Protein-Amino Acid Metabolism Disarrangements: The Hidden Enemy of Chronic Age-Related Conditions
Proteins are macro-molecules crucial for cell life, which are made up of amino acids (AAs). In healthy people, protein synthesis and degradation are well balanced. However, in the presence of hypercatabolic stimulation (i.e., inflammation), protein breakdown increases as the resulting AAs are consum...
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Published in | Nutrients Vol. 10; no. 4; p. 391 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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22.03.2018
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Abstract | Proteins are macro-molecules crucial for cell life, which are made up of amino acids (AAs). In healthy people, protein synthesis and degradation are well balanced. However, in the presence of hypercatabolic stimulation (i.e., inflammation), protein breakdown increases as the resulting AAs are consumed for metabolic proposes. Indeed, AAs are biochemical totipotent molecules which, when deaminated, can be transformed into energy, lipids, carbohydrates, and/or biochemical intermediates of fundamental cycles, such as the Krebs' cycle. The biochemical consequence of hyper-catabolism is protein disarrangement, clinically evident with signs such as sarcopenia, hypalbuminemia, anaemia, infection, and altered fluid compartmentation, etc. Hypercatabolic protein disarrangement (HPD) is often underestimated by clinicians, despite correlating with increased mortality, hospitalization, and morbidity quite independent of the primary disease. Simple, cheap, repeatable measurements can be used to identify HPD. Therefore, identification and treatment of proteins' metabolic impairment with appropriate measurements and therapy is a clinical strategy that could improve the prognosis of patients with acute/chronic hypercatabolic inflammatory disease. Here, we describe the metabolism of protein and AAs in hypercatabolic syndrome, illustrating the clinical impact of protein disarrangement. We also illustrate simple, cheap, repeatable, and worldwide available measurements to identify these conditions. Finally, we provide scientific evidence for HPD nutritional treatment. |
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AbstractList | Proteins are macro-molecules crucial for cell life, which are made up of amino acids (AAs). In healthy people, protein synthesis and degradation are well balanced. However, in the presence of hypercatabolic stimulation (i.e., inflammation), protein breakdown increases as the resulting AAs are consumed for metabolic proposes. Indeed, AAs are biochemical totipotent molecules which, when deaminated, can be transformed into energy, lipids, carbohydrates, and/or biochemical intermediates of fundamental cycles, such as the Krebs' cycle. The biochemical consequence of hyper-catabolism is protein disarrangement, clinically evident with signs such as sarcopenia, hypalbuminemia, anaemia, infection, and altered fluid compartmentation, etc. Hypercatabolic protein disarrangement (HPD) is often underestimated by clinicians, despite correlating with increased mortality, hospitalization, and morbidity quite independent of the primary disease. Simple, cheap, repeatable measurements can be used to identify HPD. Therefore, identification and treatment of proteins' metabolic impairment with appropriate measurements and therapy is a clinical strategy that could improve the prognosis of patients with acute/chronic hypercatabolic inflammatory disease. Here, we describe the metabolism of protein and AAs in hypercatabolic syndrome, illustrating the clinical impact of protein disarrangement. We also illustrate simple, cheap, repeatable, and worldwide available measurements to identify these conditions. Finally, we provide scientific evidence for HPD nutritional treatment. |
Author | Aquilani, Roberto Calvani, Riccardo Romano, Claudia Dioguardi, Francesco Saverio Pasini, Evasio Corsetti, Giovanni Picca, Anna |
AuthorAffiliation | 1 Scientific Clinical Institutes Maugeri, IRCCS Lumezzane, Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, 25065 Lumezzane (Brescia), Italy; evpasini@gmail.com 3 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; dottore.aquilani@gmail.com 5 Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; fsdioguardi@gmail.com 2 Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11-25124 Brescia, Italy; cla300482@gmail.com 4 Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00198 Rome, Italy; anna.picca1@gmail.com (A.P.); riccardo.calvani@gmail.com (R.C.) |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Scientific Clinical Institutes Maugeri, IRCCS Lumezzane, Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, 25065 Lumezzane (Brescia), Italy; evpasini@gmail.com – name: 3 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; dottore.aquilani@gmail.com – name: 4 Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00198 Rome, Italy; anna.picca1@gmail.com (A.P.); riccardo.calvani@gmail.com (R.C.) – name: 5 Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; fsdioguardi@gmail.com – name: 2 Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11-25124 Brescia, Italy; cla300482@gmail.com |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Evasio surname: Pasini fullname: Pasini, Evasio email: evpasini@gmail.com organization: Scientific Clinical Institutes Maugeri, IRCCS Lumezzane, Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, 25065 Lumezzane (Brescia), Italy. evpasini@gmail.com – sequence: 2 givenname: Giovanni orcidid: 0000-0003-0326-0644 surname: Corsetti fullname: Corsetti, Giovanni email: giovanni.corsetti@unibs.it organization: Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11-25124 Brescia, Italy. giovanni.corsetti@unibs.it – sequence: 3 givenname: Roberto surname: Aquilani fullname: Aquilani, Roberto email: dottore.aquilani@gmail.com organization: Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy. dottore.aquilani@gmail.com – sequence: 4 givenname: Claudia surname: Romano fullname: Romano, Claudia email: cla300482@gmail.com organization: Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11-25124 Brescia, Italy. cla300482@gmail.com – sequence: 5 givenname: Anna orcidid: 0000-0001-7032-3487 surname: Picca fullname: Picca, Anna email: anna.picca1@gmail.com organization: Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00198 Rome, Italy. anna.picca1@gmail.com – sequence: 6 givenname: Riccardo surname: Calvani fullname: Calvani, Riccardo email: riccardo.calvani@gmail.com organization: Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00198 Rome, Italy. riccardo.calvani@gmail.com – sequence: 7 givenname: Francesco Saverio surname: Dioguardi fullname: Dioguardi, Francesco Saverio email: fsdioguardi@gmail.com organization: Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy. fsdioguardi@gmail.com |
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Keywords | catabolism inflammation protein metabolism muscle wasting amino acids sarcopenia |
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SubjectTerms | Age Factors Aging - metabolism Amino Acids - administration & dosage Amino Acids - metabolism Anemia Animals Biochemistry Carbohydrates Catabolism Compartmentation Dietary Proteins - administration & dosage Dietary Proteins - metabolism Dietary Supplements Energy Metabolism Humans Intermediates Lipids Metabolism Molecular chains Morbidity Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism Muscle, Skeletal - physiopathology Nutritional Status Protein biosynthesis Protein synthesis Protein turnover Protein-Losing Enteropathies - diet therapy Protein-Losing Enteropathies - metabolism Protein-Losing Enteropathies - physiopathology Proteins Proteolysis Review Sarcopenia Sarcopenia - diet therapy Sarcopenia - metabolism Sarcopenia - physiopathology |
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Title | Protein-Amino Acid Metabolism Disarrangements: The Hidden Enemy of Chronic Age-Related Conditions |
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