Biological markers of exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents

Organophosphorus nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents that are known to have been produced, stockpiled and weaponised. Their development, production, stockpiling and use are prohibited under the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention and, together with their precursors, are subj...

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Published in	Archives of toxicology Vol. 87; no. 3; pp. 421 - 437
Main Authors	Black, Robin M., Read, Robert W.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Berlin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 01.03.2013 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects	Animals Biological & chemical weapons Biomarkers Biomarkers - blood Biomarkers - urine Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Biotransformation Chemical Warfare Agents - adverse effects Chemical Warfare Agents - metabolism Environmental Exposure Environmental Health Environmental Monitoring - methods Human exposure Humans Mass spectrometry Occupational Exposure Occupational Health Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Organophosphate Poisoning - blood Organophosphate Poisoning - diagnosis Organophosphate Poisoning - urine Organophosphorus Compounds - adverse effects Organophosphorus Compounds - blood Organophosphorus Compounds - urine Pharmacology/Toxicology Point-of-Care Systems Predictive Value of Tests Prognosis Proteins - metabolism Review Article Risk Assessment Toxicity Organophosphorus Biomarker Review Nerve agent Mass spectrometry
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Abstract	Organophosphorus nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents that are known to have been produced, stockpiled and weaponised. Their development, production, stockpiling and use are prohibited under the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention and, together with their precursors, are subject to strict controls and verification procedures. The detection and identification of biological markers of exposure to nerve agents are required for three main purposes: confirmation of exposure for forensic purposes in cases of alleged use; diagnosis to guide appropriate medical countermeasures in the event of an exposure; and occupational health monitoring of workers in defence laboratories and demilitarisation facilities. Biomarkers of nerve agents fall into two main groups, free metabolites and adducts to proteins. These are reviewed together with analytical methods for their identification. Examples are provided of applications in cases of human exposure.
AbstractList	Organophosphorus nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents that are known to have been produced, stockpiled and weaponised. Their development, production, stockpiling and use are prohibited under the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention and, together with their precursors, are subject to strict controls and verification procedures. The detection and identification of biological markers of exposure to nerve agents are required for three main purposes: confirmation of exposure for forensic purposes in cases of alleged use; diagnosis to guide appropriate medical countermeasures in the event of an exposure; and occupational health monitoring of workers in defence laboratories and demilitarisation facilities. Biomarkers of nerve agents fall into two main groups, free metabolites and adducts to proteins. These are reviewed together with analytical methods for their identification. Examples are provided of applications in cases of human exposure.Organophosphorus nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents that are known to have been produced, stockpiled and weaponised. Their development, production, stockpiling and use are prohibited under the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention and, together with their precursors, are subject to strict controls and verification procedures. The detection and identification of biological markers of exposure to nerve agents are required for three main purposes: confirmation of exposure for forensic purposes in cases of alleged use; diagnosis to guide appropriate medical countermeasures in the event of an exposure; and occupational health monitoring of workers in defence laboratories and demilitarisation facilities. Biomarkers of nerve agents fall into two main groups, free metabolites and adducts to proteins. These are reviewed together with analytical methods for their identification. Examples are provided of applications in cases of human exposure. Organophosphorus nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents that are known to have been produced, stockpiled and weaponised. Their development, production, stockpiling and use are prohibited under the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention and, together with their precursors, are subject to strict controls and verification procedures. The detection and identification of biological markers of exposure to nerve agents are required for three main purposes: confirmation of exposure for forensic purposes in cases of alleged use; diagnosis to guide appropriate medical countermeasures in the event of an exposure; and occupational health monitoring of workers in defence laboratories and demilitarisation facilities. Biomarkers of nerve agents fall into two main groups, free metabolites and adducts to proteins. These are reviewed together with analytical methods for their identification. Examples are provided of applications in cases of human exposure. Organophosphorus nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents that are known to have been produced, stockpiled and weaponised. Their development, production, stockpiling and use are prohibited under the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention and, together with their precursors, are subject to strict controls and verification procedures. The detection and identification of biological markers of exposure to nerve agents are required for three main purposes: confirmation of exposure for forensic purposes in cases of alleged use; diagnosis to guide appropriate medical countermeasures in the event of an exposure; and occupational health monitoring of workers in defence laboratories and demilitarisation facilities. Biomarkers of nerve agents fall into two main groups, free metabolites and adducts to proteins. These are reviewed together with analytical methods for their identification. Examples are provided of applications in cases of human exposure.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Author	Black, Robin M. Read, Robert W.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Robin M. surname: Black fullname: Black, Robin M. email: rmblack@dstl.gov.uk organization: Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down – sequence: 2 givenname: Robert W. surname: Read fullname: Read, Robert W. organization: Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371414$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	Organophosphorus nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents that are known to have been produced, stockpiled and weaponised. Their development,...
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SubjectTerms	Animals Biological & chemical weapons Biomarkers Biomarkers - blood Biomarkers - urine Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Biotransformation Chemical Warfare Agents - adverse effects Chemical Warfare Agents - metabolism Environmental Exposure Environmental Health Environmental Monitoring - methods Human exposure Humans Mass spectrometry Occupational Exposure Occupational Health Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Organophosphate Poisoning - blood Organophosphate Poisoning - diagnosis Organophosphate Poisoning - urine Organophosphorus Compounds - adverse effects Organophosphorus Compounds - blood Organophosphorus Compounds - urine Pharmacology/Toxicology Point-of-Care Systems Predictive Value of Tests Prognosis Proteins - metabolism Review Article Risk Assessment Toxicity
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Title	Biological markers of exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents
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