GjU4sDOf2HIdv1x_yvK9x0he7tHX0ZR21Ug0pSzWZQ5khgb04IoplVGFTNGMyeJFo66WBjtikQJp7UwGU4VWpqEZA4vUhkuixT_-wCWaYqhzACWd3Yn33_0qzrokAX62CYRkKOr3rbjc2c_IGzx2dq3XF_dIeAuWPvv6cxb7m7vMay1ODX83CjWE1iy5RAeNp0r50NYbZb7wiaLaQgrHrQ2NZ-fAvVANqxcWLQVT8Jaungrw1bpquk88g7UhG21obNncHwvfHwOg7Iq7TqEKtEFz2JtqNNUaS5NSrhV0mA4pdPMBvC-Y1yu29LlvoPGRY4hjOdyXnM5r7kcwFZPfNlU7LibbMdLoCfxZbbrB9X0Z95abR47G3NXCI5RF1WJKgg1iKCkZJqkJjEBbHbyy1vbv87_amoAb_vXaLV-K6YobXXjaYRkIk4lC-BFI-5-JAjAfG9e_JovKMLCUBfflOdndWVwDB4JQviX_x_WG3g0Ojoc5-P9ycEGrCAE9OcZ0SFvwmA2vbGvEGbN1OtWt0M4vW9z-gNB8UC5 |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3da9RAEB9qRSmI6PnR06oR6osQL9nsZncfRNR6tLYWHyzcW8x-2YIk7fWK3L_mX-dMvuxJ8a0vCSSbsMzHzm9mZ2cAtpUylgL6sZNWxdwEhiolXJwYlpXSai-arZgvh_nuEf88E7M1-N2fhaG0yn5NbBZqV1uKkU8oTVKhOPJ0Erq0iK8703enZzF1kKKd1r6dRisi-375C92387d7O8jrV4xNP337uBt3HQZiy6VYxHlgqfMJL5kR1uTcCOesCJpZFXhIlLOhTI0K1iqX47JhtUtZHvCijZO6zPC_N-CmzERKOiZncojvoGlWaG3bI4ESjfbEH5wE_wYBDJ3bvmQEm14BVwHcf_M0Lxm-6T242yHW6H0rYvdhzVcjuNX2sFyO4E4b-Iva80wj2CD42lZ_fgCcIG1Uh6jsap9EDZ_xVkWd-NXzZUym1EVd3aHjh3B0LVR8BOtVXflNiExqS5kn1vFgubFSu4xJb7RDx8pmuR_D655whe2KmFMvjZ8FOjNE5aKhctFQeQzbw-DTtnbH1cM-EAeGIVRwu3lQz38Unf4WSfCJDKWS6H9xk5qScYdYSmthWeZSN4atnn9FtwqcF39ldgwvh9eov7QpU1a-vqAxSguVZFqM4XHL7mEmCMWoSy9-LVcEYWWqq2-qk-OmRji6kQzB_JP_T-sF3EYlKg72DvefwgZiQUpsRMu8BeuL-YV_hnhrYZ43gh3B9-vWpD9dSkOJ |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unit+of+analysis+issues+in+laboratory-based+research&rft.jtitle=eLife&rft.au=Nick+R+Parsons&rft.au=M+Dawn+Teare&rft.au=Alice+J+Sitch&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft.pub=eLife+Sciences+Publications+Ltd&rft.eissn=2050-084X&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info:doi/10.7554%2FeLife.32486&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_0fe07fa879744b1ba24d190995c23d1d |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2050-084X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2050-084X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2050-084X&client=summon |