Particle size distribution, wet deposition and scavenging effect of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the atmosphere from a subtropical city of China
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) as emerging organic pollutants have received great attention, but the scavenging efficiency of particulate PFASs by wet deposition was rarely studied. For the first time, we reported the scavenging efficiency of PFASs on different particle sizes. In this s...
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| Published in | The Science of the total environment Vol. 823; p. 153528 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Netherlands
Elsevier B.V
01.06.2022
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| Abstract | Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) as emerging organic pollutants have received great attention, but the scavenging efficiency of particulate PFASs by wet deposition was rarely studied. For the first time, we reported the scavenging efficiency of PFASs on different particle sizes. In this study, both rainwater and particle samples were collected for a whole year from Xiamen, a subtropical city of China. Particulate PFASs ranged from 4.11 to 67.41 pg m−3, with an average value of 26.56 pg m−3, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the main compounds. Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were predominantly observed on fine particles (<1 μm), while PFOS and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) had large proportions on coarse particles (1–2.5 μm and 2.5–10 μm). In the rainwater, PFASs ranged from 0.20 to 180.65 ng L−1, with an average value of 10.71 ng L−1, and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFOA were the main compounds. The wet deposition flux of ∑PFASs was 5200 mg km−2 yr−1, exhibiting high fluxes during the wet season (March to September). The scavenging efficiency of particulate PFOS and PFOA ranged from 68%–98% during the rainfall, and wash-out of the raindrops was found to be one of the main scavenging mechanisms. In addition, the precipitation duration and intensity influenced the scavenging efficiency. The scavenging capacity of PFCAs was large on fine particles, while for per-and polyfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids, the scavenging capacity was high on coarse particles. Our results showed that wet deposition effectively removed medium to long carbon chain (≥C6) PFASs in the atmosphere.
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•PFSAs and PFCAs exhibited different particle size distribution.•Annual wet deposition flux of ∑PFASs was 5200 mg km−2.•Wet deposition effectively removed medium and long carbon chains particulate PFASs.•Wash-out of the raindrops was a scavenging mechanism.•Precipitation duration and intensity influenced the scavenging efficiency. |
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| AbstractList | Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) as emerging organic pollutants have received great attention, but the scavenging efficiency of particulate PFASs by wet deposition was rarely studied. For the first time, we reported the scavenging efficiency of PFASs on different particle sizes. In this study, both rainwater and particle samples were collected for a whole year from Xiamen, a subtropical city of China. Particulate PFASs ranged from 4.11 to 67.41 pg m-3, with an average value of 26.56 pg m-3, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the main compounds. Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were predominantly observed on fine particles (<1 μm), while PFOS and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) had large proportions on coarse particles (1-2.5 μm and 2.5-10 μm). In the rainwater, PFASs ranged from 0.20 to 180.65 ng L-1, with an average value of 10.71 ng L-1, and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFOA were the main compounds. The wet deposition flux of ∑PFASs was 5200 mg km-2 yr-1, exhibiting high fluxes during the wet season (March to September). The scavenging efficiency of particulate PFOS and PFOA ranged from 68%-98% during the rainfall, and wash-out of the raindrops was found to be one of the main scavenging mechanisms. In addition, the precipitation duration and intensity influenced the scavenging efficiency. The scavenging capacity of PFCAs was large on fine particles, while for per-and polyfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids, the scavenging capacity was high on coarse particles. Our results showed that wet deposition effectively removed medium to long carbon chain (≥C6) PFASs in the atmosphere.Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) as emerging organic pollutants have received great attention, but the scavenging efficiency of particulate PFASs by wet deposition was rarely studied. For the first time, we reported the scavenging efficiency of PFASs on different particle sizes. In this study, both rainwater and particle samples were collected for a whole year from Xiamen, a subtropical city of China. Particulate PFASs ranged from 4.11 to 67.41 pg m-3, with an average value of 26.56 pg m-3, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the main compounds. Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were predominantly observed on fine particles (<1 μm), while PFOS and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) had large proportions on coarse particles (1-2.5 μm and 2.5-10 μm). In the rainwater, PFASs ranged from 0.20 to 180.65 ng L-1, with an average value of 10.71 ng L-1, and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFOA were the main compounds. The wet deposition flux of ∑PFASs was 5200 mg km-2 yr-1, exhibiting high fluxes during the wet season (March to September). The scavenging efficiency of particulate PFOS and PFOA ranged from 68%-98% during the rainfall, and wash-out of the raindrops was found to be one of the main scavenging mechanisms. In addition, the precipitation duration and intensity influenced the scavenging efficiency. The scavenging capacity of PFCAs was large on fine particles, while for per-and polyfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids, the scavenging capacity was high on coarse particles. Our results showed that wet deposition effectively removed medium to long carbon chain (≥C6) PFASs in the atmosphere. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) as emerging organic pollutants have received great attention, but the scavenging efficiency of particulate PFASs by wet deposition was rarely studied. For the first time, we reported the scavenging efficiency of PFASs on different particle sizes. In this study, both rainwater and particle samples were collected for a whole year from Xiamen, a subtropical city of China. Particulate PFASs ranged from 4.11 to 67.41 pg m−3, with an average value of 26.56 pg m−3, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the main compounds. Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were predominantly observed on fine particles (<1 μm), while PFOS and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) had large proportions on coarse particles (1–2.5 μm and 2.5–10 μm). In the rainwater, PFASs ranged from 0.20 to 180.65 ng L−1, with an average value of 10.71 ng L−1, and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFOA were the main compounds. The wet deposition flux of ∑PFASs was 5200 mg km−2 yr−1, exhibiting high fluxes during the wet season (March to September). The scavenging efficiency of particulate PFOS and PFOA ranged from 68%–98% during the rainfall, and wash-out of the raindrops was found to be one of the main scavenging mechanisms. In addition, the precipitation duration and intensity influenced the scavenging efficiency. The scavenging capacity of PFCAs was large on fine particles, while for per-and polyfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids, the scavenging capacity was high on coarse particles. Our results showed that wet deposition effectively removed medium to long carbon chain (≥C6) PFASs in the atmosphere. [Display omitted] •PFSAs and PFCAs exhibited different particle size distribution.•Annual wet deposition flux of ∑PFASs was 5200 mg km−2.•Wet deposition effectively removed medium and long carbon chains particulate PFASs.•Wash-out of the raindrops was a scavenging mechanism.•Precipitation duration and intensity influenced the scavenging efficiency. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) as emerging organic pollutants have received great attention, but the scavenging efficiency of particulate PFASs by wet deposition was rarely studied. For the first time, we reported the scavenging efficiency of PFASs on different particle sizes. In this study, both rainwater and particle samples were collected for a whole year from Xiamen, a subtropical city of China. Particulate PFASs ranged from 4.11 to 67.41 pg m , with an average value of 26.56 pg m , and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the main compounds. Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were predominantly observed on fine particles (<1 μm), while PFOS and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) had large proportions on coarse particles (1-2.5 μm and 2.5-10 μm). In the rainwater, PFASs ranged from 0.20 to 180.65 ng L , with an average value of 10.71 ng L , and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFOA were the main compounds. The wet deposition flux of ∑PFASs was 5200 mg km yr , exhibiting high fluxes during the wet season (March to September). The scavenging efficiency of particulate PFOS and PFOA ranged from 68%-98% during the rainfall, and wash-out of the raindrops was found to be one of the main scavenging mechanisms. In addition, the precipitation duration and intensity influenced the scavenging efficiency. The scavenging capacity of PFCAs was large on fine particles, while for per-and polyfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids, the scavenging capacity was high on coarse particles. Our results showed that wet deposition effectively removed medium to long carbon chain (≥C6) PFASs in the atmosphere. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) as emerging organic pollutants have received great attention, but the scavenging efficiency of particulate PFASs by wet deposition was rarely studied. For the first time, we reported the scavenging efficiency of PFASs on different particle sizes. In this study, both rainwater and particle samples were collected for a whole year from Xiamen, a subtropical city of China. Particulate PFASs ranged from 4.11 to 67.41 pg m⁻³, with an average value of 26.56 pg m⁻³, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the main compounds. Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were predominantly observed on fine particles (<1 μm), while PFOS and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) had large proportions on coarse particles (1–2.5 μm and 2.5–10 μm). In the rainwater, PFASs ranged from 0.20 to 180.65 ng L⁻¹, with an average value of 10.71 ng L⁻¹, and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFOA were the main compounds. The wet deposition flux of ∑PFASs was 5200 mg km⁻² yr⁻¹, exhibiting high fluxes during the wet season (March to September). The scavenging efficiency of particulate PFOS and PFOA ranged from 68%–98% during the rainfall, and wash-out of the raindrops was found to be one of the main scavenging mechanisms. In addition, the precipitation duration and intensity influenced the scavenging efficiency. The scavenging capacity of PFCAs was large on fine particles, while for per-and polyfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids, the scavenging capacity was high on coarse particles. Our results showed that wet deposition effectively removed medium to long carbon chain (≥C6) PFASs in the atmosphere. |
| ArticleNumber | 153528 |
| Author | Li, Yongyu Wang, Siquan Lin, Xiaoping Li, Qin Wang, Xinhong Yamazaki, Eriko Yamashita, Nobuyoshi |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Siquan surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Siquan organization: State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Xiaoping surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Xiaoping organization: State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Qin surname: Li fullname: Li, Qin organization: State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Yongyu surname: Li fullname: Li, Yongyu organization: State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Eriko surname: Yamazaki fullname: Yamazaki, Eriko organization: State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Nobuyoshi surname: Yamashita fullname: Yamashita, Nobuyoshi organization: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan – sequence: 7 givenname: Xinhong surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Xinhong email: xhwang@xmu.edu.cn organization: State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35104512$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| SubjectTerms | Alternatives carbon China environment Fluxes Long-range transport particle size distribution perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctanoic acid Persistent organic pollutants rain Source identification sulfonic acids wet deposition wet season |
| Title | Particle size distribution, wet deposition and scavenging effect of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the atmosphere from a subtropical city of China |
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