Are superantigens the cause of cytokine storm and viral sepsis in severe COVID‐19? Observations and hypothesis
Right now the world is going through an unprecedented pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus. Recent papers pointed out the fatal outcome in most of the severe cases, in which a cytokine storm has been proven to be the cause of a systemic shock, acute respiratory syndrome, multiorgan failure and con...
Saved in:
| Published in | Scandinavian Journal of Immunology Vol. 92; no. 6; pp. e12944 - n/a |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article Web Resource |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
01.12.2020
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc John Wiley and Sons Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | Right now the world is going through an unprecedented pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus. Recent papers pointed out the fatal outcome in most of the severe cases, in which a cytokine storm has been proven to be the cause of a systemic shock, acute respiratory syndrome, multiorgan failure and consequently death. Several explanations have been proposed trying to explain the pathophysiology of the cytokine storm, but viral proteins with a possible superantigen activity as a cause of immune dysregulation have not been addressed. If this hypothesis is proven, a different treatment approach might change the outcome in severe cases. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Right now the world is going through an unprecedented pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus. Recent papers pointed out the fatal outcome in most of the severe cases, in which a cytokine storm has been proven to be the cause of a systemic shock, acute respiratory syndrome, multiorgan failure and consequently death. Several explanations have been proposed trying to explain the pathophysiology of the cytokine storm, but viral proteins with a possible superantigen activity as a cause of immune dysregulation has not been addressed. If this hypothesis is proven, a different treatment approach might change the outcome in severe cases Right now the world is going through an unprecedented pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus. Recent papers pointed out the fatal outcome in most of the severe cases, in which a cytokine storm has been proven to be the cause of a systemic shock, acute respiratory syndrome, multiorgan failure and consequently death. Several explanations have been proposed trying to explain the pathophysiology of the cytokine storm, but viral proteins with a possible superantigen activity as a cause of immune dysregulation have not been addressed. If this hypothesis is proven, a different treatment approach might change the outcome in severe cases. Abstract Right now the world is going through an unprecedented pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus. Recent papers pointed out the fatal outcome in most of the severe cases, in which a cytokine storm has been proven to be the cause of a systemic shock, acute respiratory syndrome, multiorgan failure and consequently death. Several explanations have been proposed trying to explain the pathophysiology of the cytokine storm, but viral proteins with a possible superantigen activity as a cause of immune dysregulation have not been addressed. If this hypothesis is proven, a different treatment approach might change the outcome in severe cases. |
| Author | Scaglioni, Valeria Soriano, Enrique R. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Rheumatology Section Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Rheumatology Section Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Valeria orcidid: 0000-0002-1163-7467 surname: Scaglioni fullname: Scaglioni, Valeria email: valeria.scaglioni@hospitalitaliano.org.ar organization: Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires – sequence: 2 givenname: Enrique R. orcidid: 0000-0003-3143-1084 surname: Soriano fullname: Soriano, Enrique R. organization: Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32697367$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqFkc9uEzEQhy1URNPAgRdAlrjAYVv_W-_6AqoChaBKOVBxtbzObOOwsRd7Nyi3PkKfkSepS9qqICF8saX55tOMf0fowAcPCL2k5Jjmc5LW7pgyJcQTNKFclgUnNT9AE8IJKZSoykN0lNKaEMpZxZ-hQ86kqrisJqg_jYDT2EM0fnCX4BMeVoCtGRPg0GK7G8J35zMzhLjBxi_x1kXT4QR9cgk7n19byJLZ4tv8w6-ra6re40WTIG7N4EL23fasdn3I3tzxHD1tTZfgxd09RRdnHy9mn4vzxaf57PS8sKKioqAV57ahqjYK6qayUC6hVZwSURJjW9rYpjQMGrrkogYD0lKlwPBaqFYqyqfo3V7bj80Glhb8kKfWfXQbE3c6GKf_rHi30pdhqytBhMifM0Vv7gQx_BghDXrjkoWuMx7CmDQTTNJKsrrO6Ou_0HUYo8_bZUoKzrlQ_6GYJJIrwTL1dk_ZGFKK0D6MTIm-DVvnsPXvsDP76vGOD-R9uhk42QM_XQe7f5v01y_zvfIG71S3Iw |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1136_jitc_2020_002285 crossref_primary_10_1148_rg_220036 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12931_024_02670_z crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms23031716 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tem_2023_03_002 crossref_primary_10_1111_sji_13199 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13567_023_01230_5 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms221910791 crossref_primary_10_3390_v15020400 crossref_primary_10_19163_1994_9480_2021_2_78__18_27 crossref_primary_10_1002_jmv_26891 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2021_686029 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcvm_2022_967926 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mehy_2021_110538 crossref_primary_10_1093_abt_tbac005 crossref_primary_10_2174_2211352520666220527102858 crossref_primary_10_3390_pathogens11040390 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 10.1093/emboj/18.1.9 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00292 10.3109/08820139709048934 10.1172/JCI137244 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00222-0 10.1186/cc1825 10.1007/978-1-4939-3344-0_1 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.017 10.1084/jem.183.2.431 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037 10.1016/j.virol.2006.11.027 10.1016/S0966-842X(00)01793-5 10.1111/jth.14810 10.1042/EBC20160017 10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z 10.1371/journal.pone.0000024 10.1084/jem.178.5.1531 10.1016/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2003.00498.x 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31094-1 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.009 10.46234/ccdcw2020.032 |
| ContentType | Journal Article Web Resource |
| Copyright | 2020 The Scandinavian Foundation for Immunology 2020 The Scandinavian Foundation for Immunology. 2020. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the associated terms available at https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com Copyright © 2020 The Scandinavian Foundation for Immunology |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2020 The Scandinavian Foundation for Immunology – notice: 2020 The Scandinavian Foundation for Immunology. – notice: 2020. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the associated terms available at https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com – notice: Copyright © 2020 The Scandinavian Foundation for Immunology |
| DBID | CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM AAYXX CITATION COVID 7QP 7QR 7T5 7TK 7U9 8FD FR3 H94 K9. M7N NAPCQ P64 7X8 5PM |
| DOI | 10.1111/sji.12944 |
| DatabaseName | Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed CrossRef Coronavirus Research Database Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts Chemoreception Abstracts Immunology Abstracts Neurosciences Abstracts Virology and AIDS Abstracts Technology Research Database Engineering Research Database AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C) Nursing & Allied Health Premium Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) |
| DatabaseTitle | MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) CrossRef Coronavirus Research Database Nursing & Allied Health Premium Virology and AIDS Abstracts Technology Research Database Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C) AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Chemoreception Abstracts Immunology Abstracts Engineering Research Database Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts Neurosciences Abstracts Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | Coronavirus Research Database Nursing & Allied Health Premium MEDLINE CrossRef |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: COVID name: Coronavirus Research Database url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/coronavirus sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine Biology |
| DocumentTitleAlternate | SCAGLIONI and SORIANO |
| EISSN | 1365-3083 |
| EndPage | n/a |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1111_sji_12944 32697367 SJI12944 |
| Genre | article Journal Article |
| GroupedDBID | --- -~X .3N .55 .GA .GJ .Y3 05W 0R~ 10A 123 1OB 1OC 24P 2WC 31~ 33P 36B 3O- 3SF 4.4 50Y 50Z 51W 51X 52M 52N 52O 52P 52R 52S 52T 52U 52V 52W 52X 53G 5HH 5LA 5RE 5VS 66C 702 7PT 8-0 8-1 8-3 8-4 8-5 8UM 930 A01 A03 AAESR AAEVG AAHHS AANLZ AAONW AASGY AAXRX AAZKR ABCQN ABCUV ABDBF ABEML ABJNI ABOCM ABPVW ABQWH ABXGK ACAHQ ACBWZ ACCFJ ACCZN ACGFO ACGFS ACGOF ACIWK ACMXC ACPOU ACPRK ACSCC ACXBN ACXQS ADBBV ADBTR ADEOM ADIZJ ADKYN ADMGS ADOZA ADXAS ADZMN AEEZP AEGXH AEIGN AEIMD AENEX AEQDE AEUQT AEUYR AFBPY AFEBI AFFNX AFFPM AFGKR AFPWT AFRAH AFZJQ AHBTC AHEFC AHMBA AIACR AIAGR AITYG AIURR AIWBW AJBDE ALAGY ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALUQN AMBMR AMYDB AOETA ASPBG ATUGU AVWKF AZBYB AZFZN AZVAB BAFTC BAWUL BDRZF BFHJK BHBCM BMXJE BROTX BRXPI BY8 C45 CAG COF CS3 D-6 D-7 D-E D-F DC6 DCZOG DIK DPXWK DR2 DRFUL DRMAN DRSTM DU5 E3Z EAD EAP EAS EBC EBD EBS EBX EJD EMB EMK EMOBN EPT ESX EX3 F00 F01 F04 F5P FEDTE FIJ FUBAC FZ0 G-S G.N GODZA H.X HF~ HGLYW HVGLF HZI HZ~ IH2 IHE IPNFZ IX1 J0M J5H K48 KBYEO LATKE LC2 LC3 LEEKS LH4 LITHE LOXES LP6 LP7 LUTES LW6 LYRES MEWTI MK4 MRFUL MRMAN MRSTM MSFUL MSMAN MSSTM MXFUL MXMAN MXSTM N04 N05 N9A NF~ O66 O9- OBS OHT OIG OK1 OVD P2P P2W P2X P2Z P4B P4D PALCI PQQKQ Q.N Q11 QB0 Q~Q R.K RIWAO RJQFR ROL RX1 SAMSI SUPJJ SV3 TEORI TUS UB1 V8K W8V W99 WBKPD WH7 WHWMO WIH WIJ WIK WIN WOHZO WOW WQJ WRC WUP WVDHM WXI WXSBR X7M XG1 Y6R YFH YOC YUY ZGI ZXP ZZTAW ~IA ~KM ~WT CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM AAYXX CITATION COVID 7QP 7QR 7T5 7TK 7U9 8FD FR3 H94 K9. M7N NAPCQ P64 7X8 5PM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c4714-1733cb198a9e8b7ce5def9310450acf1bcb5a2eb1d348eae6c199ea3849f6913 |
| IEDL.DBID | DR2 |
| ISSN | 0300-9475 |
| IngestDate | Tue Sep 17 20:38:07 EDT 2024 Wed Jul 24 19:43:29 EDT 2024 Thu Oct 10 16:14:12 EDT 2024 Thu Oct 10 15:08:48 EDT 2024 Fri Aug 23 04:04:11 EDT 2024 Sat Sep 28 08:26:16 EDT 2024 Sat Aug 24 01:06:33 EDT 2024 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 6 |
| Keywords | COVID-19 cytokine storm superantigen shock |
| Language | English |
| License | 2020 The Scandinavian Foundation for Immunology. This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c4714-1733cb198a9e8b7ce5def9310450acf1bcb5a2eb1d348eae6c199ea3849f6913 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1163-7467 0000-0003-3143-1084 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7404497 |
| PMID | 32697367 |
| PQID | 2426063942 |
| PQPubID | 4686273 |
| PageCount | 5 |
| ParticipantIDs | pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7404497 proquest_miscellaneous_2426176288 proquest_journals_2464333498 proquest_journals_2426063942 crossref_primary_10_1111_sji_12944 pubmed_primary_32697367 wiley_primary_10_1111_sji_12944_SJI12944 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | December 2020 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2020-12-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 12 year: 2020 text: December 2020 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England – name: Hoboken – name: Oxford |
| PublicationTitle | Scandinavian Journal of Immunology |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Scand J Immunol |
| PublicationYear | 2020 |
| Publisher | John Wiley & Sons, Inc Wiley Subscription Services, Inc John Wiley and Sons Inc |
| Publisher_xml | – name: John Wiley & Sons, Inc – name: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc – name: John Wiley and Sons Inc |
| References | 2020; 5 2017; 8 2013; 4 2020; 2 2020; 382 2020; 130 2020; 395 1999; 18 2010; 125 1997; 26 2011; 81 2003; 7 2007; 361 2020; 80 2000; 8 2002; 2 1996; 183 2020; 27 2016; 60 2006; 1 2003; 1 2016; 1396 1993; 178 2020; 18 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_5_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 e_1_2_7_3_1 e_1_2_7_9_1 e_1_2_7_8_1 e_1_2_7_7_1 e_1_2_7_19_1 e_1_2_7_18_1 e_1_2_7_17_1 e_1_2_7_16_1 e_1_2_7_2_1 e_1_2_7_15_1 e_1_2_7_14_1 e_1_2_7_13_1 e_1_2_7_12_1 e_1_2_7_11_1 e_1_2_7_10_1 e_1_2_7_26_1 e_1_2_7_27_1 Natividad MF (e_1_2_7_23_1) 2013; 4 e_1_2_7_25_1 e_1_2_7_24_1 e_1_2_7_22_1 e_1_2_7_21_1 e_1_2_7_20_1 |
| References_xml | – volume: 18 start-page: 9 issue: 1 year: 1999 end-page: 21 article-title: Structural basis for the recognition of superantigen streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA1) by MHC class II molecules and T‐cell receptors publication-title: EMBO J – volume: 1 start-page: 2569 issue: 12 year: 2003 end-page: 2576 article-title: Superantigens from induce procoagulant activity and monocyte tissue factor expression in whole blood and mononuclear cells via il‐1β publication-title: J Thromb Haemost – volume: 183 start-page: 431 issue: 2 year: 1996 end-page: 437 article-title: Peripheral T cells undergoing superantigen‐induced apoptosis in vivo express B220 and upregulate Fas and Fas ligand publication-title: J Exp Med – volume: 80 start-page: 607 issue: 6 year: 2020 end-page: 613 article-title: The pathogenesis and treatment of the Cytokine Storm in COVID‐19 publication-title: J Infect – volume: 395 start-page: 1607 issue: 10237 year: 2020 end-page: 1608 article-title: Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID‐19 pandemic publication-title: Lancet – volume: 2 start-page: 156 issue: 3 year: 2002 end-page: 162 article-title: Superantigens: microbial agents that corrupt immunity publication-title: Lancet Infect. Dis – volume: 18 start-page: 1023 year: 2020 end-page: 1026 article-title: ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID‐19 publication-title: J Thromb Haemost – volume: 81 start-page: 85 year: 2011 end-page: 164 – volume: 5 start-page: 536 issue: 4 year: 2020 end-page: 544 article-title: Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus: classifying 2019‐nCoV and naming it SARS‐CoV‐2 publication-title: Nat Microbiol – volume: 60 start-page: 275 issue: 3 year: 2016 end-page: 301 article-title: The immune system publication-title: Essays Biochem – volume: 27 start-page: 992‐1000.e3 issue: 6 year: 2020 article-title: Complex immune dysregulation in COVID‐19 patients with severe respiratory failure publication-title: Cell Host Microbe – volume: 8 start-page: 292 year: 2017 article-title: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II proteins: conformational plasticity in antigen presentation publication-title: Front Immunol – volume: 125 start-page: S33 issue: 2 Suppl. 2 year: 2010 end-page: 40 article-title: Adaptive immunity publication-title: J Allergy Clin Immunol – volume: 395 start-page: 1033 issue: 10229 year: 2020 end-page: 1034 article-title: COVID‐19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression publication-title: Lancet – volume: 1 issue: 1 year: 2006 article-title: Long‐term persistence of robust antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses in recovered patients infected with SARS coronavirus publication-title: PLoS One – volume: 26 start-page: 283 issue: 1–2 year: 1997 end-page: 290 article-title: Searching for superantigens publication-title: Immunol Invest – volume: 7 start-page: 123 issue: 2 year: 2003 end-page: 129 article-title: Science review: Role of coagulation protease cascades in sepsis publication-title: Crit Care – volume: 382 start-page: 1199 issue: 13 year: 2020 end-page: 1207 article-title: Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus‐infected pneumonia publication-title: N Engl J Med – volume: 1396 start-page: 1 year: 2016 end-page: 17 – volume: 178 start-page: 1531 issue: 5 year: 1993 end-page: 1540 article-title: Distribution and kinetics of superantigen‐induced cytokine gene expression in mouse spleen publication-title: J Exp Med – volume: 2 start-page: 113 issue: 8 year: 2020 end-page: 122 article-title: The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID‐19) — China, 2020[J] publication-title: China CDC Weekly – volume: 4 start-page: 70 issue: 1 year: 2013 article-title: Superantigen involvement and susceptibility factors in Kawasaki disease: profiles of TCR Vβ2+ T cells and HLA‐DRB1, TNF‐α and ITPKC genes among Filipino patients publication-title: Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet – volume: 130 start-page: 2620 issue: 5 year: 2020 end-page: 2629 article-title: Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019 publication-title: J Clin Invest – volume: 8 start-page: 369 issue: 8 year: 2000 end-page: 375 article-title: Microbial superantigens: from structure to function publication-title: Trends Microbiol – volume: 361 start-page: 304 issue: 2 year: 2007 end-page: 315 article-title: The intracellular sites of early replication and budding of SARS‐coronavirus publication-title: Virology – ident: e_1_2_7_2_1 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 – ident: e_1_2_7_24_1 doi: 10.1093/emboj/18.1.9 – ident: e_1_2_7_12_1 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00292 – ident: e_1_2_7_26_1 doi: 10.3109/08820139709048934 – ident: e_1_2_7_11_1 doi: 10.1172/JCI137244 – ident: e_1_2_7_10_1 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0 – ident: e_1_2_7_15_1 doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00222-0 – ident: e_1_2_7_3_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_19_1 doi: 10.1186/cc1825 – ident: e_1_2_7_25_1 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3344-0_1 – volume: 4 start-page: 70 issue: 1 year: 2013 ident: e_1_2_7_23_1 article-title: Superantigen involvement and susceptibility factors in Kawasaki disease: profiles of TCR Vβ2+ T cells and HLA‐DRB1, TNF‐α and ITPKC genes among Filipino patients publication-title: Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet contributor: fullname: Natividad MF – ident: e_1_2_7_13_1 doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.017 – ident: e_1_2_7_20_1 doi: 10.1084/jem.183.2.431 – ident: e_1_2_7_9_1 doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037 – ident: e_1_2_7_5_1 doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.11.027 – ident: e_1_2_7_16_1 doi: 10.1016/S0966-842X(00)01793-5 – ident: e_1_2_7_17_1 doi: 10.1111/jth.14810 – ident: e_1_2_7_14_1 doi: 10.1042/EBC20160017 – ident: e_1_2_7_4_1 doi: 10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z – ident: e_1_2_7_8_1 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000024 – ident: e_1_2_7_27_1 doi: 10.1084/jem.178.5.1531 – ident: e_1_2_7_6_1 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2 – ident: e_1_2_7_18_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2003.00498.x – ident: e_1_2_7_22_1 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31094-1 – ident: e_1_2_7_21_1 doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.009 – ident: e_1_2_7_7_1 doi: 10.46234/ccdcw2020.032 |
| SSID | ssj0013273 |
| Score | 2.434441 |
| Snippet | Right now the world is going through an unprecedented pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus. Recent papers pointed out the fatal outcome in most of the severe... Abstract Right now the world is going through an unprecedented pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus. Recent papers pointed out the fatal outcome in most of... |
| SourceID | pubmedcentral proquest crossref pubmed wiley |
| SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | e12944 |
| SubjectTerms | Antigen Presentation CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - immunology Cytokine storm Cytokines Cytokines - metabolism Dendritic Cells - immunology Discussion Forum Humans Hypotheses Pandemics SARS-CoV-2 - physiology Sepsis Sepsis - immunology shock superantigen Superantigens Superantigens - immunology |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: Coronavirus Research Database dbid: COVID link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwEB7B9oI4AOIVaCuDOHDJksTOw6cKbanaStDDFugt8mOibgtJaJJDOfET-I38ko6zycJSlQM5RXIm8mv8fR6PZwBeKdIZw3nkGxNpX9jI-JklxcPQZhJtHAWxu-D8_kOy_1EcnsQng8GtGdwqxzWxX6htZZyN_I2DEgenItqpv_kua5Q7XR1SaNyGDU64E0xgY3b06WB3CCHkXHaas8WUME2IdeC5xiavO0X-SVZ7tNm7B_lYz6WTyfm0a_XUfP8rhOP_N-Q-3P2Mmo2m-wdwC8uHUL-9QDbvaiT4al2QzoYRO2Qz1TXIqoLNLtvqnEgpm9M-_StTpWXOQ_gLa7BuFg1blGyOpBkk4nrn14-fodxhR3pl9216mdPL2t36IolHcLz37ni27w8JGXxDGCb8MOXc6FBmSmKmU4OxxUISQRRxoEwRaqNjFdHqb7nIUGFiQilR8UzIIpEhfwyTsirxKbDM0OOiv4eJFIk1ujAmDdJCRKYIIo0evBwHK6-XYTfycbtCI5r3I-rB5tjD-aB5Tf67e28oJgrGuZCZBy9WxaRS7pxElVh1y1-EqcvD7MGT5aRYVYLYrkx5knqQrk2X1QcuXPd6Sbk47cN2pyIQQpLk635i3dyufH540L88-3cDn8OdyO3-e-eaTZi0Fx1uEUVq9fagB1cusBkZ priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest |
| Title | Are superantigens the cause of cytokine storm and viral sepsis in severe COVID‐19? Observations and hypothesis |
| URI | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fsji.12944 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32697367 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2426063942 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2464333498 https://search.proquest.com/docview/2426176288 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7404497 |
| Volume | 92 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3LbtQwFL2qikBseJRXoFQGsWCTUfxIHIsFqlqqtlKpBAV1gRTZjqMObTNRnSyGFZ_AN_Il2E4mmqGqhMjKku3Ir5N74nt9DPBGOsxoSkmsNVExK4mO89IBz-AyF6ZMSZL6A85HH7P9L-zwND1dg3eLszC9PsS44eaREb7XHuBS2SWQ2-_TiTNWzGuBYsp9ONfuJ7LkQei9yzRJYsF4OqgK-SieseaqLbpGMK_HSS7z12CA9u7Dt0XT-7iT80nXqon-8Zeq43_27QHcG4gp2u5X0kNYM_UG3O6vqpxvwJ2jwQn_CJrtK4Ns1xhn5lov5mmRY5FIy84aNKuQnrezc1cS-cDLSyTrEvlI4gtkTWOnFk1rl3IIMmjn-OvB7u-fv7B4j47VuD9sQ52zeeNPh7kaj-Fk78PJzn48XNwQa2frWIw5pVphkUthcsW1SUtTCUckWZpIXWGlVSqJsxIlZbmRJtNYCCNpzkSVCUyfwHo9q80zQLl2j1eJx5lgWalVpTVPeMWIrhKiTASvFzNYNL08R7H4rXGDWIRBjGBzMbfFgFBbeGri6RkjN2Q7qkYpE3kEr8ZsBz3vT5G1mXX9KzD39zVH8LRfKWMjHCsWnGY8Ar6yhsYCXtZ7NaeengV5b84SxoSr-TYskZv7VXw-PAiJ5_9e9AXcJX7HIATkbMJ6e9WZl45WtWoLboVZ3wo4-gMOQiNN |
| link.rule.ids | 230,315,783,787,888,1378,27938,27939,38530,43909,46308,46732 |
| linkProvider | Wiley-Blackwell |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwELagPYA4AOKVUsAgDlyyxLETx6cKLVS7pY_DLtBbFDsTdSlNQp0cyomfwG_klzDOJgtLVQ7kFMmZyI8Zf5_H4zEhLzO0GcN56BsTal_kofGTHA0PWJ4oyKMwiNwB54PDePJB7B1Hx73DzfZhlcOc2E3UeWWcj_y1gxIHpyLcqb_67tYot7vaX6FxnWwisAao1Zvjo4_Tt30KIReyYz8vRohpQqwDzyU2eTko8k-y2qHN7m2SDvVcBpmcjtpGj8y3v1I4_n9D7pBbn0DTwXV_l1yD8h6p35wDnbU1IHw1LkmnpcgO6ThrLdCqoOOLpjpFUkpnuE4_o1mZUxch_IVaqO3C0kVJZ4CWgSKud35-_8HUDj3SK7-v7WROLmp36gsl7pP57rv5eOL3FzL4BjFM-ExybjRTSaYg0dJAlEOhkCCKKMhMwbTRURbi7J9zkUAGsWFKQcYToYpYMf6AbJRVCY8ITQw-Lvs7i5WIc6MLY2QgCxGaIgg1eOTFMFhpvUy7kQ7LFRzRtBtRj2wPPZz2lmfT3917RTFSMM6FSjzyfFWMJuX2SbISqnb5CybdPcweebhUilUlkO0qyWPpEbmmLqsPXLru9ZJycdKl7ZYiEEKh5KtOsa5uVzrbm3YvW_9u4DNyYzI_2E_3p4fvH5ObofMEdIE222SjOW_hCdKlRj_tbeIXjlUcCQ |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwEB6VIiouPMqjgQIGceCSVWI7cSwOqOqy6hbaIiioB6Qodhx1W8hGTXJYTvwEfiO_hHFe2qWqhMjJkj2RH_NlvnjGY4CXCWJGM0ZdralyeUq1G6UIPOOnkTRpQL3AHnA-OAz3PvP9k-BkDV73Z2Ha_BDDhptFRvO9tgAv0mwJ5OXZbITGivNrcJ2HzLPxXOOPdMmF0LqXmee5kougSytkw3gG0VVjdIlhXg6UXCawjQWa3Iavfd_bwJPzUV2pkf7xV1rH_xzcHbjVMVOy06rSXVgz-SbcaO-qXGzCxkHnhb8Hxc6FIWVdGLRzlc3mWRKkkUQndWnIPCN6Uc3PsSWxkZffSZKnxIYSfyOlKcpZSWY5lhBChuwefZmOf__85cs35EgNG8RlI3O6KOzxMJS4D8eTt8e7e253c4Or0dhx1xeMaeXLKJEmUkKbIDWZRCbJAy_Rma-0ChKKZiJlPDKJCbUvpUlYxGUWSp89gPV8npstIJHGx6aJ90PJw1SrTGvhiYxTnXlUGQde9CsYF21-jrj_r8FJjJtJdGC7X9u4g2gZW25i-RmnV1QjV2OMy8iB50M1Ys86VJLczOv2Fb6wFzY78LDVlKETSIulYKFwQKzo0NDA5vVerclnp01-b8E9ziVKvmpU5OpxxZ_2p03h0b83fQYbH8aT-P308N1juEnt7kETnLMN69VFbZ4gxarU0wZKfwBooSR- |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Are+superantigens+the+cause+of+cytokine+storm+and+viral+sepsis+in+severe+COVID%E2%80%9019%3F+Observations+and+hypothesis&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+journal+of+immunology&rft.au=Scaglioni%2C+Valeria&rft.au=Soriano%2C+Enrique+R.&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.issn=0300-9475&rft.eissn=1365-3083&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=6&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fsji.12944&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1111_sji_12944 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0300-9475&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0300-9475&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0300-9475&client=summon |