Unveiling the Effects of Natural Disasters and Nuclear Energy on the Secondary Sex Ratio: A Comprehensive Review

The secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of male to female births in a population, has long been a subject of scientific inquiry due to its potential as a health indicator. The interplay between catastrophic events and the delicate balance of male and female births presents a nuanced and...

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Published inLife (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 15; no. 7; p. 1127
Main Authors Dermitzakis, Iasonas, Theotokis, Paschalis, Delilampou, Efthymia, Axarloglou, Evangelos, Gargani, Sofia, Miliaras, Dimosthenis, Manthou, Maria Eleni, Meditskou, Soultana
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 17.07.2025
MDPI
Subjects
Accidents
Analysis
Australia
Births
Catastrophic events
Earthquakes
Females
Health aspects
Human populations
Hurricanes
Iceland
India
Japan
Males
natural disaster
Natural disasters
Nuclear accidents
Nuclear accidents & safety
Nuclear energy
Nuclear reactor components
population dynamics
Radioactive materials
reproductive health
Review
secondary sex ratio
Seismology
Sex
Sex ratio
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Volcanic eruptions
Volcanism
United States
Japan
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Australia
Iceland
India
Turkey
natural disaster
nuclear energy
earthquakes
reproductive health
population dynamics
public health
secondary sex ratio
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Abstract The secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of male to female births in a population, has long been a subject of scientific inquiry due to its potential as a health indicator. The interplay between catastrophic events and the delicate balance of male and female births presents a nuanced and compelling study area. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and volcanic eruptions, have been known to disrupt ecosystems and human populations, leading to both short-term and long-term consequences. Studies have suggested a potential influence of these disasters on the SSR, with varying degrees of impact observed across different regions and disaster types. Similarly, nuclear accidents, such as the infamous Chernobyl disaster, have sparked interest in their potential effects on human health and development. The release of radioactive materials into the environment can have far-reaching consequences, including impacts on reproductive outcomes. Through a rigorous examination of the existing literature, the present review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the impacts of natural disasters and nuclear accidents on the SSR and unravel the mechanisms that explain SSR fluctuations. By shedding light on the diverse influences shaping the SSR, this narrative review contributes to a deeper appreciation of the intricate interplay between environmental, biological, and societal factors that determines the SSR, calling for targeted strategies to mitigate potential adverse effects on sex ratios in the aftermath of such events.
AbstractList The secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of male to female births in a population, has long been a subject of scientific inquiry due to its potential as a health indicator. The interplay between catastrophic events and the delicate balance of male and female births presents a nuanced and compelling study area. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and volcanic eruptions, have been known to disrupt ecosystems and human populations, leading to both short-term and long-term consequences. Studies have suggested a potential influence of these disasters on the SSR, with varying degrees of impact observed across different regions and disaster types. Similarly, nuclear accidents, such as the infamous Chernobyl disaster, have sparked interest in their potential effects on human health and development. The release of radioactive materials into the environment can have far-reaching consequences, including impacts on reproductive outcomes. Through a rigorous examination of the existing literature, the present review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the impacts of natural disasters and nuclear accidents on the SSR and unravel the mechanisms that explain SSR fluctuations. By shedding light on the diverse influences shaping the SSR, this narrative review contributes to a deeper appreciation of the intricate interplay between environmental, biological, and societal factors that determines the SSR, calling for targeted strategies to mitigate potential adverse effects on sex ratios in the aftermath of such events.
The secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of male to female births in a population, has long been a subject of scientific inquiry due to its potential as a health indicator. The interplay between catastrophic events and the delicate balance of male and female births presents a nuanced and compelling study area. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and volcanic eruptions, have been known to disrupt ecosystems and human populations, leading to both short-term and long-term consequences. Studies have suggested a potential influence of these disasters on the SSR, with varying degrees of impact observed across different regions and disaster types. Similarly, nuclear accidents, such as the infamous Chernobyl disaster, have sparked interest in their potential effects on human health and development. The release of radioactive materials into the environment can have far-reaching consequences, including impacts on reproductive outcomes. Through a rigorous examination of the existing literature, the present review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the impacts of natural disasters and nuclear accidents on the SSR and unravel the mechanisms that explain SSR fluctuations. By shedding light on the diverse influences shaping the SSR, this narrative review contributes to a deeper appreciation of the intricate interplay between environmental, biological, and societal factors that determines the SSR, calling for targeted strategies to mitigate potential adverse effects on sex ratios in the aftermath of such events.The secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of male to female births in a population, has long been a subject of scientific inquiry due to its potential as a health indicator. The interplay between catastrophic events and the delicate balance of male and female births presents a nuanced and compelling study area. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and volcanic eruptions, have been known to disrupt ecosystems and human populations, leading to both short-term and long-term consequences. Studies have suggested a potential influence of these disasters on the SSR, with varying degrees of impact observed across different regions and disaster types. Similarly, nuclear accidents, such as the infamous Chernobyl disaster, have sparked interest in their potential effects on human health and development. The release of radioactive materials into the environment can have far-reaching consequences, including impacts on reproductive outcomes. Through a rigorous examination of the existing literature, the present review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the impacts of natural disasters and nuclear accidents on the SSR and unravel the mechanisms that explain SSR fluctuations. By shedding light on the diverse influences shaping the SSR, this narrative review contributes to a deeper appreciation of the intricate interplay between environmental, biological, and societal factors that determines the SSR, calling for targeted strategies to mitigate potential adverse effects on sex ratios in the aftermath of such events.
Audience Academic
Author Dermitzakis, Iasonas
Gargani, Sofia
Miliaras, Dimosthenis
Delilampou, Efthymia
Meditskou, Soultana
Theotokis, Paschalis
Axarloglou, Evangelos
Manthou, Maria Eleni
AuthorAffiliation Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; iasonasd@auth.gr (I.D.); ptheotokis@auth.gr (P.T.); edelilamp@auth.gr (E.D.); evanaxar@auth.gr (E.A.); sgargan@bio.auth.gr (S.G.); miliaras@auth.gr (D.M.); mmanthou@auth.gr (M.E.M.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; iasonasd@auth.gr (I.D.); ptheotokis@auth.gr (P.T.); edelilamp@auth.gr (E.D.); evanaxar@auth.gr (E.A.); sgargan@bio.auth.gr (S.G.); miliaras@auth.gr (D.M.); mmanthou@auth.gr (M.E.M.)
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Issue 7
Keywords natural disaster
nuclear energy
earthquakes
reproductive health
population dynamics
public health
secondary sex ratio
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Snippet The secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of male to female births in a population, has long been a subject of scientific inquiry due to its...
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SubjectTerms Accidents
Analysis
Australia
Births
Catastrophic events
Earthquakes
Females
Health aspects
Human populations
Hurricanes
Iceland
India
Japan
Males
natural disaster
Natural disasters
Nuclear accidents
Nuclear accidents & safety
Nuclear energy
Nuclear reactor components
population dynamics
Radioactive materials
reproductive health
Review
secondary sex ratio
Seismology
Sex
Sex ratio
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Volcanic eruptions
Volcanism
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Title Unveiling the Effects of Natural Disasters and Nuclear Energy on the Secondary Sex Ratio: A Comprehensive Review
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Volume 15
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