Ultrathin two-dimensional superconductivity with strong spin–orbit coupling
We report on a study of epitaxially grown ultrathin Pb films that are only a few atoms thick and have parallel critical magnetic fields much higher than the expected limit set by the interaction of electron spins with a magnetic field, that is, the Clogston–Chandrasekhar limit. The epitaxial thin fi...
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| Published in | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 113; no. 38; pp. 10513 - 10517 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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United States
National Academy of Sciences
20.09.2016
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
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| Abstract | We report on a study of epitaxially grown ultrathin Pb films that are only a few atoms thick and have parallel critical magnetic fields much higher than the expected limit set by the interaction of electron spins with a magnetic field, that is, the Clogston–Chandrasekhar limit. The epitaxial thin films are classified as dirty-limit superconductors because their mean-free paths, which are limited by surface scattering, are smaller than their superconducting coherence lengths. The uniformity of superconductivity in these thin films is established by comparing scanning tunneling spectroscopy, scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, double-coil mutual inductance, and magneto-transport, data that provide average superfluid rigidity on length scales covering the range from microscopic to macroscopic. We argue that the survival of superconductivity at Zeeman energies much larger than the superconducting gap can be understood only as the consequence of strong spin–orbit coupling that, together with substrate-induced inversionsymmetry breaking, produces spin splitting in the normal-state energy bands that is much larger than the superconductor’s energy gap. |
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| AbstractList | We report on a study of epitaxially grown ultrathin Pb films that are only a few atoms thick and have parallel critical magnetic fields much higher than the expected limit set by the interaction of electron spins with a magnetic field, that is, the Clogston-Chandrasekhar limit. The epitaxial thin films are classified as dirty-limit superconductors because their mean-free paths, which are limited by surface scattering, are smaller than their superconducting coherence lengths. The uniformity of superconductivity in these thin films is established by comparing scanning tunneling spectroscopy, scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, double-coil mutual inductance, and magneto-transport, data that provide average superfluid rigidity on length scales covering the range from microscopic to macroscopic. We argue that the survival of superconductivity at Zeeman energies much larger than the superconducting gap can be understood only as the consequence of strong spin-orbit coupling that, together with substrate-induced inversion-symmetry breaking, produces spin splitting in the normal-state energy bands that is much larger than the superconductor's energy gap. Significance By studying epitaxially grown Pb thin films, this paper explores a new regime in the physics of uniform 2D superconductivity, in which the spin–orbit coupling-induced Rashba splitting is larger than the superconducting gap. The first quantitative determination of superfluid rigidity in nearly atomically thin 2D superconductors was performed using measurement that covers microscopic to macroscopic length scales to establish uniformity. The extraordinarily strong parallel critical fields were discovered, which is greatly in excess of the normal Clogston–Chandrasekhar limit. Moreover, this remarkable behavior is theoretically explained as a consequence of strong spin–orbit coupling in 2D superconductors that are uniform but in the dirty limit. We report on a study of epitaxially grown ultrathin Pb films that are only a few atoms thick and have parallel critical magnetic fields much higher than the expected limit set by the interaction of electron spins with a magnetic field, that is, the Clogston–Chandrasekhar limit. The epitaxial thin films are classified as dirty-limit superconductors because their mean-free paths, which are limited by surface scattering, are smaller than their superconducting coherence lengths. The uniformity of superconductivity in these thin films is established by comparing scanning tunneling spectroscopy, scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, double-coil mutual inductance, and magneto-transport, data that provide average superfluid rigidity on length scales covering the range from microscopic to macroscopic. We argue that the survival of superconductivity at Zeeman energies much larger than the superconducting gap can be understood only as the consequence of strong spin–orbit coupling that, together with substrate-induced inversionsymmetry breaking, produces spin splitting in the normal-state energy bands that is much larger than the superconductor’s energy gap. Significance By studying epitaxially grown Pb thin films, this paper explores a new regime in the physics of uniform 2D superconductivity, in which the spin–orbit coupling-induced Rashba splitting is larger than the superconducting gap. The first quantitative determination of superfluid rigidity in nearly atomically thin 2D superconductors was performed using measurement that covers microscopic to macroscopic length scales to establish uniformity. The extraordinarily strong parallel critical fields were discovered, which is greatly in excess of the normal Clogston–Chandrasekhar limit. Moreover, this remarkable behavior is theoretically explained as a consequence of strong spin–orbit coupling in 2D superconductors that are uniform but in the dirty limit. We report on a study of epitaxially grown ultrathin Pb films that are only a few atoms thick and have parallel critical magnetic fields much higher than the expected limit set by the interaction of electron spins with a magnetic field, that is, the Clogston–Chandrasekhar limit. The epitaxial thin films are classified as dirty-limit superconductors because their mean-free paths, which are limited by surface scattering, are smaller than their superconducting coherence lengths. The uniformity of superconductivity in these thin films is established by comparing scanning tunneling spectroscopy, scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, double-coil mutual inductance, and magneto-transport, data that provide average superfluid rigidity on length scales covering the range from microscopic to macroscopic. We argue that the survival of superconductivity at Zeeman energies much larger than the superconducting gap can be understood only as the consequence of strong spin–orbit coupling that, together with substrate-induced inversion-symmetry breaking, produces spin splitting in the normal-state energy bands that is much larger than the superconductor’s energy gap. By studying epitaxially grown Pb thin films, this paper explores a new regime in the physics of uniform 2D superconductivity, in which the spin–orbit coupling-induced Rashba splitting is larger than the superconducting gap. The first quantitative determination of superfluid rigidity in nearly atomically thin 2D superconductors was performed using measurement that covers microscopic to macroscopic length scales to establish uniformity. The extraordinarily strong parallel critical fields were discovered, which is greatly in excess of the normal Clogston–Chandrasekhar limit. Moreover, this remarkable behavior is theoretically explained as a consequence of strong spin–orbit coupling in 2D superconductors that are uniform but in the dirty limit. We report on a study of epitaxially grown ultrathin Pb films that are only a few atoms thick and have parallel critical magnetic fields much higher than the expected limit set by the interaction of electron spins with a magnetic field, that is, the Clogston–Chandrasekhar limit. The epitaxial thin films are classified as dirty-limit superconductors because their mean-free paths, which are limited by surface scattering, are smaller than their superconducting coherence lengths. The uniformity of superconductivity in these thin films is established by comparing scanning tunneling spectroscopy, scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, double-coil mutual inductance, and magneto-transport, data that provide average superfluid rigidity on length scales covering the range from microscopic to macroscopic. We argue that the survival of superconductivity at Zeeman energies much larger than the superconducting gap can be understood only as the consequence of strong spin–orbit coupling that, together with substrate-induced inversion-symmetry breaking, produces spin splitting in the normal-state energy bands that is much larger than the superconductor’s energy gap. |
| Author | Zhang, Chendong Kratz, Philip A. Moler, Kathryn Kim, Jisun Adams, Philip W. MacDonald, Allan H. Nam, Hyoungdo Lemberger, Thomas R. Kirtley, John R. Liu, Tijiang Yong, Jie Shih, Chih-Kang Chen, Hua |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Hyoungdo surname: Nam fullname: Nam, Hyoungdo organization: Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 – sequence: 2 givenname: Hua surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Hua organization: Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 – sequence: 3 givenname: Tijiang surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Tijiang organization: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 – sequence: 4 givenname: Jisun surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Jisun organization: Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 – sequence: 5 givenname: Chendong surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Chendong organization: Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 – sequence: 6 givenname: Jie surname: Yong fullname: Yong, Jie organization: Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 – sequence: 7 givenname: Thomas R. surname: Lemberger fullname: Lemberger, Thomas R. organization: Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 – sequence: 8 givenname: Philip A. surname: Kratz fullname: Kratz, Philip A. organization: Department of Physics and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 – sequence: 9 givenname: John R. surname: Kirtley fullname: Kirtley, John R. organization: Department of Physics and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 – sequence: 10 givenname: Kathryn surname: Moler fullname: Moler, Kathryn organization: Department of Physics and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 – sequence: 11 givenname: Philip W. surname: Adams fullname: Adams, Philip W. organization: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 – sequence: 12 givenname: Allan H. surname: MacDonald fullname: MacDonald, Allan H. organization: Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 – sequence: 13 givenname: Chih-Kang surname: Shih fullname: Shih, Chih-Kang organization: Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27601678$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1321028$$D View this record in Osti.gov |
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| Copyright | Volumes 1–89 and 106–113, copyright as a collective work only; author(s) retains copyright to individual articles Copyright National Academy of Sciences Sep 20, 2016 |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | Ultrathin 2D superconductivity with strong SOC |
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| Keywords | Rashba Zeeman superconductivity spin–orbit coupling ultrathin film |
| Language | English |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 USDOE FG02-08ER46533; FG02- 07ER46420 2Present address: Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. Contributed by Allan H. MacDonald, July 29, 2016 (sent for review March 21, 2016; reviewed by Eva Y. Andrei and Laura Greene) Author contributions: H.N., H.C., T.R.L., J.R.K., K.M., P.W.A., A.H.M., and C.-K.S. designed research; H.N., H.C., T.L., J.K., C.Z., J.Y., T.R.L., P.A.K., J.R.K., K.M., P.W.A., A.H.M., and C.-K.S. performed research; H.N., H.C., T.L., J.K., C.Z., J.Y., T.R.L., P.A.K., J.R.K., K.M., P.W.A., A.H.M., and C.-K.S. analyzed data; and H.N., H.C., T.R.L., J.R.K., K.M., P.W.A., A.H.M., and C.-K.S. wrote the paper. Reviewers: E.Y.A., Rutgers; and L.G., National Magnet Lab. 1Present address: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. |
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| References_xml | – ident: e_1_3_3_9_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.217003 – ident: e_1_3_3_14_2 doi: 10.1088/0256-307X/29/3/037402 – ident: e_1_3_3_16_2 doi: 10.1038/nmat3654 – ident: e_1_3_3_4_2 doi: 10.1126/science.1142159 – ident: e_1_3_3_34_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.014522 – ident: e_1_3_3_1_2 doi: 10.1126/science.1105130 – volume: 51 start-page: 015702 year: 2012 ident: e_1_3_3_40_2 article-title: Scanning tunneling spectroscopy observation of electronic resonances originating from 1 × 1 potential on the dense Pb overlayer on Si(111) publication-title: Jpn J Appl Phys doi: 10.1143/JJAP.51.015702 contributor: fullname: Lu SM – ident: e_1_3_3_11_2 doi: 10.1126/science.aaa7154 – ident: e_1_3_3_32_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.129.2413 – volume: 81 start-page: 707 year: 1981 ident: e_1_3_3_38_2 article-title: Properties of superconductors with a smeared transition temperature publication-title: Zh Eksp Teor Fiz contributor: fullname: Ioffe LB – start-page: 117 volume-title: Superconductivity year: 1969 ident: e_1_3_3_28_2 contributor: fullname: Meservey R – start-page: 495 volume-title: Principles of Condensed Matter Physics year: 1995 ident: e_1_3_3_26_2 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511813467.010 contributor: fullname: Chaikin PM – ident: e_1_3_3_24_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.104525 – ident: e_1_3_3_15_2 doi: 10.1038/ncomms1946 – start-page: 384 volume-title: Introduction to Superconductivity year: 2004 ident: e_1_3_3_31_2 contributor: fullname: Tinkham M – ident: e_1_3_3_5_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.167001 – ident: e_1_3_3_19_2 doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.83.1057 – ident: e_1_3_3_42_2 doi: 10.1038/nphys707 – ident: e_1_3_3_3_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.027005 – ident: e_1_3_3_39_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.216106 – ident: e_1_3_3_10_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.87.184505 – start-page: 29 volume-title: Solid State Physics year: 1976 ident: e_1_3_3_29_2 contributor: fullname: Ashcroft NW – ident: e_1_3_3_2_2 doi: 10.1038/nphys244 – ident: e_1_3_3_20_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.90.054503 – ident: e_1_3_3_33_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.037004 – ident: e_1_3_3_35_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.135.A550 – ident: e_1_3_3_12_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.207001 – ident: e_1_3_3_17_2 doi: 10.1038/nmat4153 – ident: e_1_3_3_23_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.014517 – ident: e_1_3_3_37_2 doi: 10.1016/0022-3697(59)90036-8 – ident: e_1_3_3_25_2 doi: 10.1088/0022-3719/6/7/010 – ident: e_1_3_3_30_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.1578 – ident: e_1_3_3_41_2 doi: 10.1126/science.273.5272.226 – ident: e_1_3_3_21_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.92.165104 – ident: e_1_3_3_13_2 doi: 10.1038/nphys1499 – ident: e_1_3_3_7_2 doi: 10.1038/nphys2287 – ident: e_1_3_3_43_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.224518 – ident: e_1_3_3_6_2 doi: 10.1126/science.1170775 – ident: e_1_3_3_27_2 doi: 10.1038/374434a0 – volume: 47 start-page: 1136 year: 1964 ident: e_1_3_3_36_2 article-title: Nonuniform state of superconductors publication-title: Zh Eksp Teor Fiz contributor: fullname: Larkin AI – ident: e_1_3_3_22_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.076801 – ident: e_1_3_3_8_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.52.13570 – ident: e_1_3_3_18_2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.097001 |
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| Snippet | We report on a study of epitaxially grown ultrathin Pb films that are only a few atoms thick and have parallel critical magnetic fields much higher than the... Significance By studying epitaxially grown Pb thin films, this paper explores a new regime in the physics of uniform 2D superconductivity, in which the... Significance By studying epitaxially grown Pb thin films, this paper explores a new regime in the physics of uniform 2D superconductivity, in which the... By studying epitaxially grown Pb thin films, this paper explores a new regime in the physics of uniform 2D superconductivity, in which the spin–orbit... |
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| SubjectTerms | Magnetic fields Physical Sciences Scattering Spectrum analysis Superconductivity Superconductors Thin films |
| Title | Ultrathin two-dimensional superconductivity with strong spin–orbit coupling |
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