The 1859 space weather event revisited: limits of extreme activity

The solar flare on 1 September 1859 and its associated geomagnetic storm remain the standard for an extreme solar-terrestrial event. The most recent estimates of the flare soft X-ray (SXR) peak intensity and Dst magnetic storm index for this event are: SXR class = X45 (±5) (vs. X35 (±5) for the 4 No...

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Published inJournal of space weather and space climate Vol. 3; p. A31
Main Authors Cliver, Edward W., Dietrich, William F.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published les Ulis EDP Sciences 01.01.2013
Subjects
Classification
Cosmic rays
Energy
extreme events
Geomagnetic storms
Geomagnetism
historical records
Magnetic storms
Needlework
Soft x rays
solar activity
Solar flares
Space weather
Storm index
Storms
Terrestrial environments
Weather
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Abstract The solar flare on 1 September 1859 and its associated geomagnetic storm remain the standard for an extreme solar-terrestrial event. The most recent estimates of the flare soft X-ray (SXR) peak intensity and Dst magnetic storm index for this event are: SXR class = X45 (±5) (vs. X35 (±5) for the 4 November 2003 flare) and minimum Dst = −900 (+50, −150) nT (vs. −825 to −900 nT for the great storm of May 1921). We have no direct evidence of an associated solar energetic proton (SEP) event but a correlation between >30 MeV SEP fluence (F30) and flare size based on modern data yields a best guess F30 value of ~1.1 × 1010 pr cm−2 (with the ±1σ uncertainty spanning a range from ~109–1011 pr cm−2) for a composite (multi-flare plus shock) 1859 event. This value is approximately twice that of estimates/measurements – ranging from ~5–7 × 109 pr cm−2 – for the largest SEP episodes (July 1959, November 1960, August 1972) in the modern era.
AbstractList The solar flare on 1 September 1859 and its associated geomagnetic storm remain the standard for an extreme solar-terrestrial event. The most recent estimates of the flare soft X-ray (SXR) peak intensity and Dst magnetic storm index for this event are: SXR class = X45 (±5) (vs. X35 (±5) for the 4 November 2003 flare) and minimum Dst = −900 (+50, −150) nT (vs. −825 to −900 nT for the great storm of May 1921). We have no direct evidence of an associated solar energetic proton (SEP) event but a correlation between >30 MeV SEP fluence (F30) and flare size based on modern data yields a best guess F30 value of ~1.1 × 1010 pr cm−2 (with the ±1σ uncertainty spanning a range from ~109–1011 pr cm−2) for a composite (multi-flare plus shock) 1859 event. This value is approximately twice that of estimates/measurements – ranging from ~5–7 × 109 pr cm−2 – for the largest SEP episodes (July 1959, November 1960, August 1972) in the modern era.
The solar flare on 1 September 1859 and its associated geomagnetic storm remain the standard for an extreme solar-terrestrial event. The most recent estimates of the flare soft X-ray (SXR) peak intensity and Dst magnetic storm index for this event are: SXR class = X45 (±5) (vs. X35 (±5) for the 4 November 2003 flare) and minimum Dst = −900 (+50, −150) nT (vs. −825 to −900 nT for the great storm of May 1921). We have no direct evidence of an associated solar energetic proton (SEP) event but a correlation between >30 MeV SEP fluence (F30) and flare size based on modern data yields a best guess F30 value of ~1.1 × 1010 pr cm−2 (with the ±1σ uncertainty spanning a range from ~109–1011 pr cm−2) for a composite (multi-flare plus shock) 1859 event. This value is approximately twice that of estimates/measurements – ranging from ~5–7 × 109 pr cm−2 – for the largest SEP episodes (July 1959, November 1960, August 1972) in the modern era.
Author Cliver, Edward W.
Dietrich, William F.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
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– sequence: 2
  givenname: William F.
  surname: Dietrich
  fullname: Dietrich, William F.
  organization: Praxis, Inc., Alexandria, VA 22303, USA
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Snippet The solar flare on 1 September 1859 and its associated geomagnetic storm remain the standard for an extreme solar-terrestrial event. The most recent estimates...
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StartPage A31
SubjectTerms Classification
Cosmic rays
Energy
extreme events
Geomagnetic storms
Geomagnetism
historical records
Magnetic storms
Needlework
Soft x rays
solar activity
Solar flares
Space weather
Storm index
Storms
Terrestrial environments
Weather
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Title The 1859 space weather event revisited: limits of extreme activity
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