Indoor Full-Body Security Screening: Radiometric Microwave Imaging Phenomenology and Polarimetric Scene Simulation

• Published in: IEEE access Vol. 8; p. 1
• Main Author: Salmon, Neil A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway IEEE 01.01.2020; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Airport; Airport security; Airports; Apertures; Beeswax; carbon fiber; Carbon fibers; ceramic; Ceramic fibers; Circular polarization; concealed weapons; Confined spaces; contraband; Energetic materials; False alarms; Human body; Image contrast; Imaging; knives; microwave; Microwave radiometry; Phenomenology; Polarimetry; Polarized radiation; portal; Portals; Radar imaging; radiometric; Screening; Security; Simulation; Spatial resolution; Temperature measurement; Zirconium dioxide
• ISSN: 2169-3536; 2169-3536
• DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3013967

The paper discusses the scene simulation of radiometric imagers and its use to illustrate the phenomenology of full-body screening of people for weapons and threats concealed under clothing. The aperture synthesis technique is introduced as this offers benefits of wide field-of-views and large depths-of-fields in a system that is potentially conformally deployable in the confined spaces of building entrances and at airport departure lounges. The technique offers a non-invasive, non-cooperative screening capability to scrutinize all human body surfaces for illegal items. However, for indoor operation, the realization of this capability is challenging due to the low radiation temperature contrasts in imagery. The contrast is quantified using a polarimetric radiometric layer model of the clothed human subject concealing threats. A radiation frequency of 20 GHz was chosen for the simulation as system component costs here are relatively low and the attainable half-wavelength spatial resolution of 7.5 mm is sufficient for screening. The contrasts against the human body of the threat materials of metal, zirconia ceramic, carbon fiber, nitrogen-based energetic materials, yellow beeswax, and water were calculated to be ≤7 K. Furthermore, the model indicates how some threats frequency modulate the radiation temperatures by ∼±1 K. These results are confirmed by experiments using a radiometer measuring left-hand circularly polarized radiation. It is also shown using scene simulation how circularly polarized radiation has benefits for reducing false alarms and how threat objects appear in canyon regions of the body, such as between the legs and in the armpits.