Phthalate esters in the environment: A critical review of their occurrence, biodegradation, and removal during wastewater treatment processes

Phthalate esters are one of the most frequently detected persistent organic pollutants in the environment. A better understanding of their occurrence and degradation in the environment and during wastewater treatment processes will facilitate the development of strategies to reduce these pollutants...

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Published inThe Science of the total environment Vol. 541; pp. 986 - 1001
Main Authors Gao, Da-Wen, Wen, Zhi-Dan
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Netherlands Elsevier B.V 15.01.2016
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Abstract Phthalate esters are one of the most frequently detected persistent organic pollutants in the environment. A better understanding of their occurrence and degradation in the environment and during wastewater treatment processes will facilitate the development of strategies to reduce these pollutants and to bioremediate contaminated freshwater and soil. Phthalate esters occur at measurable levels in different environments worldwide. For example, the concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in atmospheric particulate matter, fresh water and sediments, soil, and landfills are N.D.–10.4ng/m3, N.D.–31.7μg/L, N.D.–316μg/kg dry weight, and N.D.–200μg/kg dry weight, N.D.–43.27μg/L, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are primary phthalate ester pollutants. Urbanization has increased the discharge of phthalate esters to atmospheric and aquatic environments, and the use of agricultural plastics has exacerbated soil contamination by phthalate esters in rural areas. Aerobic biodegradation is the primary manner of phthalate ester mineralization in the environment, and this process has been widely studied. Phthalate esters can be removed during wastewater treatment processes. The combination of different wastewater treatment technologies showed greater efficiency in the removal of phthalate esters than individual treatment steps, such as the combination of anaerobic wastewater treatment with a membrane bioreactor would increase the efficiency of phthalate ester removal from 65%–71% to 95%–97%. This review provides a useful framework to identify future research objectives to achieve the mineralization and elimination of phthalate esters in the environment. [Display omitted] •Occurrence of phthalate esters was summarized in the different environments.•Urbanization exacerbated the discharge of phthalate esters to atmosphere and water.•Aerobic biodegradation is the primary mineralization process of phthalate ester.•Phthalate esters could be removed by biodegradation and absorption in WWTPs.
AbstractList Phthalate esters are one of the most frequently detected persistent organic pollutants in the environment. A better understanding of their occurrence and degradation in the environment and during wastewater treatment processes will facilitate the development of strategies to reduce these pollutants and to bioremediate contaminated freshwater and soil. Phthalate esters occur at measurable levels in different environments worldwide. For example, the concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in atmospheric particulate matter, fresh water and sediments, soil, and landfills are N.D.-10.4ng/m3, N.D.-31.7 mu g/L, N.D.-316 mu g/kg dry weight, and N.D.-200 mu g/kg dry weight, N.D.-43.27 mu g/L, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are primary phthalate ester pollutants. Urbanization has increased the discharge of phthalate esters to atmospheric and aquatic environments, and the use of agricultural plastics has exacerbated soil contamination by phthalate esters in rural areas. Aerobic biodegradation is the primary manner of phthalate ester mineralization in the environment, and this process has been widely studied. Phthalate esters can be removed during wastewater treatment processes. The combination of different wastewater treatment technologies showed greater efficiency in the removal of phthalate esters than individual treatment steps, such as the combination of anaerobic wastewater treatment with a membrane bioreactor would increase the efficiency of phthalate ester removal from 65%-71% to 95%-97%. This review provides a useful framework to identify future research objectives to achieve the mineralization and elimination of phthalate esters in the environment.
Phthalate esters are one of the most frequently detected persistent organic pollutants in the environment. A better understanding of their occurrence and degradation in the environment and during wastewater treatment processes will facilitate the development of strategies to reduce these pollutants and to bioremediate contaminated freshwater and soil. Phthalate esters occur at measurable levels in different environments worldwide. For example, the concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in atmospheric particulate matter, fresh water and sediments, soil, and landfills are N.D.–10.4ng/m3, N.D.–31.7μg/L, N.D.–316μg/kg dry weight, and N.D.–200μg/kg dry weight, N.D.–43.27μg/L, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are primary phthalate ester pollutants. Urbanization has increased the discharge of phthalate esters to atmospheric and aquatic environments, and the use of agricultural plastics has exacerbated soil contamination by phthalate esters in rural areas. Aerobic biodegradation is the primary manner of phthalate ester mineralization in the environment, and this process has been widely studied. Phthalate esters can be removed during wastewater treatment processes. The combination of different wastewater treatment technologies showed greater efficiency in the removal of phthalate esters than individual treatment steps, such as the combination of anaerobic wastewater treatment with a membrane bioreactor would increase the efficiency of phthalate ester removal from 65%–71% to 95%–97%. This review provides a useful framework to identify future research objectives to achieve the mineralization and elimination of phthalate esters in the environment.
Phthalate esters are one of the most frequently detected persistent organic pollutants in the environment. A better understanding of their occurrence and degradation in the environment and during wastewater treatment processes will facilitate the development of strategies to reduce these pollutants and to bioremediate contaminated freshwater and soil. Phthalate esters occur at measurable levels in different environments worldwide. For example, the concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in atmospheric particulate matter, fresh water and sediments, soil, and landfills are N.D.-10.4 ng/m(3), N.D.-31.7 μg/L, N.D.-316 μg/kg dry weight, and N.D.-200 μg/kg dry weight, N.D.-43.27 μg/L, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are primary phthalate ester pollutants. Urbanization has increased the discharge of phthalate esters to atmospheric and aquatic environments, and the use of agricultural plastics has exacerbated soil contamination by phthalate esters in rural areas. Aerobic biodegradation is the primary manner of phthalate ester mineralization in the environment, and this process has been widely studied. Phthalate esters can be removed during wastewater treatment processes. The combination of different wastewater treatment technologies showed greater efficiency in the removal of phthalate esters than individual treatment steps, such as the combination of anaerobic wastewater treatment with a membrane bioreactor would increase the efficiency of phthalate ester removal from 65%-71% to 95%-97%. This review provides a useful framework to identify future research objectives to achieve the mineralization and elimination of phthalate esters in the environment.
Phthalate esters are one of the most frequently detected persistent organic pollutants in the environment. A better understanding of their occurrence and degradation in the environment and during wastewater treatment processes will facilitate the development of strategies to reduce these pollutants and to bioremediate contaminated freshwater and soil. Phthalate esters occur at measurable levels in different environments worldwide. For example, the concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in atmospheric particulate matter, fresh water and sediments, soil, and landfills are N.D.–10.4ng/m3, N.D.–31.7μg/L, N.D.–316μg/kg dry weight, and N.D.–200μg/kg dry weight, N.D.–43.27μg/L, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are primary phthalate ester pollutants. Urbanization has increased the discharge of phthalate esters to atmospheric and aquatic environments, and the use of agricultural plastics has exacerbated soil contamination by phthalate esters in rural areas. Aerobic biodegradation is the primary manner of phthalate ester mineralization in the environment, and this process has been widely studied. Phthalate esters can be removed during wastewater treatment processes. The combination of different wastewater treatment technologies showed greater efficiency in the removal of phthalate esters than individual treatment steps, such as the combination of anaerobic wastewater treatment with a membrane bioreactor would increase the efficiency of phthalate ester removal from 65%–71% to 95%–97%. This review provides a useful framework to identify future research objectives to achieve the mineralization and elimination of phthalate esters in the environment. [Display omitted] •Occurrence of phthalate esters was summarized in the different environments.•Urbanization exacerbated the discharge of phthalate esters to atmosphere and water.•Aerobic biodegradation is the primary mineralization process of phthalate ester.•Phthalate esters could be removed by biodegradation and absorption in WWTPs.
Author Wen, Zhi-Dan
Gao, Da-Wen
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  fullname: Gao, Da-Wen
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  givenname: Zhi-Dan
  surname: Wen
  fullname: Wen, Zhi-Dan
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26473701$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet Phthalate esters are one of the most frequently detected persistent organic pollutants in the environment. A better understanding of their occurrence and...
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SubjectTerms aquatic environment
Atmospherics
Biodegradation
Biodegradation, Environmental
bioreactors
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate - analysis
Dibutyl Phthalate - metabolism
dimethyl phthalate
Drying
Esters
Esters - analysis
Esters - metabolism
Freshwater
landfills
mineralization
Occurrence
particulates
persistent organic pollutants
Phthalate esters
Phthalates
Phthalic Acids - analysis
Phthalic Acids - metabolism
plastics
Pollutants
rural areas
sediments
soil
Soil (material)
soil pollution
urbanization
Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods
Waste Disposal, Fluid - statistics & numerical data
Waste Water - chemistry
Waste Water - microbiology
Waste Water - statistics & numerical data
Wastewater treatment
Wastewater treatment processes
Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis
Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism
Title Phthalate esters in the environment: A critical review of their occurrence, biodegradation, and removal during wastewater treatment processes
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.148
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26473701
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1762359425
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1786204000
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2000302751
Volume 541
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