Cistus, Acacia, and Lemon verbena Valorization through Response Surface Methodology: Optimization Studies and Potential Application in the Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Industries

• Published in: Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 17; no. 5; p. 593
• Main Authors: Fernandes, Filipa A., Carocho, Márcio, Finimundy, Tiane C., Prieto, Miguel A., Ferreira, Isabel C. F. R., Barros, Lillian, Heleno, Sandrina A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.05.2024
• Subjects: Acacia dealbata L; Acids; Aloysia citrodora Paláu; Beans; Chemical properties; Cistus ladanifer L; Excipients; extraction optimization; Flavonoids; Frostwort; Functional foods; Functional foods & nutraceuticals; Health aspects; Influenza; Israel; Legumes; Metabolites; Methods; Mimosaceae; Natural resources; Oils & fats; Pharmaceuticals; phenolic compounds; Phenols; Portugal; response surface methodology; Sustainability; Ultrasonic imaging; United Arab Emirates; Varieties; Verbena; Portugal; Israel; United Arab Emirates; phenolic compounds; Acacia dealbata L; Cistus ladanifer L; Aloysia citrodora Paláu; response surface methodology; extraction optimization
• ISSN: 1424-8247; 1424-8247
• DOI: 10.3390/ph17050593

Cistus ladanifer L., Acacia dealbata L., and Aloysia citrodora Paláu were subject to an optimization procedure for two extraction techniques (heat-assisted extraction (HAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)). The extracts were then analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS for their phenolic profile (cistus—15 compounds, acacia—21 compounds, and lemon verbena—9 compounds). The response surface methodology was applied, considering four varying factors: ethanol percentage; extraction time; temperature/power; and S/L ratio, generating two responses (the major phenolic compound, or family of compounds, and the extraction yield). For cistus, both techniques optimized the extraction yield of punicalagins, with UAE proving to be the most efficient extraction method (3.22% ethanol, 22 min, 171 W, and 35 g/L). For acacia, HAE maximized the extraction of procyanidin (74% ethanol, 86 min, 24 °C, and 50 g/L), and UAE maximized the content of myricetin (65% ethanol, 8 min, 50 W, and 50 g/L). For lemon verbena, HAE favored the extraction of martynoside (13% ethanol, 96 min, 49 °C and 17 g/L) and forsythiaside UAE (94% ethanol, 25 min, 399 W, and 29 g/L). The optimal conditions for the extraction of compounds with high added value and potential for use in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals were defined.