Biological markers of exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents

Organophosphorus nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents that are known to have been produced, stockpiled and weaponised. Their development, production, stockpiling and use are prohibited under the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention and, together with their precursors, are subj...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inArchives of toxicology Vol. 87; no. 3; pp. 421 - 437
Main Authors Black, Robin M., Read, Robert W.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Berlin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 01.03.2013
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects
Animals
Biological & chemical weapons
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - blood
Biomarkers - urine
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Biotransformation
Chemical Warfare Agents - adverse effects
Chemical Warfare Agents - metabolism
Environmental Exposure
Environmental Health
Environmental Monitoring - methods
Human exposure
Humans
Mass spectrometry
Occupational Exposure
Occupational Health
Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine
Organophosphate Poisoning - blood
Organophosphate Poisoning - diagnosis
Organophosphate Poisoning - urine
Organophosphorus Compounds - adverse effects
Organophosphorus Compounds - blood
Organophosphorus Compounds - urine
Pharmacology/Toxicology
Point-of-Care Systems
Predictive Value of Tests
Prognosis
Proteins - metabolism
Review Article
Risk Assessment
Toxicity
Organophosphorus
Biomarker
Review
Nerve agent
Mass spectrometry
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Summary:Organophosphorus nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents that are known to have been produced, stockpiled and weaponised. Their development, production, stockpiling and use are prohibited under the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention and, together with their precursors, are subject to strict controls and verification procedures. The detection and identification of biological markers of exposure to nerve agents are required for three main purposes: confirmation of exposure for forensic purposes in cases of alleged use; diagnosis to guide appropriate medical countermeasures in the event of an exposure; and occupational health monitoring of workers in defence laboratories and demilitarisation facilities. Biomarkers of nerve agents fall into two main groups, free metabolites and adducts to proteins. These are reviewed together with analytical methods for their identification. Examples are provided of applications in cases of human exposure.
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ISSN:0340-5761
1432-0738
1432-0738
DOI:10.1007/s00204-012-1005-1