Drugs repurposed: An advanced step towards the treatment of breast cancer and associated challenges

Breast cancer (BC) is mostly observed in women and is responsible for huge mortality in women subjects globally. Due to the continued development of drug resistance and other contributing factors, the scientific community needs to look for new alternatives, and drug repurposing is one of the best op...

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Published inBiomedicine & pharmacotherapy Vol. 145; p. 112375
Main Authors Malik, Jonaid Ahmad, Ahmed, Sakeel, Jan, Bisma, Bender, Onur, Al Hagbani, Turki, Alqarni, Aali, Anwar, Sirajudheen
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published France Elsevier Masson SAS 01.01.2022
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Abstract Breast cancer (BC) is mostly observed in women and is responsible for huge mortality in women subjects globally. Due to the continued development of drug resistance and other contributing factors, the scientific community needs to look for new alternatives, and drug repurposing is one of the best opportunities. Here we light upon the drug repurposing with a major focus on breast cancer. BC is a division of cancer known as the leading cause of death of 2.3 million women globally, with 685,000 fatalities. This number is steadily rising, necessitating the development of a treatment that can extend survival time. All available treatments for BC are very costly as well as show side effects. This unfulfilled requirement of the anti-cancer drugs ignited an enthusiasm for drug repositioning, which means finding out the anti-cancer use of already marketed drugs for other complications. With the advancement in proteomics, genomics, and computational approaches, the drug repurposing process hastens. So many drugs are repurposed for the BC, including alkylating agents, antimetabolite, anthracyclines, an aromatase inhibitor, mTOR, and many more. The drug resistance in breast cancer is rising, so reviewing how the challenges in breast cancer can be combated with drug repurposing. This paper provides the updated information on all the repurposed drugs candidates for breast cancer with the molecular mechanism responsible for their anti-tumor activity. Additionally, all the challenges that occur during the repurposing of the drugs are discussed. [Display omitted] •BC is a division of cancer known as the leading cause of death in women globally, and second, in the US, roughly 50% of the women without known risk factors suffered from BCs.•The primary cause of death due to BC is the resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents responsible for recurrence and relapse of cancer, despite various advancements in breast cancer therapy.•The drug purposing against BC explores the therapeutic use of existing clinically approved, off-patent drugs with known targets for another indication to minimize the cost of therapy, time, and risk.•Drug repurposed against BC with existing knowledge of molecular targets can be an excellent approach towards treatment.
AbstractList Breast cancer (BC) is mostly observed in women and is responsible for huge mortality in women subjects globally. Due to the continued development of drug resistance and other contributing factors, the scientific community needs to look for new alternatives, and drug repurposing is one of the best opportunities. Here we light upon the drug repurposing with a major focus on breast cancer. BC is a division of cancer known as the leading cause of death of 2.3 million women globally, with 685,000 fatalities. This number is steadily rising, necessitating the development of a treatment that can extend survival time. All available treatments for BC are very costly as well as show side effects. This unfulfilled requirement of the anti-cancer drugs ignited an enthusiasm for drug repositioning, which means finding out the anti-cancer use of already marketed drugs for other complications. With the advancement in proteomics, genomics, and computational approaches, the drug repurposing process hastens. So many drugs are repurposed for the BC, including alkylating agents, antimetabolite, anthracyclines, an aromatase inhibitor, mTOR, and many more. The drug resistance in breast cancer is rising, so reviewing how the challenges in breast cancer can be combated with drug repurposing. This paper provides the updated information on all the repurposed drugs candidates for breast cancer with the molecular mechanism responsible for their anti-tumor activity. Additionally, all the challenges that occur during the repurposing of the drugs are discussed.Breast cancer (BC) is mostly observed in women and is responsible for huge mortality in women subjects globally. Due to the continued development of drug resistance and other contributing factors, the scientific community needs to look for new alternatives, and drug repurposing is one of the best opportunities. Here we light upon the drug repurposing with a major focus on breast cancer. BC is a division of cancer known as the leading cause of death of 2.3 million women globally, with 685,000 fatalities. This number is steadily rising, necessitating the development of a treatment that can extend survival time. All available treatments for BC are very costly as well as show side effects. This unfulfilled requirement of the anti-cancer drugs ignited an enthusiasm for drug repositioning, which means finding out the anti-cancer use of already marketed drugs for other complications. With the advancement in proteomics, genomics, and computational approaches, the drug repurposing process hastens. So many drugs are repurposed for the BC, including alkylating agents, antimetabolite, anthracyclines, an aromatase inhibitor, mTOR, and many more. The drug resistance in breast cancer is rising, so reviewing how the challenges in breast cancer can be combated with drug repurposing. This paper provides the updated information on all the repurposed drugs candidates for breast cancer with the molecular mechanism responsible for their anti-tumor activity. Additionally, all the challenges that occur during the repurposing of the drugs are discussed.
Breast cancer (BC) is mostly observed in women and is responsible for huge mortality in women subjects globally. Due to the continued development of drug resistance and other contributing factors, the scientific community needs to look for new alternatives, and drug repurposing is one of the best opportunities. Here we light upon the drug repurposing with a major focus on breast cancer. BC is a division of cancer known as the leading cause of death of 2.3 million women globally, with 685,000 fatalities. This number is steadily rising, necessitating the development of a treatment that can extend survival time. All available treatments for BC are very costly as well as show side effects. This unfulfilled requirement of the anti-cancer drugs ignited an enthusiasm for drug repositioning, which means finding out the anti-cancer use of already marketed drugs for other complications. With the advancement in proteomics, genomics, and computational approaches, the drug repurposing process hastens. So many drugs are repurposed for the BC, including alkylating agents, antimetabolite, anthracyclines, an aromatase inhibitor, mTOR, and many more. The drug resistance in breast cancer is rising, so reviewing how the challenges in breast cancer can be combated with drug repurposing. This paper provides the updated information on all the repurposed drugs candidates for breast cancer with the molecular mechanism responsible for their anti-tumor activity. Additionally, all the challenges that occur during the repurposing of the drugs are discussed. [Display omitted] •BC is a division of cancer known as the leading cause of death in women globally, and second, in the US, roughly 50% of the women without known risk factors suffered from BCs.•The primary cause of death due to BC is the resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents responsible for recurrence and relapse of cancer, despite various advancements in breast cancer therapy.•The drug purposing against BC explores the therapeutic use of existing clinically approved, off-patent drugs with known targets for another indication to minimize the cost of therapy, time, and risk.•Drug repurposed against BC with existing knowledge of molecular targets can be an excellent approach towards treatment.
Breast cancer (BC) is mostly observed in women and is responsible for huge mortality in women subjects globally. Due to the continued development of drug resistance and other contributing factors, the scientific community needs to look for new alternatives, and drug repurposing is one of the best opportunities. Here we light upon the drug repurposing with a major focus on breast cancer. BC is a division of cancer known as the leading cause of death of 2.3 million women globally, with 685,000 fatalities. This number is steadily rising, necessitating the development of a treatment that can extend survival time. All available treatments for BC are very costly as well as show side effects. This unfulfilled requirement of the anti-cancer drugs ignited an enthusiasm for drug repositioning, which means finding out the anti-cancer use of already marketed drugs for other complications. With the advancement in proteomics, genomics, and computational approaches, the drug repurposing process hastens. So many drugs are repurposed for the BC, including alkylating agents, antimetabolite, anthracyclines, an aromatase inhibitor, mTOR, and many more. The drug resistance in breast cancer is rising, so reviewing how the challenges in breast cancer can be combated with drug repurposing. This paper provides the updated information on all the repurposed drugs candidates for breast cancer with the molecular mechanism responsible for their anti-tumor activity. Additionally, all the challenges that occur during the repurposing of the drugs are discussed.
ArticleNumber 112375
Author Ahmed, Sakeel
Al Hagbani, Turki
Malik, Jonaid Ahmad
Bender, Onur
Alqarni, Aali
Anwar, Sirajudheen
Jan, Bisma
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Jonaid Ahmad
  surname: Malik
  fullname: Malik, Jonaid Ahmad
  organization: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Sakeel
  surname: Ahmed
  fullname: Ahmed, Sakeel
  organization: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, India
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Bisma
  surname: Jan
  fullname: Jan, Bisma
  organization: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Onur
  surname: Bender
  fullname: Bender, Onur
  organization: Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Turki
  surname: Al Hagbani
  fullname: Al Hagbani, Turki
  organization: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Aali
  surname: Alqarni
  fullname: Alqarni, Aali
  organization: Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmacology unit, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Sirajudheen
  surname: Anwar
  fullname: Anwar, Sirajudheen
  email: si.anwar@uoh.edu.sa
  organization: Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34863612$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords DHEA
PR
CDK
p53
H-ras
OCT1
EREs
CSCs
AA
SERD
CTs
AE
SERM
NCC
NCE
AT
SMAD 2/3/4
BRAC1
TP53
MHS2
ABCG2
ERK
MRC
BC
ABC
NSAID
RTK
Drug repurposing
IBD
HPT
SC
SIRT1/2
CC
SS
EHRs
8-Oxo-dG
S6K
Breast cancer
ECM
TC
HER1/2
SQLE
CCGs
TAE
TOP2A
TAM
3β-HSD
DI
ALS
DBF
DM
MDA
17β-HSD
Drug resistance
MetAP2
DR
LHRH
NF-κB
Sp1/3/4
GSKβ
TRP
DBS
SLC22A16
MC
MD
mTOR
MDR
Rac1
P-gp
MT
TSE
IGF-1
MAPK
PEG2/PGH2
EMT
ER
LSS
MTs
MMP
RCTs
ROS
MVD
COX-2
ROCK1
Molecular mechanism
HMGCS
SCTs
HMGCR
NPO
DHEAS
Repurposing challenges
TGFβ-RI
XDH
β-act
NQO1
DTs
NOS3
VEGF
EP1
STAT3
TGFβ1/β2
GST
MLH1
FAK
HER
ERCC2
Rho-A
TGFα
HD
HER2
HNE
Language English
License This is an open access article under the CC BY license.
Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.
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Snippet Breast cancer (BC) is mostly observed in women and is responsible for huge mortality in women subjects globally. Due to the continued development of drug...
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SubjectTerms Animals
Antineoplastic Agents - adverse effects
Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology
Breast cancer
Breast Neoplasms - drug therapy
Breast Neoplasms - pathology
Drug Repositioning
Drug repurposing
Drug resistance
Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
Female
Genomics - methods
Humans
Molecular mechanism
Proteomics - methods
Repurposing challenges
Title Drugs repurposed: An advanced step towards the treatment of breast cancer and associated challenges
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112375
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34863612
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2607303154
Volume 145
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