The 1859 space weather event revisited: limits of extreme activity

• Published in: Journal of space weather and space climate Vol. 3; p. A31
• Main Authors: Cliver, Edward W., Dietrich, William F.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: les Ulis EDP Sciences 01.01.2013
• Subjects: Classification; Cosmic rays; Energy; extreme events; Geomagnetic storms; Geomagnetism; historical records; Magnetic storms; Needlework; Soft x rays; solar activity; Solar flares; Space weather; Storm index; Storms; Terrestrial environments; Weather

The solar flare on 1 September 1859 and its associated geomagnetic storm remain the standard for an extreme solar-terrestrial event. The most recent estimates of the flare soft X-ray (SXR) peak intensity and Dst magnetic storm index for this event are: SXR class = X45 (±5) (vs. X35 (±5) for the 4 No...