Effect of a Behavioral Change Communication Strategy Coupled With Small‐Quantity Lipid‐Based or Micro‐Nutrient Supplements on Stunting and Obesity in Children in Baja Verapaz, Guatemala: Results From a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
ABSTRACT The co‐existence of childhood stunting and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of unsweetened small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplements (SQ‐LNS) coupled with a behavior change communication (BCC) stra...
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| Published in | Maternal and child nutrition Vol. 21; no. 3; pp. e13802 - n/a |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
01.07.2025
John Wiley and Sons Inc Wiley |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1740-8695 1740-8709 1740-8709 |
| DOI | 10.1111/mcn.13802 |
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| Abstract | ABSTRACT
The co‐existence of childhood stunting and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of unsweetened small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplements (SQ‐LNS) coupled with a behavior change communication (BCC) strategy on the double burden of malnutrition. We conducted a three‐arm randomized‐control trial with two‐stage cluster sampling of households with children under 4.5 months or a mother in the third trimester of pregnancy at baseline from 76 communities in Baja‐Verapaz, Guatemala. Some 1268 households were randomly assigned to SQ‐LNS or micronutrient powders (MNPs) paired with a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy, or to MNPs only. Measures of mothers' nutrition knowledge and practices were collected at baseline and endline. Children's height, weight, and hemoglobin concentration were measured at endline. Treatment effects were estimated using regression models. The BCC strategy boosted caregiver nutrition knowledge from 4.2 (95% CI: 2.7, 5.7) to 4.6 percentage points (95% CI: 3.1, 6.1). Significant effects on nutrition practices of 3.0 percentage points (95% CI: 1.2, 4.8) were found only for caregivers with children receiving SQ‐LNS. We found no detectable treatment effects on stunting or anemia. However, children exposed to SQ‐LNS and the BCC strategy were 2.6 percentage points (95% CI: −5.0, −0.2) less likely to be overweight or obese (54.1% lower than the group receiving MNPs only). An intervention coupling a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy with the use of unsweetened SQ‐LNS holds promise for the prevention of childhood overweight and obesity, yet complementary interventions are required to address non‐nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala.
Coupling a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy with the use of unsweetened SQ‐LNS reduces the risk of being overweight or obese in infants and young children from Guatemala. Yet, complementary interventions to address non‐nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala are needed.
Summary
Co‐existence of childhood stunting and overweight and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and the Latin American region.
Coupling a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy with the use of SQ‐LNS reduces the risk of being overweight or obese in young children.
More research on the potential pathways of SQ‐LNS to prevent overweight and obesity is needed.
BCC plus supplementation with SQ‐LNS or MNPs had no effect on stunting, underweight, or anemia in children from Baja Verapaz, Guatemala.
Complementary behavioral, economic, or environmental interventions are required to address non‐nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | ABSTRACT The co‐existence of childhood stunting and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of unsweetened small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplements (SQ‐LNS) coupled with a behavior change communication (BCC) strategy on the double burden of malnutrition. We conducted a three‐arm randomized‐control trial with two‐stage cluster sampling of households with children under 4.5 months or a mother in the third trimester of pregnancy at baseline from 76 communities in Baja‐Verapaz, Guatemala. Some 1268 households were randomly assigned to SQ‐LNS or micronutrient powders (MNPs) paired with a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy, or to MNPs only. Measures of mothers' nutrition knowledge and practices were collected at baseline and endline. Children's height, weight, and hemoglobin concentration were measured at endline. Treatment effects were estimated using regression models. The BCC strategy boosted caregiver nutrition knowledge from 4.2 (95% CI: 2.7, 5.7) to 4.6 percentage points (95% CI: 3.1, 6.1). Significant effects on nutrition practices of 3.0 percentage points (95% CI: 1.2, 4.8) were found only for caregivers with children receiving SQ‐LNS. We found no detectable treatment effects on stunting or anemia. However, children exposed to SQ‐LNS and the BCC strategy were 2.6 percentage points (95% CI: −5.0, −0.2) less likely to be overweight or obese (54.1% lower than the group receiving MNPs only). An intervention coupling a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy with the use of unsweetened SQ‐LNS holds promise for the prevention of childhood overweight and obesity, yet complementary interventions are required to address non‐nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala. The co-existence of childhood stunting and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of unsweetened small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) coupled with a behavior change communication (BCC) strategy on the double burden of malnutrition. We conducted a three-arm randomized-control trial with two-stage cluster sampling of households with children under 4.5 months or a mother in the third trimester of pregnancy at baseline from 76 communities in Baja-Verapaz, Guatemala. Some 1268 households were randomly assigned to SQ-LNS or micronutrient powders (MNPs) paired with a multilevel participatory-ludic BCC strategy, or to MNPs only. Measures of mothers' nutrition knowledge and practices were collected at baseline and endline. Children's height, weight, and hemoglobin concentration were measured at endline. Treatment effects were estimated using regression models. The BCC strategy boosted caregiver nutrition knowledge from 4.2 (95% CI: 2.7, 5.7) to 4.6 percentage points (95% CI: 3.1, 6.1). Significant effects on nutrition practices of 3.0 percentage points (95% CI: 1.2, 4.8) were found only for caregivers with children receiving SQ-LNS. We found no detectable treatment effects on stunting or anemia. However, children exposed to SQ-LNS and the BCC strategy were 2.6 percentage points (95% CI: -5.0, -0.2) less likely to be overweight or obese (54.1% lower than the group receiving MNPs only). An intervention coupling a multilevel participatory-ludic BCC strategy with the use of unsweetened SQ-LNS holds promise for the prevention of childhood overweight and obesity, yet complementary interventions are required to address non-nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala.The co-existence of childhood stunting and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of unsweetened small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) coupled with a behavior change communication (BCC) strategy on the double burden of malnutrition. We conducted a three-arm randomized-control trial with two-stage cluster sampling of households with children under 4.5 months or a mother in the third trimester of pregnancy at baseline from 76 communities in Baja-Verapaz, Guatemala. Some 1268 households were randomly assigned to SQ-LNS or micronutrient powders (MNPs) paired with a multilevel participatory-ludic BCC strategy, or to MNPs only. Measures of mothers' nutrition knowledge and practices were collected at baseline and endline. Children's height, weight, and hemoglobin concentration were measured at endline. Treatment effects were estimated using regression models. The BCC strategy boosted caregiver nutrition knowledge from 4.2 (95% CI: 2.7, 5.7) to 4.6 percentage points (95% CI: 3.1, 6.1). Significant effects on nutrition practices of 3.0 percentage points (95% CI: 1.2, 4.8) were found only for caregivers with children receiving SQ-LNS. We found no detectable treatment effects on stunting or anemia. However, children exposed to SQ-LNS and the BCC strategy were 2.6 percentage points (95% CI: -5.0, -0.2) less likely to be overweight or obese (54.1% lower than the group receiving MNPs only). An intervention coupling a multilevel participatory-ludic BCC strategy with the use of unsweetened SQ-LNS holds promise for the prevention of childhood overweight and obesity, yet complementary interventions are required to address non-nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala. Co‐existence of childhood stunting and overweight and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and the Latin American region. Coupling a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy with the use of SQ‐LNS reduces the risk of being overweight or obese in young children. More research on the potential pathways of SQ‐LNS to prevent overweight and obesity is needed. BCC plus supplementation with SQ‐LNS or MNPs had no effect on stunting, underweight, or anemia in children from Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. Complementary behavioral, economic, or environmental interventions are required to address non‐nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala. The co‐existence of childhood stunting and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of unsweetened small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplements (SQ‐LNS) coupled with a behavior change communication (BCC) strategy on the double burden of malnutrition. We conducted a three‐arm randomized‐control trial with two‐stage cluster sampling of households with children under 4.5 months or a mother in the third trimester of pregnancy at baseline from 76 communities in Baja‐Verapaz, Guatemala. Some 1268 households were randomly assigned to SQ‐LNS or micronutrient powders (MNPs) paired with a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy, or to MNPs only. Measures of mothers' nutrition knowledge and practices were collected at baseline and endline. Children's height, weight, and hemoglobin concentration were measured at endline. Treatment effects were estimated using regression models. The BCC strategy boosted caregiver nutrition knowledge from 4.2 (95% CI: 2.7, 5.7) to 4.6 percentage points (95% CI: 3.1, 6.1). Significant effects on nutrition practices of 3.0 percentage points (95% CI: 1.2, 4.8) were found only for caregivers with children receiving SQ‐LNS. We found no detectable treatment effects on stunting or anemia. However, children exposed to SQ‐LNS and the BCC strategy were 2.6 percentage points (95% CI: −5.0, −0.2) less likely to be overweight or obese (54.1% lower than the group receiving MNPs only). An intervention coupling a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy with the use of unsweetened SQ‐LNS holds promise for the prevention of childhood overweight and obesity, yet complementary interventions are required to address non‐nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala. Coupling a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy with the use of unsweetened SQ‐LNS reduces the risk of being overweight or obese in infants and young children from Guatemala. Yet, complementary interventions to address non‐nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala are needed. Co‐existence of childhood stunting and overweight and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and the Latin American region. Coupling a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy with the use of SQ‐LNS reduces the risk of being overweight or obese in young children. More research on the potential pathways of SQ‐LNS to prevent overweight and obesity is needed. BCC plus supplementation with SQ‐LNS or MNPs had no effect on stunting, underweight, or anemia in children from Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. Complementary behavioral, economic, or environmental interventions are required to address non‐nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala. The co-existence of childhood stunting and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of unsweetened small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) coupled with a behavior change communication (BCC) strategy on the double burden of malnutrition. We conducted a three-arm randomized-control trial with two-stage cluster sampling of households with children under 4.5 months or a mother in the third trimester of pregnancy at baseline from 76 communities in Baja-Verapaz, Guatemala. Some 1268 households were randomly assigned to SQ-LNS or micronutrient powders (MNPs) paired with a multilevel participatory-ludic BCC strategy, or to MNPs only. Measures of mothers' nutrition knowledge and practices were collected at baseline and endline. Children's height, weight, and hemoglobin concentration were measured at endline. Treatment effects were estimated using regression models. The BCC strategy boosted caregiver nutrition knowledge from 4.2 (95% CI: 2.7, 5.7) to 4.6 percentage points (95% CI: 3.1, 6.1). Significant effects on nutrition practices of 3.0 percentage points (95% CI: 1.2, 4.8) were found only for caregivers with children receiving SQ-LNS. We found no detectable treatment effects on stunting or anemia. However, children exposed to SQ-LNS and the BCC strategy were 2.6 percentage points (95% CI: -5.0, -0.2) less likely to be overweight or obese (54.1% lower than the group receiving MNPs only). An intervention coupling a multilevel participatory-ludic BCC strategy with the use of unsweetened SQ-LNS holds promise for the prevention of childhood overweight and obesity, yet complementary interventions are required to address non-nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala. ABSTRACT The co‐existence of childhood stunting and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of unsweetened small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplements (SQ‐LNS) coupled with a behavior change communication (BCC) strategy on the double burden of malnutrition. We conducted a three‐arm randomized‐control trial with two‐stage cluster sampling of households with children under 4.5 months or a mother in the third trimester of pregnancy at baseline from 76 communities in Baja‐Verapaz, Guatemala. Some 1268 households were randomly assigned to SQ‐LNS or micronutrient powders (MNPs) paired with a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy, or to MNPs only. Measures of mothers' nutrition knowledge and practices were collected at baseline and endline. Children's height, weight, and hemoglobin concentration were measured at endline. Treatment effects were estimated using regression models. The BCC strategy boosted caregiver nutrition knowledge from 4.2 (95% CI: 2.7, 5.7) to 4.6 percentage points (95% CI: 3.1, 6.1). Significant effects on nutrition practices of 3.0 percentage points (95% CI: 1.2, 4.8) were found only for caregivers with children receiving SQ‐LNS. We found no detectable treatment effects on stunting or anemia. However, children exposed to SQ‐LNS and the BCC strategy were 2.6 percentage points (95% CI: −5.0, −0.2) less likely to be overweight or obese (54.1% lower than the group receiving MNPs only). An intervention coupling a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy with the use of unsweetened SQ‐LNS holds promise for the prevention of childhood overweight and obesity, yet complementary interventions are required to address non‐nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala. Coupling a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy with the use of unsweetened SQ‐LNS reduces the risk of being overweight or obese in infants and young children from Guatemala. Yet, complementary interventions to address non‐nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala are needed. Summary Co‐existence of childhood stunting and overweight and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and the Latin American region. Coupling a multilevel participatory‐ludic BCC strategy with the use of SQ‐LNS reduces the risk of being overweight or obese in young children. More research on the potential pathways of SQ‐LNS to prevent overweight and obesity is needed. BCC plus supplementation with SQ‐LNS or MNPs had no effect on stunting, underweight, or anemia in children from Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. Complementary behavioral, economic, or environmental interventions are required to address non‐nutritional factors related to stunting in Guatemala. |
| Author | Martinez, Sebastian Winters, Solis Perez‐Exposito, Ana Acero, Carolina Gonzalez |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Social Protection and Health Division, Inter‐American Development Bank Washington DC USA 2 Office of Evaluation, International Initiative for Impact Evaluation Washington DC USA 3 School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA – name: 1 Social Protection and Health Division, Inter‐American Development Bank Washington DC USA – name: 2 Office of Evaluation, International Initiative for Impact Evaluation Washington DC USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Carolina Gonzalez orcidid: 0009-0006-7835-3107 surname: Acero fullname: Acero, Carolina Gonzalez email: cgonzalez@iadb.org organization: Social Protection and Health Division, Inter‐American Development Bank – sequence: 2 givenname: Sebastian orcidid: 0000-0002-7651-6674 surname: Martinez fullname: Martinez, Sebastian organization: Office of Evaluation, International Initiative for Impact Evaluation – sequence: 3 givenname: Ana orcidid: 0009-0005-2534-2052 surname: Perez‐Exposito fullname: Perez‐Exposito, Ana organization: Social Protection and Health Division, Inter‐American Development Bank – sequence: 4 givenname: Solis surname: Winters fullname: Winters, Solis organization: School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40040346$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | 2025 Inter‐American Development Bank. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2025 Inter‐American Development Bank. Maternal & Child Nutrition published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2025. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the "License"). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
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The co‐existence of childhood stunting and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and Latin America. The objective of this study was to... Co‐existence of childhood stunting and overweight and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and the Latin American region. Coupling a multilevel... The co-existence of childhood stunting and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the... ABSTRACT The co‐existence of childhood stunting and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and Latin America. The objective of this study was to... The co‐existence of childhood stunting and obesity is a public health problem in Guatemala and Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Anemia Behavior change behavior change communication Caregivers Change agents child obesity child overweight Child, Preschool Childhood Childhood obesity Clinical trials Communication strategies Dietary Fats - administration & dosage Dietary Supplements Female Growth Disorders - epidemiology Growth Disorders - prevention & control Guatemala Guatemala - epidemiology Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Health problems Hemoglobin Households Humans Infant Intervention Lipids - administration & dosage Male Malnutrition Micronutrients - administration & dosage MNP Mothers Nutrients Nutrition Obesity Original Overweight Pediatric Obesity - epidemiology Pediatric Obesity - prevention & control Pregnancy Public health SQ‐LNS stunting |
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| Title | Effect of a Behavioral Change Communication Strategy Coupled With Small‐Quantity Lipid‐Based or Micro‐Nutrient Supplements on Stunting and Obesity in Children in Baja Verapaz, Guatemala: Results From a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial |
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