As Violence Unfolds: A Space–Time Study of Situational Triggers of Violent Victimization Among Urban Youth

Objectives This study clarifies three important issues regarding situational or opportunity theories of victimization: (1) whether engaging in risk activities triggers violent assault during specific, often fleeting moments, (2) how environmental settings along individuals’ daily paths affect their...

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Published inJournal of quantitative criminology Vol. 36; no. 1; pp. 119 - 152
Main Authors Dong, Beidi, Morrison, Christopher N., Branas, Charles C., Richmond, Therese S., Wiebe, Douglas J.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published New York Springer US 01.03.2020
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects
Assaults
Criminology and Criminal Justice
Environmental aspects
Friendship
Geographic information systems
Guardians
Law and Criminolgy
Methodology of the Social Sciences
Original Paper
Public spaces
Risk
Sociology
Statistics
Time
Time study
Victimization
Violence
Violent crime
Youth
Spatio-temporal analysis
Violent victimization
Situational triggers
Routine activities
Social disorganization
routine activities
social disorganization
situational triggers
spatio-temporal analysis
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0748-4518
1573-7799
DOI10.1007/s10940-019-09419-8

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Abstract Objectives This study clarifies three important issues regarding situational or opportunity theories of victimization: (1) whether engaging in risk activities triggers violent assault during specific, often fleeting moments, (2) how environmental settings along individuals’ daily paths affect their risk of violent assault, and (3) whether situational triggers have differential effects on violent assault during the day versus night. Methods Using an innovative GIS-assisted interview technique, 298 young male violent assault victims in Philadelphia, PA described their activity paths over the course of the day of being assaulted. Case-crossover analyses compared each subject’s exposure status at the time of assault with his own statuses earlier in the day (stratified by daytime and nighttime). Results Being at an outdoor/public space, conducting unstructured activities, and absence of guardians increase the likelihood of violent victimization at a fine spatial–temporal scale at both daytime and nighttime. Yet, the presence of friends and environmental characteristics have differential effects on violent victimization at daytime versus nighttime. Moreover, individual risk activities appeared to exhibit better predictive performance than did environmental characteristics in our space–time situational analyses. Conclusion This study demonstrates the value of documenting how individuals navigate their daily activity space, and ultimately advances our understanding of youth violence from a real-time, real-life standpoint.
AbstractList This study clarifies three important issues regarding situational or opportunity theories of victimization: 1) whether engaging in risk activities triggers violent assault during specific, often fleeting moments, 2) how environmental settings along individuals' daily paths affect their risk of violent assault, and 3) whether situational triggers have differential effects on violent assault during the day versus night.OBJECTIVESThis study clarifies three important issues regarding situational or opportunity theories of victimization: 1) whether engaging in risk activities triggers violent assault during specific, often fleeting moments, 2) how environmental settings along individuals' daily paths affect their risk of violent assault, and 3) whether situational triggers have differential effects on violent assault during the day versus night.Using an innovative GIS-assisted interview technique, 298 young male violent assault victims in Philadelphia, PA described their activity paths over the course of the day of being assaulted. Case-crossover analyses compared each subject's exposure status at the time of assault with his own statuses earlier in the day (stratified by daytime and nighttime).METHODSUsing an innovative GIS-assisted interview technique, 298 young male violent assault victims in Philadelphia, PA described their activity paths over the course of the day of being assaulted. Case-crossover analyses compared each subject's exposure status at the time of assault with his own statuses earlier in the day (stratified by daytime and nighttime).Being at an outdoor/public space, conducting unstructured activities, and absence of guardians increase the likelihood of violent victimization at a fine spatial-temporal scale at both daytime and nighttime. Yet, the presence of friends and environmental characteristics have differential effects on violent victimization at daytime versus nighttime. Moreover, individual risk activities appeared to exhibit better predictive performance than did environmental characteristics in our space-time situational analyses.RESULTSBeing at an outdoor/public space, conducting unstructured activities, and absence of guardians increase the likelihood of violent victimization at a fine spatial-temporal scale at both daytime and nighttime. Yet, the presence of friends and environmental characteristics have differential effects on violent victimization at daytime versus nighttime. Moreover, individual risk activities appeared to exhibit better predictive performance than did environmental characteristics in our space-time situational analyses.This study demonstrates the value of documenting how individuals navigate their daily activity space, and ultimately advances our understanding of youth violence from a real-time, real-life standpoint.CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrates the value of documenting how individuals navigate their daily activity space, and ultimately advances our understanding of youth violence from a real-time, real-life standpoint.
ObjectivesThis study clarifies three important issues regarding situational or opportunity theories of victimization: (1) whether engaging in risk activities triggers violent assault during specific, often fleeting moments, (2) how environmental settings along individuals’ daily paths affect their risk of violent assault, and (3) whether situational triggers have differential effects on violent assault during the day versus night.MethodsUsing an innovative GIS-assisted interview technique, 298 young male violent assault victims in Philadelphia, PA described their activity paths over the course of the day of being assaulted. Case-crossover analyses compared each subject’s exposure status at the time of assault with his own statuses earlier in the day (stratified by daytime and nighttime).ResultsBeing at an outdoor/public space, conducting unstructured activities, and absence of guardians increase the likelihood of violent victimization at a fine spatial–temporal scale at both daytime and nighttime. Yet, the presence of friends and environmental characteristics have differential effects on violent victimization at daytime versus nighttime. Moreover, individual risk activities appeared to exhibit better predictive performance than did environmental characteristics in our space–time situational analyses.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the value of documenting how individuals navigate their daily activity space, and ultimately advances our understanding of youth violence from a real-time, real-life standpoint.
This study clarifies three important issues regarding situational or opportunity theories of victimization: 1) whether engaging in risk activities triggers violent assault during specific, often fleeting moments, 2) how environmental settings along individuals' daily paths affect their risk of violent assault, and 3) whether situational triggers have differential effects on violent assault during the day versus night. Using an innovative GIS-assisted interview technique, 298 young male violent assault victims in Philadelphia, PA described their activity paths over the course of the day of being assaulted. Case-crossover analyses compared each subject's exposure status at the time of assault with his own statuses earlier in the day (stratified by daytime and nighttime). Being at an outdoor/public space, conducting unstructured activities, and absence of guardians increase the likelihood of violent victimization at a fine spatial-temporal scale at both daytime and nighttime. Yet, the presence of friends and environmental characteristics have differential effects on violent victimization at daytime versus nighttime. Moreover, individual risk activities appeared to exhibit better predictive performance than did environmental characteristics in our space-time situational analyses. This study demonstrates the value of documenting how individuals navigate their daily activity space, and ultimately advances our understanding of youth violence from a real-time, real-life standpoint.
Objectives This study clarifies three important issues regarding situational or opportunity theories of victimization: (1) whether engaging in risk activities triggers violent assault during specific, often fleeting moments, (2) how environmental settings along individuals’ daily paths affect their risk of violent assault, and (3) whether situational triggers have differential effects on violent assault during the day versus night. Methods Using an innovative GIS-assisted interview technique, 298 young male violent assault victims in Philadelphia, PA described their activity paths over the course of the day of being assaulted. Case-crossover analyses compared each subject’s exposure status at the time of assault with his own statuses earlier in the day (stratified by daytime and nighttime). Results Being at an outdoor/public space, conducting unstructured activities, and absence of guardians increase the likelihood of violent victimization at a fine spatial–temporal scale at both daytime and nighttime. Yet, the presence of friends and environmental characteristics have differential effects on violent victimization at daytime versus nighttime. Moreover, individual risk activities appeared to exhibit better predictive performance than did environmental characteristics in our space–time situational analyses. Conclusion This study demonstrates the value of documenting how individuals navigate their daily activity space, and ultimately advances our understanding of youth violence from a real-time, real-life standpoint.
Author Richmond, Therese S.
Wiebe, Douglas J.
Dong, Beidi
Morrison, Christopher N.
Branas, Charles C.
AuthorAffiliation 2 Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
3 Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
4 Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
1 Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, 354 Enterprise Hall, 4400 University Drive, MS 4F4, Fairfax, VA 22030
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 4 Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
– name: 1 Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, 354 Enterprise Hall, 4400 University Drive, MS 4F4, Fairfax, VA 22030
– name: 2 Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
– name: 3 Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Beidi
  surname: Dong
  fullname: Dong, Beidi
  email: bdong@gmu.edu
  organization: Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Christopher N.
  surname: Morrison
  fullname: Morrison, Christopher N.
  organization: Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Charles C.
  surname: Branas
  fullname: Branas, Charles C.
  organization: Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Therese S.
  surname: Richmond
  fullname: Richmond, Therese S.
  organization: Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Douglas J.
  surname: Wiebe
  fullname: Wiebe, Douglas J.
  organization: Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32863562$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Journal of Quantitative Criminology is a copyright of Springer, (2019). All Rights Reserved.
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Issue 1
Keywords Spatio-temporal analysis
Violent victimization
Situational triggers
Routine activities
Social disorganization
routine activities
social disorganization
situational triggers
spatio-temporal analysis
Language English
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c474t-a5edc9e9057f76d82bc6f5652371a3f469e5d3e5abbe08505106f168988be0c43
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PublicationDate 2020-03-01
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  year: 2020
  text: 2020-03-01
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PublicationPlace New York
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PublicationTitle Journal of quantitative criminology
PublicationTitleAbbrev J Quant Criminol
PublicationTitleAlternate J Quant Criminol
PublicationYear 2020
Publisher Springer US
Springer Nature B.V
Publisher_xml – name: Springer US
– name: Springer Nature B.V
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Snippet Objectives This study clarifies three important issues regarding situational or opportunity theories of victimization: (1) whether engaging in risk activities...
This study clarifies three important issues regarding situational or opportunity theories of victimization: 1) whether engaging in risk activities triggers...
ObjectivesThis study clarifies three important issues regarding situational or opportunity theories of victimization: (1) whether engaging in risk activities...
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StartPage 119
SubjectTerms Assaults
Criminology and Criminal Justice
Environmental aspects
Friendship
Geographic information systems
Guardians
Law and Criminolgy
Methodology of the Social Sciences
Original Paper
Public spaces
Risk
Sociology
Statistics
Time
Time study
Victimization
Violence
Violent crime
Youth
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Title As Violence Unfolds: A Space–Time Study of Situational Triggers of Violent Victimization Among Urban Youth
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10940-019-09419-8
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Volume 36
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