The more the merrier? Perceived forest biodiversity promotes short‐term mental health and well‐being—A multicentre study

Forests can foster mental health and well‐being. Yet, the contribution of forest biodiversity remains unclear, and experimental research is needed to unravel pathways of biodiversity–health linkages. Here, we assess the role of tree species richness, both actual and perceived, and how stress reducti...

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Published inPeople and nature (Hoboken, N.J.) Vol. 6; no. 1; pp. 180 - 201
Main Authors Rozario, Kevin, Oh, Rachel Rui Ying, Marselle, Melissa, Schröger, Erich, Gillerot, Loïc, Ponette, Quentin, Godbold, Douglas, Haluza, Daniela, Kilpi, Katriina, Müller, Dagmar, Roeber, Urte, Verheyen, Kris, Muys, Bart, Müller, Sandra, Shaw, Taylor, Bonn, Aletta
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.02.2024
Wiley
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Abstract Forests can foster mental health and well‐being. Yet, the contribution of forest biodiversity remains unclear, and experimental research is needed to unravel pathways of biodiversity–health linkages. Here, we assess the role of tree species richness, both actual and perceived, and how stress reduction and attention restoration can serve as potential mediating pathways to achieve positive mental health and well‐being outcomes. We conducted an experimental, multicentric field study in three peri‐urban forests in Europe, employing a mixed design with 223 participants, that comprised 20‐min stays in forests with either low, medium or high tree species richness or a built control. Participants' short‐term mental health and well‐being and saliva cortisol as a biomarker of stress were measured before and after the intervention. Forest visits for 20 min were found to be beneficial for participants' short‐term mental health, short‐term mental well‐being, subjective stress, subjective directed attention and perceived restorativeness compared with a built environment. No differences were found for the physiological stress indicator saliva cortisol, which decreased in both the forest and the built environments. Increased perceived biodiversity—possibly linked to structural forest attributes—was significantly associated with well‐being outcomes, while no association was found for differences in actual tree species richness. Structural equation modelling indicates that higher levels of perceived biodiversity had an indirect effect on short‐term mental health and well‐being through enhancing perceived restorativeness. While we found no evidence of actual tree species richness effects, perceived biodiversity was associated with positive short‐term mental health and well‐being outcomes. Understanding these biodiversity–health linkages can inform conservation management and help develop effective nature‐based interventions for promoting public health through nature visits. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Zusammenfassung Wälder wirken sich positiv auf psychische Gesundheit und psychisches Wohlbefinden aus. Der Beitrag der biologischen Vielfalt des Waldes ist jedoch nach wie vor unklar, und es bedarf experimenteller Forschung, um die Zusammenhänge zwischen biologischer Vielfalt und Gesundheit zu entschlüsseln. Die vorliegende Studie zielte darauf ab, die Rolle von tatsächlichem und wahrgenommenem Baumartenreichtum zu beleuchten. Außerdem wurde untersucht, wie und ob Stressreduktion und die Wiederherstellung von Aufmerksamkeitskapazitäten als potenzielle Vermittlungswege zwischen Waldbiodiversität und psychischer Gesundheit und psychischem Wohlbefinden dienen. Hierzu führten wir eine experimentelle, multizentrische Feldstudie in drei urbanen Wäldern in Europa durch. Anhand von Daten von 223 Teilnehmenden, wurden 20‐minütige Aufenthalte in Wäldern mit niedrigem, mittlerem oder hohem Baumartenreichtum oder in einer bebauten Kontrollbedingung verglichen. Gemessen wurde die momentane Ausprägung von psychischer Gesundheit, psychischem Wohlbefinden, sowie Speichelcortisol—einem Biomarker für Stress—jeweils vor und nach der Intervention. Ein 20‐minütiger Waldbesuch wirkte sich im Vergleich zur bebauten Kontrollbedingung positiv auf psychische Gesundheit, psychisches Wohlbefinden, subjektiven Stress, subjektive Aufmerksamkeit und das empfundene Erholungspotenzial der Teilnehmenden aus. Keine Unterschiede wurden für Speichelcortisol gefunden, welches sowohl im Wald als auch in der bebauten Umgebung abnahm. Höhere wahrgenommene biologische Vielfalt—die möglicherweise mit strukturellen Waldmerkmalen zusammenhängt—stand in signifikantem Zusammenhang mit Wohlbefinden, während für Unterschiede in tatsächlichem Baumartenreichtum kein Zusammenhang gefunden wurde. Die Ergebnisse des Strukturgleichungsmodells deuten darauf hin, dass ein höheres Maß an wahrgenommener biologischer Vielfalt eine indirekte Auswirkung auf psychische Gesundheit und psychisches Wohlbefinden hat, indem das wahrgenommene Erholungspotenzial erhöht wird. Während wir keine Hinweise auf Effekte tatsächlichen Baumartenreichtums fanden, konnte wahrgenommene Biodiversität mit positiven kurzfristigen Auswirkungen auf psychische Gesundheit und psychisches Wohlbefinden in Verbindung gebracht werden. Ein Verständnis des Zusammenhangs zwischen biologischer Vielfalt und Gesundheit kann dabei helfen, Naturschutzmanagement gesundheitszentriert auszurichten und gleichzeitig zur Entwicklung wirksamer, naturbasierter Interventionen zur Förderung der Gesundheit durch Naturbesuche beitragen. Résumé Les forêts peuvent améliorer la santé mentale et le bien‐être. Pourtant, la contribution de la biodiversité forestière n'est pas claire et des recherches expérimentales sont nécessaires pour mettre en évidence les liens entre la biodiversité et la santé. Ici, nous évaluons le rôle de la diversité en espèces d'arbres, à la fois réelle et perçue, et comment la réduction du stress et la restauration de l'attention peuvent servir de voies médiatrices potentielles pour obtenir des résultats positifs en matière de santé mentale et de bien‐être. Nous avons mené une étude expérimentale sur le terrain dans trois forêts périurbaines en Europe avec 223 participants, qui comprenait des interventions de 20 min dans des forêts avec une richesse en espèces d'arbres faible, moyenne ou élevée, ou un contrôle urbain. La santé mentale et le bien‐être à court terme des participants, ainsi que le cortisol salivaire en tant que biomarqueur de stress, ont été mesurés avant et après l'intervention. Les visites en forêt pendant 20 min se sont avérées bénéfiques pour la santé mentale à court terme, le bien‐être mental à court terme, le stress subjectif, l'attention subjective dirigée ainsi que la restauration perçue des participants par rapport à un environnement bâti. Aucune différence n'a été trouvée pour l'indicateur physiologique de stress, le cortisol salivaire, qui a diminué à la fois dans la forêt et dans l'environnement bâti. Une plus grande biodiversité perçue—potentiellement liée aux attributs structurels de la forêt—était associée de manière significative aux résultats en matière de bien‐être, alors qu'aucune association n'a été trouvée pour les différences dans la richesse réelle en espèces d'arbres. Nos modélisations indique que des niveaux plus élevés de biodiversité perçue ont un effet indirect sur la santé mentale et le bien‐être à court terme en améliorant la perception de la restaurabilité. Bien que nous n'ayons trouvé aucune preuve des effets de la richesse réelle en espèces d'arbres, la biodiversité perçue a été associée à des résultats positifs à court terme en matière de santé mentale et de bien‐être. La compréhension de ces liens entre biodiversité et santé peut éclairer la gestion de la conservation et aider à développer des interventions efficaces basées sur la nature pour promouvoir la santé publique par le biais de visites dans la nature. Samenvatting Bossen kunnen de geestelijke gezondheid en het welzijn bevorderen. Toch blijft de bijdrage van de biodiversiteit van bossen onduidelijk en experimenteel onderzoek is nodig om de verbanden tussen biodiversiteit en gezondheid te ontrafelen. Hier beoordelen we de rol van de rijkdom aan boomsoorten, zowel reëel als waargenomen, en hoe stressvermindering en aandachtsherstel kunnen dienen als potentiële bemiddelende paden om positieve resultaten te bereiken op het gebied van geestelijke gezondheid en welzijn. We voerden een experimentele veldstudie uit in drie peri‐urbane bossen in Europa met 223 deelnemers, waarbij de deelnemers 20 minuten verbleven in bossen met een lage, gemiddelde of hoge rijkdom aan boomsoorten of een gebouwde controle. De mentale gezondheid en het welzijn van de deelnemers op de korte termijn en het cortisol in het speeksel als biomarker van stress werden voor en na de interventie gemeten. Een bosbezoek van 20 minuten bleek gunstig te zijn op korte termijn voor de mentale gezondheid, het mentaal welbevinden, subjectieve stress, subjectieve gerichte aandacht en de waargenomen herstellende werking van de deelnemers in vergelijking met een bebouwde omgeving. Er werden geen verschillen gevonden voor speekselcortisol, degene zowel in het bos als in de bebouwde omgeving afnam. Verhoogde waargenomen biodiversiteit—mogelijk gekoppeld aan structurele boskenmerken—was significant geassocieerd met welzijnsresultaten, terwijl er geen verband werd gevonden voor verschillen in feitelijke boomsoortenrijkdom. Ons model geeft aan dat hogere niveaus van waargenomen biodiversiteit een indirect effect hadden op de mentale gezondheid en het welzijn op de korte termijn door het verbeteren van de waargenomen herstelbaarheid. Hoewel we geen bewijs vonden voor de effecten van de feitelijke rijkdom aan boomsoorten, werd de waargenomen biodiversiteit geassocieerd met positieve kortetermijnresultaten voor mentale gezondheid en welzijn. Inzicht in deze verbanden tussen biodiversiteit en gezondheid kan helpen bij het beheer van natuurbehoud en bij het ontwikkelen van effectieve natuurinterventies voor het bevorderen van de volksgezondheid door middel van natuurbezoeken. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
AbstractList Forests can foster mental health and well‐being. Yet, the contribution of forest biodiversity remains unclear, and experimental research is needed to unravel pathways of biodiversity–health linkages. Here, we assess the role of tree species richness, both actual and perceived, and how stress reduction and attention restoration can serve as potential mediating pathways to achieve positive mental health and well‐being outcomes. We conducted an experimental, multicentric field study in three peri‐urban forests in Europe, employing a mixed design with 223 participants, that comprised 20‐min stays in forests with either low, medium or high tree species richness or a built control. Participants' short‐term mental health and well‐being and saliva cortisol as a biomarker of stress were measured before and after the intervention. Forest visits for 20 min were found to be beneficial for participants' short‐term mental health, short‐term mental well‐being, subjective stress, subjective directed attention and perceived restorativeness compared with a built environment. No differences were found for the physiological stress indicator saliva cortisol, which decreased in both the forest and the built environments. Increased perceived biodiversity—possibly linked to structural forest attributes—was significantly associated with well‐being outcomes, while no association was found for differences in actual tree species richness. Structural equation modelling indicates that higher levels of perceived biodiversity had an indirect effect on short‐term mental health and well‐being through enhancing perceived restorativeness. While we found no evidence of actual tree species richness effects, perceived biodiversity was associated with positive short‐term mental health and well‐being outcomes. Understanding these biodiversity–health linkages can inform conservation management and help develop effective nature‐based interventions for promoting public health through nature visits. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Wälder wirken sich positiv auf psychische Gesundheit und psychisches Wohlbefinden aus. Der Beitrag der biologischen Vielfalt des Waldes ist jedoch nach wie vor unklar, und es bedarf experimenteller Forschung, um die Zusammenhänge zwischen biologischer Vielfalt und Gesundheit zu entschlüsseln. Die vorliegende Studie zielte darauf ab, die Rolle von tatsächlichem und wahrgenommenem Baumartenreichtum zu beleuchten. Außerdem wurde untersucht, wie und ob Stressreduktion und die Wiederherstellung von Aufmerksamkeitskapazitäten als potenzielle Vermittlungswege zwischen Waldbiodiversität und psychischer Gesundheit und psychischem Wohlbefinden dienen. Hierzu führten wir eine experimentelle, multizentrische Feldstudie in drei urbanen Wäldern in Europa durch. Anhand von Daten von 223 Teilnehmenden, wurden 20‐minütige Aufenthalte in Wäldern mit niedrigem, mittlerem oder hohem Baumartenreichtum oder in einer bebauten Kontrollbedingung verglichen. Gemessen wurde die momentane Ausprägung von psychischer Gesundheit, psychischem Wohlbefinden, sowie Speichelcortisol—einem Biomarker für Stress—jeweils vor und nach der Intervention. Ein 20‐minütiger Waldbesuch wirkte sich im Vergleich zur bebauten Kontrollbedingung positiv auf psychische Gesundheit, psychisches Wohlbefinden, subjektiven Stress, subjektive Aufmerksamkeit und das empfundene Erholungspotenzial der Teilnehmenden aus. Keine Unterschiede wurden für Speichelcortisol gefunden, welches sowohl im Wald als auch in der bebauten Umgebung abnahm. Höhere wahrgenommene biologische Vielfalt—die möglicherweise mit strukturellen Waldmerkmalen zusammenhängt—stand in signifikantem Zusammenhang mit Wohlbefinden, während für Unterschiede in tatsächlichem Baumartenreichtum kein Zusammenhang gefunden wurde. Die Ergebnisse des Strukturgleichungsmodells deuten darauf hin, dass ein höheres Maß an wahrgenommener biologischer Vielfalt eine indirekte Auswirkung auf psychische Gesundheit und psychisches Wohlbefinden hat, indem das wahrgenommene Erholungspotenzial erhöht wird. Während wir keine Hinweise auf Effekte tatsächlichen Baumartenreichtums fanden, konnte wahrgenommene Biodiversität mit positiven kurzfristigen Auswirkungen auf psychische Gesundheit und psychisches Wohlbefinden in Verbindung gebracht werden. Ein Verständnis des Zusammenhangs zwischen biologischer Vielfalt und Gesundheit kann dabei helfen, Naturschutzmanagement gesundheitszentriert auszurichten und gleichzeitig zur Entwicklung wirksamer, naturbasierter Interventionen zur Förderung der Gesundheit durch Naturbesuche beitragen. Les forêts peuvent améliorer la santé mentale et le bien‐être. Pourtant, la contribution de la biodiversité forestière n'est pas claire et des recherches expérimentales sont nécessaires pour mettre en évidence les liens entre la biodiversité et la santé. Ici, nous évaluons le rôle de la diversité en espèces d'arbres, à la fois réelle et perçue, et comment la réduction du stress et la restauration de l'attention peuvent servir de voies médiatrices potentielles pour obtenir des résultats positifs en matière de santé mentale et de bien‐être. Nous avons mené une étude expérimentale sur le terrain dans trois forêts périurbaines en Europe avec 223 participants, qui comprenait des interventions de 20 min dans des forêts avec une richesse en espèces d'arbres faible, moyenne ou élevée, ou un contrôle urbain. La santé mentale et le bien‐être à court terme des participants, ainsi que le cortisol salivaire en tant que biomarqueur de stress, ont été mesurés avant et après l'intervention. Les visites en forêt pendant 20 min se sont avérées bénéfiques pour la santé mentale à court terme, le bien‐être mental à court terme, le stress subjectif, l'attention subjective dirigée ainsi que la restauration perçue des participants par rapport à un environnement bâti. Aucune différence n'a été trouvée pour l'indicateur physiologique de stress, le cortisol salivaire, qui a diminué à la fois dans la forêt et dans l'environnement bâti. Une plus grande biodiversité perçue—potentiellement liée aux attributs structurels de la forêt—était associée de manière significative aux résultats en matière de bien‐être, alors qu'aucune association n'a été trouvée pour les différences dans la richesse réelle en espèces d'arbres. Nos modélisations indique que des niveaux plus élevés de biodiversité perçue ont un effet indirect sur la santé mentale et le bien‐être à court terme en améliorant la perception de la restaurabilité. Bien que nous n'ayons trouvé aucune preuve des effets de la richesse réelle en espèces d'arbres, la biodiversité perçue a été associée à des résultats positifs à court terme en matière de santé mentale et de bien‐être. La compréhension de ces liens entre biodiversité et santé peut éclairer la gestion de la conservation et aider à développer des interventions efficaces basées sur la nature pour promouvoir la santé publique par le biais de visites dans la nature. Bossen kunnen de geestelijke gezondheid en het welzijn bevorderen. Toch blijft de bijdrage van de biodiversiteit van bossen onduidelijk en experimenteel onderzoek is nodig om de verbanden tussen biodiversiteit en gezondheid te ontrafelen. Hier beoordelen we de rol van de rijkdom aan boomsoorten, zowel reëel als waargenomen, en hoe stressvermindering en aandachtsherstel kunnen dienen als potentiële bemiddelende paden om positieve resultaten te bereiken op het gebied van geestelijke gezondheid en welzijn. We voerden een experimentele veldstudie uit in drie peri‐urbane bossen in Europa met 223 deelnemers, waarbij de deelnemers 20 minuten verbleven in bossen met een lage, gemiddelde of hoge rijkdom aan boomsoorten of een gebouwde controle. De mentale gezondheid en het welzijn van de deelnemers op de korte termijn en het cortisol in het speeksel als biomarker van stress werden voor en na de interventie gemeten. Een bosbezoek van 20 minuten bleek gunstig te zijn op korte termijn voor de mentale gezondheid, het mentaal welbevinden, subjectieve stress, subjectieve gerichte aandacht en de waargenomen herstellende werking van de deelnemers in vergelijking met een bebouwde omgeving. Er werden geen verschillen gevonden voor speekselcortisol, degene zowel in het bos als in de bebouwde omgeving afnam. Verhoogde waargenomen biodiversiteit—mogelijk gekoppeld aan structurele boskenmerken—was significant geassocieerd met welzijnsresultaten, terwijl er geen verband werd gevonden voor verschillen in feitelijke boomsoortenrijkdom. Ons model geeft aan dat hogere niveaus van waargenomen biodiversiteit een indirect effect hadden op de mentale gezondheid en het welzijn op de korte termijn door het verbeteren van de waargenomen herstelbaarheid. Hoewel we geen bewijs vonden voor de effecten van de feitelijke rijkdom aan boomsoorten, werd de waargenomen biodiversiteit geassocieerd met positieve kortetermijnresultaten voor mentale gezondheid en welzijn. Inzicht in deze verbanden tussen biodiversiteit en gezondheid kan helpen bij het beheer van natuurbehoud en bij het ontwikkelen van effectieve natuurinterventies voor het bevorderen van de volksgezondheid door middel van natuurbezoeken. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Forests can foster mental health and well-being. Yet, the contribution of forest biodiversity remains unclear, and experimental research is needed to unravel pathways of biodiversity–health linkages. Here, we assess the role of tree species richness, both actual and perceived, and how stress reduction and attention restoration can serve as potential mediating pathways to achieve positive mental health and well-being outcomes.We conducted an experimental, multicentric field study in three peri-urban forests in Europe, employing a mixed design with 223 participants, that comprised 20-min stays in forests with either low, medium or high tree species richness or a built control. Participants' short-term mental health and well-being and saliva cortisol as a biomarker of stress were measured before and after the intervention.Forest visits for 20 min were found to be beneficial for participants' short-term mental health, short-term mental well-being, subjective stress, subjective directed attention and perceived restorativeness compared with a built environment. No differences were found for the physiological stress indicator saliva cortisol, which decreased in both the forest and the built environments.Increased perceived biodiversity—possibly linked to structural forest attributes—was significantly associated with well-being outcomes, while no association was found for differences in actual tree species richness. Structural equation modelling indicates that higher levels of perceived biodiversity had an indirect effect on short-term mental health and well-being through enhancing perceived restorativeness.While we found no evidence of actual tree species richness effects, perceived biodiversity was associated with positive short-term mental health and well-being outcomes. Understanding these biodiversity–health linkages can inform conservation management and help develop effective nature-based interventions for promoting public health through nature visits.Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Forests can foster mental health and well‐being. Yet, the contribution of forest biodiversity remains unclear, and experimental research is needed to unravel pathways of biodiversity–health linkages. Here, we assess the role of tree species richness, both actual and perceived, and how stress reduction and attention restoration can serve as potential mediating pathways to achieve positive mental health and well‐being outcomes. We conducted an experimental, multicentric field study in three peri‐urban forests in Europe, employing a mixed design with 223 participants, that comprised 20‐min stays in forests with either low, medium or high tree species richness or a built control. Participants' short‐term mental health and well‐being and saliva cortisol as a biomarker of stress were measured before and after the intervention. Forest visits for 20 min were found to be beneficial for participants' short‐term mental health, short‐term mental well‐being, subjective stress, subjective directed attention and perceived restorativeness compared with a built environment. No differences were found for the physiological stress indicator saliva cortisol, which decreased in both the forest and the built environments. Increased perceived biodiversity—possibly linked to structural forest attributes—was significantly associated with well‐being outcomes, while no association was found for differences in actual tree species richness. Structural equation modelling indicates that higher levels of perceived biodiversity had an indirect effect on short‐term mental health and well‐being through enhancing perceived restorativeness. While we found no evidence of actual tree species richness effects, perceived biodiversity was associated with positive short‐term mental health and well‐being outcomes. Understanding these biodiversity–health linkages can inform conservation management and help develop effective nature‐based interventions for promoting public health through nature visits. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Zusammenfassung Wälder wirken sich positiv auf psychische Gesundheit und psychisches Wohlbefinden aus. Der Beitrag der biologischen Vielfalt des Waldes ist jedoch nach wie vor unklar, und es bedarf experimenteller Forschung, um die Zusammenhänge zwischen biologischer Vielfalt und Gesundheit zu entschlüsseln. Die vorliegende Studie zielte darauf ab, die Rolle von tatsächlichem und wahrgenommenem Baumartenreichtum zu beleuchten. Außerdem wurde untersucht, wie und ob Stressreduktion und die Wiederherstellung von Aufmerksamkeitskapazitäten als potenzielle Vermittlungswege zwischen Waldbiodiversität und psychischer Gesundheit und psychischem Wohlbefinden dienen. Hierzu führten wir eine experimentelle, multizentrische Feldstudie in drei urbanen Wäldern in Europa durch. Anhand von Daten von 223 Teilnehmenden, wurden 20‐minütige Aufenthalte in Wäldern mit niedrigem, mittlerem oder hohem Baumartenreichtum oder in einer bebauten Kontrollbedingung verglichen. Gemessen wurde die momentane Ausprägung von psychischer Gesundheit, psychischem Wohlbefinden, sowie Speichelcortisol—einem Biomarker für Stress—jeweils vor und nach der Intervention. Ein 20‐minütiger Waldbesuch wirkte sich im Vergleich zur bebauten Kontrollbedingung positiv auf psychische Gesundheit, psychisches Wohlbefinden, subjektiven Stress, subjektive Aufmerksamkeit und das empfundene Erholungspotenzial der Teilnehmenden aus. Keine Unterschiede wurden für Speichelcortisol gefunden, welches sowohl im Wald als auch in der bebauten Umgebung abnahm. Höhere wahrgenommene biologische Vielfalt—die möglicherweise mit strukturellen Waldmerkmalen zusammenhängt—stand in signifikantem Zusammenhang mit Wohlbefinden, während für Unterschiede in tatsächlichem Baumartenreichtum kein Zusammenhang gefunden wurde. Die Ergebnisse des Strukturgleichungsmodells deuten darauf hin, dass ein höheres Maß an wahrgenommener biologischer Vielfalt eine indirekte Auswirkung auf psychische Gesundheit und psychisches Wohlbefinden hat, indem das wahrgenommene Erholungspotenzial erhöht wird. Während wir keine Hinweise auf Effekte tatsächlichen Baumartenreichtums fanden, konnte wahrgenommene Biodiversität mit positiven kurzfristigen Auswirkungen auf psychische Gesundheit und psychisches Wohlbefinden in Verbindung gebracht werden. Ein Verständnis des Zusammenhangs zwischen biologischer Vielfalt und Gesundheit kann dabei helfen, Naturschutzmanagement gesundheitszentriert auszurichten und gleichzeitig zur Entwicklung wirksamer, naturbasierter Interventionen zur Förderung der Gesundheit durch Naturbesuche beitragen. Résumé Les forêts peuvent améliorer la santé mentale et le bien‐être. Pourtant, la contribution de la biodiversité forestière n'est pas claire et des recherches expérimentales sont nécessaires pour mettre en évidence les liens entre la biodiversité et la santé. Ici, nous évaluons le rôle de la diversité en espèces d'arbres, à la fois réelle et perçue, et comment la réduction du stress et la restauration de l'attention peuvent servir de voies médiatrices potentielles pour obtenir des résultats positifs en matière de santé mentale et de bien‐être. Nous avons mené une étude expérimentale sur le terrain dans trois forêts périurbaines en Europe avec 223 participants, qui comprenait des interventions de 20 min dans des forêts avec une richesse en espèces d'arbres faible, moyenne ou élevée, ou un contrôle urbain. La santé mentale et le bien‐être à court terme des participants, ainsi que le cortisol salivaire en tant que biomarqueur de stress, ont été mesurés avant et après l'intervention. Les visites en forêt pendant 20 min se sont avérées bénéfiques pour la santé mentale à court terme, le bien‐être mental à court terme, le stress subjectif, l'attention subjective dirigée ainsi que la restauration perçue des participants par rapport à un environnement bâti. Aucune différence n'a été trouvée pour l'indicateur physiologique de stress, le cortisol salivaire, qui a diminué à la fois dans la forêt et dans l'environnement bâti. Une plus grande biodiversité perçue—potentiellement liée aux attributs structurels de la forêt—était associée de manière significative aux résultats en matière de bien‐être, alors qu'aucune association n'a été trouvée pour les différences dans la richesse réelle en espèces d'arbres. Nos modélisations indique que des niveaux plus élevés de biodiversité perçue ont un effet indirect sur la santé mentale et le bien‐être à court terme en améliorant la perception de la restaurabilité. Bien que nous n'ayons trouvé aucune preuve des effets de la richesse réelle en espèces d'arbres, la biodiversité perçue a été associée à des résultats positifs à court terme en matière de santé mentale et de bien‐être. La compréhension de ces liens entre biodiversité et santé peut éclairer la gestion de la conservation et aider à développer des interventions efficaces basées sur la nature pour promouvoir la santé publique par le biais de visites dans la nature. Samenvatting Bossen kunnen de geestelijke gezondheid en het welzijn bevorderen. Toch blijft de bijdrage van de biodiversiteit van bossen onduidelijk en experimenteel onderzoek is nodig om de verbanden tussen biodiversiteit en gezondheid te ontrafelen. Hier beoordelen we de rol van de rijkdom aan boomsoorten, zowel reëel als waargenomen, en hoe stressvermindering en aandachtsherstel kunnen dienen als potentiële bemiddelende paden om positieve resultaten te bereiken op het gebied van geestelijke gezondheid en welzijn. We voerden een experimentele veldstudie uit in drie peri‐urbane bossen in Europa met 223 deelnemers, waarbij de deelnemers 20 minuten verbleven in bossen met een lage, gemiddelde of hoge rijkdom aan boomsoorten of een gebouwde controle. De mentale gezondheid en het welzijn van de deelnemers op de korte termijn en het cortisol in het speeksel als biomarker van stress werden voor en na de interventie gemeten. Een bosbezoek van 20 minuten bleek gunstig te zijn op korte termijn voor de mentale gezondheid, het mentaal welbevinden, subjectieve stress, subjectieve gerichte aandacht en de waargenomen herstellende werking van de deelnemers in vergelijking met een bebouwde omgeving. Er werden geen verschillen gevonden voor speekselcortisol, degene zowel in het bos als in de bebouwde omgeving afnam. Verhoogde waargenomen biodiversiteit—mogelijk gekoppeld aan structurele boskenmerken—was significant geassocieerd met welzijnsresultaten, terwijl er geen verband werd gevonden voor verschillen in feitelijke boomsoortenrijkdom. Ons model geeft aan dat hogere niveaus van waargenomen biodiversiteit een indirect effect hadden op de mentale gezondheid en het welzijn op de korte termijn door het verbeteren van de waargenomen herstelbaarheid. Hoewel we geen bewijs vonden voor de effecten van de feitelijke rijkdom aan boomsoorten, werd de waargenomen biodiversiteit geassocieerd met positieve kortetermijnresultaten voor mentale gezondheid en welzijn. Inzicht in deze verbanden tussen biodiversiteit en gezondheid kan helpen bij het beheer van natuurbehoud en bij het ontwikkelen van effectieve natuurinterventies voor het bevorderen van de volksgezondheid door middel van natuurbezoeken. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Abstract Forests can foster mental health and well‐being. Yet, the contribution of forest biodiversity remains unclear, and experimental research is needed to unravel pathways of biodiversity–health linkages. Here, we assess the role of tree species richness, both actual and perceived, and how stress reduction and attention restoration can serve as potential mediating pathways to achieve positive mental health and well‐being outcomes. We conducted an experimental, multicentric field study in three peri‐urban forests in Europe, employing a mixed design with 223 participants, that comprised 20‐min stays in forests with either low, medium or high tree species richness or a built control. Participants' short‐term mental health and well‐being and saliva cortisol as a biomarker of stress were measured before and after the intervention. Forest visits for 20 min were found to be beneficial for participants' short‐term mental health, short‐term mental well‐being, subjective stress, subjective directed attention and perceived restorativeness compared with a built environment. No differences were found for the physiological stress indicator saliva cortisol, which decreased in both the forest and the built environments. Increased perceived biodiversity—possibly linked to structural forest attributes—was significantly associated with well‐being outcomes, while no association was found for differences in actual tree species richness. Structural equation modelling indicates that higher levels of perceived biodiversity had an indirect effect on short‐term mental health and well‐being through enhancing perceived restorativeness. While we found no evidence of actual tree species richness effects, perceived biodiversity was associated with positive short‐term mental health and well‐being outcomes. Understanding these biodiversity–health linkages can inform conservation management and help develop effective nature‐based interventions for promoting public health through nature visits. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Author Shaw, Taylor
Muys, Bart
Rozario, Kevin
Gillerot, Loïc
Verheyen, Kris
Marselle, Melissa
Ponette, Quentin
Roeber, Urte
Schröger, Erich
Haluza, Daniela
Müller, Dagmar
Kilpi, Katriina
Müller, Sandra
Godbold, Douglas
Bonn, Aletta
Oh, Rachel Rui Ying
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  orcidid: 0009-0004-6731-0342
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  organization: Leipzig University
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  givenname: Rachel Rui Ying
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2716-7727
  surname: Oh
  fullname: Oh, Rachel Rui Ying
  organization: German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig
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  givenname: Melissa
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3245-7473
  surname: Marselle
  fullname: Marselle, Melissa
  organization: University of Surrey
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  givenname: Erich
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8321-6629
  surname: Schröger
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  organization: Leipzig University
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  surname: Gillerot
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  organization: KU Leuven
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  surname: Ponette
  fullname: Ponette, Quentin
  organization: Université catholique de Louvain
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Douglas
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5607-5800
  surname: Godbold
  fullname: Godbold, Douglas
  organization: Mendel University in Brno
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Daniela
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5619-2863
  surname: Haluza
  fullname: Haluza, Daniela
  organization: Medical University of Vienna
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-6450-9127
  surname: Kilpi
  fullname: Kilpi, Katriina
  organization: BOS+
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  givenname: Dagmar
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9289-1215
  surname: Müller
  fullname: Müller, Dagmar
  organization: Leipzig University
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  surname: Roeber
  fullname: Roeber, Urte
  organization: Leipzig University
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  givenname: Kris
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2067-9108
  surname: Verheyen
  fullname: Verheyen, Kris
  organization: Ghent University
– sequence: 13
  givenname: Bart
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9421-527X
  surname: Muys
  fullname: Muys, Bart
  organization: KU Leuven
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  givenname: Sandra
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4289-755X
  surname: Müller
  fullname: Müller, Sandra
  organization: University of Freiburg
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  givenname: Taylor
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4117-4552
  surname: Shaw
  fullname: Shaw, Taylor
  organization: University of Freiburg
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  givenname: Aletta
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8345-4600
  surname: Bonn
  fullname: Bonn, Aletta
  organization: German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig
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Snippet Forests can foster mental health and well‐being. Yet, the contribution of forest biodiversity remains unclear, and experimental research is needed to unravel...
Forests can foster mental health and well-being. Yet, the contribution of forest biodiversity remains unclear, and experimental research is needed to unravel...
Abstract Forests can foster mental health and well‐being. Yet, the contribution of forest biodiversity remains unclear, and experimental research is needed to...
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SubjectTerms attention restoration
Biodiversity
Biomarkers
Built environment
Cortisol
COVID-19
Dr. FOREST
Experimental research
forest diversity
Forests
Linkages
Mental health
mental health and well‐being
perceived biodiversity
Physiology
Plant species
Public health
Saliva
Species richness
Stress
Stress (physiology)
stress reduction
structural equation modelling
tree species richness
Urban environments
Urban forests
Well being
Wildlife conservation
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Title The more the merrier? Perceived forest biodiversity promotes short‐term mental health and well‐being—A multicentre study
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