Norm violations and punishments across human societies
Punishments for norm violations are hypothesised to be a crucial component of the maintenance of cooperation in humans but are rarely studied from a comparative perspective. We investigated the degree to which punishment systems were correlated with socioecology and cultural history. We took data fr...
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| Published in | Evolutionary human sciences Vol. 5; p. e11 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Cambridge University Press
2023
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2513-843X 2513-843X |
| DOI | 10.1017/ehs.2023.7 |
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| Abstract | Punishments for norm violations are hypothesised to be a crucial component of the maintenance of cooperation in humans but are rarely studied from a comparative perspective. We investigated the degree to which punishment systems were correlated with socioecology and cultural history. We took data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample database and coded ethnographic documents from a sample of 131 largely non-industrial societies. We recorded whether punishment for norm violations concerned adultery, religion, food, rape or war cowardice and whether sanctions were reputational, physical, material or execution. We used Bayesian phylogenetic regression modelling to test for culture-level covariation. We found little evidence of phylogenetic signals in evidence for punishment types, suggesting that punishment systems change relatively quickly over cultural evolutionary history. We found evidence that reputational punishment was associated with egalitarianism and the absence of food storage; material punishment was associated with the presence of food storage; physical punishment was moderately associated with greater dependence on hunting; and execution punishment was moderately associated with social stratification. Taken together, our results suggest that the role and kind of punishment vary both by the severity of the norm violation, but also by the specific socio-economic system of the society. |
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| AbstractList | Punishments for norm violations are hypothesised to be a crucial component of the maintenance of cooperation in humans but are rarely studied from a comparative perspective. We investigated the degree to which punishment systems were correlated with socioecology and cultural history. We took data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample database and coded ethnographic documents from a sample of 131 largely non-industrial societies. We recorded whether punishment for norm violations concerned adultery, religion, food, rape or war cowardice and whether sanctions were reputational, physical, material or execution. We used Bayesian phylogenetic regression modelling to test for culture-level covariation. We found little evidence of phylogenetic signals in evidence for punishment types, suggesting that punishment systems change relatively quickly over cultural evolutionary history. We found evidence that reputational punishment was associated with egalitarianism and the absence of food storage; material punishment was associated with the presence of food storage; physical punishment was moderately associated with greater dependence on hunting; and execution punishment was moderately associated with social stratification. Taken together, our results suggest that the role and kind of punishment vary both by the severity of the norm violation, but also by the specific socio-economic system of the society. Punishments for norm violations are hypothesised to be a crucial component of the maintenance of cooperation in humans but are rarely studied from a comparative perspective. We investigated the degree to which punishment systems were correlated with socioecology and cultural history. We took data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample database and coded ethnographic documents from a sample of 131 largely non-industrial societies. We recorded whether punishment for norm violations concerned adultery, religion, food, rape or war cowardice and whether sanctions were reputational, physical, material or execution. We used Bayesian phylogenetic regression modelling to test for culture-level covariation. We found little evidence of phylogenetic signals in evidence for punishment types, suggesting that punishment systems change relatively quickly over cultural evolutionary history. We found evidence that reputational punishment was associated with egalitarianism and the absence of food storage; material punishment was associated with the presence of food storage; physical punishment was moderately associated with greater dependence on hunting; and execution punishment was moderately associated with social stratification. Taken together, our results suggest that the role and kind of punishment vary both by the severity of the norm violation, but also by the specific socio-economic system of the society.Punishments for norm violations are hypothesised to be a crucial component of the maintenance of cooperation in humans but are rarely studied from a comparative perspective. We investigated the degree to which punishment systems were correlated with socioecology and cultural history. We took data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample database and coded ethnographic documents from a sample of 131 largely non-industrial societies. We recorded whether punishment for norm violations concerned adultery, religion, food, rape or war cowardice and whether sanctions were reputational, physical, material or execution. We used Bayesian phylogenetic regression modelling to test for culture-level covariation. We found little evidence of phylogenetic signals in evidence for punishment types, suggesting that punishment systems change relatively quickly over cultural evolutionary history. We found evidence that reputational punishment was associated with egalitarianism and the absence of food storage; material punishment was associated with the presence of food storage; physical punishment was moderately associated with greater dependence on hunting; and execution punishment was moderately associated with social stratification. Taken together, our results suggest that the role and kind of punishment vary both by the severity of the norm violation, but also by the specific socio-economic system of the society. |
| ArticleNumber | e11 |
| Author | Buckner, William Medupe, Dithapelo Garfield, Zachary H. Glowacki, Luke Wrangham, Richard W. Ringen, Erik J. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Department of Anthropology, Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA 4 Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University , PA , USA 5 Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , USA 3 Department of Anthropology, Boston University , Boston , MA , USA 1 Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université de Toulouse 1 Capitole , Toulouse, France |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université de Toulouse 1 Capitole , Toulouse, France – name: 2 Department of Anthropology, Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA – name: 3 Department of Anthropology, Boston University , Boston , MA , USA – name: 4 Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University , PA , USA – name: 5 Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Zachary H. orcidid: 0000-0002-1547-1492 surname: Garfield fullname: Garfield, Zachary H. – sequence: 2 givenname: Erik J. surname: Ringen fullname: Ringen, Erik J. – sequence: 3 givenname: William surname: Buckner fullname: Buckner, William – sequence: 4 givenname: Dithapelo surname: Medupe fullname: Medupe, Dithapelo – sequence: 5 givenname: Richard W. orcidid: 0000-0003-0435-2209 surname: Wrangham fullname: Wrangham, Richard W. – sequence: 6 givenname: Luke orcidid: 0000-0002-8314-5904 surname: Glowacki fullname: Glowacki, Luke |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37587937$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | The Author(s) 2023. Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited. (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. The Author(s) 2023 2023 The Author(s) |
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| Keywords | punishment socioecology norms cross-cultural violations |
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| Title | Norm violations and punishments across human societies |
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