Classical and noncanonical functions of miRNAs in cancers

Alterations in microRNAs (miRNAs) expression are causative in the initiation and progression of human cancers. The molecular events responsible for the widespread differential expression of miRNAs in malignancy are exemplified by their location in cancer-associated genomic regions, epigenetic mechan...

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Published inTrends in genetics Vol. 38; no. 4; pp. 379 - 394
Main Authors Dragomir, Mihnea P., Knutsen, Erik, Calin, George A.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Elsevier Ltd 01.04.2022
Elsevier
Subjects
cancer
Epigenesis, Genetic - genetics
Gene Expression
germline and somatic mutations
Humans
MicroRNAs - genetics
miRNA
miRNA mimicry
Neoplasms - genetics
non-canonical functions
pri- and pre-miRNA regulation
germline and somatic mutations
miRNA mimicry
miRNA
cancer
non-canonical functions
pri- and pre-miRNA regulation
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Abstract Alterations in microRNAs (miRNAs) expression are causative in the initiation and progression of human cancers. The molecular events responsible for the widespread differential expression of miRNAs in malignancy are exemplified by their location in cancer-associated genomic regions, epigenetic mechanisms, transcriptional dysregulation, chemical modifications and editing, and alterations in miRNA biogenesis proteins. The classical miRNA function is synonymous with post-transcriptional repression of target protein genes. However, several studies have reported miRNAs functioning outside this paradigm and some of these novel modes of regulation of gene expression have been implicated in cancers. Here, we summarize key aspects of miRNA involvement in cancer, with a special focus on these lesser-studied mechanisms of action. Germline and somatic mutations of miRNAs, their targets, and processing proteins have major implications in cancer initiation and progression.Epigenetic regulation and modification of primary, precursor, and mature miRNAs transcripts, in addition to miRNA biogenesis proteins, are additional regulatory mechanisms for miRNA transcription, maturation, and target recognition implicated in cancer.The number and extent of noncanonical functions of miRNAs are increasing and are associated with cancer.Viral miRNAs (xeno-miRNAs) have similar sequences to human miRNAs, sharing a similar pool of targets (target mimicry) and are secreted into bodily fluids in malignant diseases, thereby having potential as novel cancer biomarkers.
AbstractList Alterations in microRNAs (miRNAs) expression are causative in the initiation and progression of human cancers. The molecular events responsible for the widespread differential expression of miRNAs in malignancy are exemplified by their location in cancer-associated genomic regions, epigenetic mechanisms, transcriptional dysregulation, chemical modifications and editing, and alterations in miRNA biogenesis proteins. The classical miRNA function is synonymous with post-transcriptional repression of target protein genes. However, several studies have reported miRNAs functioning outside this paradigm and some of these novel modes of regulation of gene expression have been implicated in cancers. Here, we summarize key aspects of miRNA involvement in cancer, with a special focus on these lesser-studied mechanisms of action. Germline and somatic mutations of miRNAs, their targets, and processing proteins have major implications in cancer initiation and progression.Epigenetic regulation and modification of primary, precursor, and mature miRNAs transcripts, in addition to miRNA biogenesis proteins, are additional regulatory mechanisms for miRNA transcription, maturation, and target recognition implicated in cancer.The number and extent of noncanonical functions of miRNAs are increasing and are associated with cancer.Viral miRNAs (xeno-miRNAs) have similar sequences to human miRNAs, sharing a similar pool of targets (target mimicry) and are secreted into bodily fluids in malignant diseases, thereby having potential as novel cancer biomarkers.
Alterations in microRNAs (miRNAs) expression are causative in the initiation and progression of human cancers. The molecular events responsible for the widespread differential expression of miRNAs in malignancy are exemplified by their location in cancer-associated genomic regions, epigenetic mechanisms, transcriptional dysregulation, chemical modifications and editing, and alterations in miRNA biogenesis proteins. The classical miRNA function is synonymous with post-transcriptional repression of target protein genes. However, several studies have reported miRNAs functioning outside this paradigm and some of these novel modes of regulation of gene expression have been implicated in cancers. Here, we summarize key aspects of miRNA involvement in cancer, with a special focus on these lesser-studied mechanisms of action.Alterations in microRNAs (miRNAs) expression are causative in the initiation and progression of human cancers. The molecular events responsible for the widespread differential expression of miRNAs in malignancy are exemplified by their location in cancer-associated genomic regions, epigenetic mechanisms, transcriptional dysregulation, chemical modifications and editing, and alterations in miRNA biogenesis proteins. The classical miRNA function is synonymous with post-transcriptional repression of target protein genes. However, several studies have reported miRNAs functioning outside this paradigm and some of these novel modes of regulation of gene expression have been implicated in cancers. Here, we summarize key aspects of miRNA involvement in cancer, with a special focus on these lesser-studied mechanisms of action.
Alterations in microRNAs (miRNAs) expression are causative in the initiation and progression of human cancers. The molecular events responsible for the widespread differential expression of miRNAs in malignancy are exemplified by their location in cancer-associated genomic regions, epigenetic mechanisms, transcriptional dysregulation, chemical modifications and editing, and alterations in miRNA biogenesis proteins. The classical miRNA function is synonymous with post-transcriptional repression of target protein genes. However, several studies have reported miRNAs functioning outside this paradigm and some of these novel modes of regulation of gene expression have been implicated in cancers. Here, we summarize key aspects of miRNA involvement in cancer, with a special focus on these lesser-studied mechanisms of action.
Author Knutsen, Erik
Dragomir, Mihnea P.
Calin, George A.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Mihnea P.
  surname: Dragomir
  fullname: Dragomir, Mihnea P.
  email: mihnea.dragomir@charite.de
  organization: Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Erik
  surname: Knutsen
  fullname: Knutsen, Erik
  email: erik.knutse@uit.no
  organization: Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
– sequence: 3
  givenname: George A.
  surname: Calin
  fullname: Calin, George A.
  email: gcalin@mdanderson.org
  organization: Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34728089$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 4
Keywords germline and somatic mutations
miRNA mimicry
miRNA
cancer
non-canonical functions
pri- and pre-miRNA regulation
Language English
License Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Trends in Genetics
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Snippet Alterations in microRNAs (miRNAs) expression are causative in the initiation and progression of human cancers. The molecular events responsible for the...
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SubjectTerms cancer
Epigenesis, Genetic - genetics
Gene Expression
germline and somatic mutations
Humans
MicroRNAs - genetics
miRNA
miRNA mimicry
Neoplasms - genetics
non-canonical functions
pri- and pre-miRNA regulation
Title Classical and noncanonical functions of miRNAs in cancers
URI https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S0168952521002869
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2021.10.002
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34728089
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2593027728
http://hdl.handle.net/10037/24567
Volume 38
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