Cigarette smoking and depression: tests of causal linkages using a longitudinal birth cohort
Research on the comorbidity between cigarette smoking and major depression has not elucidated the pathways by which smoking is associated with depression. To examine the causal relationships between smoking and depression via fixed-effects regression and structural equation modelling. Data were gath...
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Published in | British journal of psychiatry Vol. 196; no. 6; pp. 440 - 446 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
England
Cambridge University Press
01.06.2010
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | Research on the comorbidity between cigarette smoking and major depression has not elucidated the pathways by which smoking is associated with depression.
To examine the causal relationships between smoking and depression via fixed-effects regression and structural equation modelling.
Data were gathered on nicotine-dependence symptoms and depressive symptoms in early adulthood using a birth cohort of over 1000 individuals.
Adjustment for confounding factors revealed persistent significant (P<0.05) associations between nicotine-dependence symptoms and depressive symptoms. Structural equation modelling suggested that the best-fitting causal model was one in which nicotine dependence led to increased risk of depression. The findings suggest that the comorbidity between smoking and depression arises from two routes; the first involving common or correlated risk factors and the second a direct path in which smoking increases the risk of depression.
This evidence is consistent with the conclusion that there is a cause and effect relationship between smoking and depression in which cigarette smoking increases the risk of symptoms of depression. |
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AbstractList | BACKGROUNDResearch on the comorbidity between cigarette smoking and major depression has not elucidated the pathways by which smoking is associated with depression.AIMSTo examine the causal relationships between smoking and depression via fixed-effects regression and structural equation modelling.METHODData were gathered on nicotine-dependence symptoms and depressive symptoms in early adulthood using a birth cohort of over 1000 individuals.RESULTSAdjustment for confounding factors revealed persistent significant (P<0.05) associations between nicotine-dependence symptoms and depressive symptoms. Structural equation modelling suggested that the best-fitting causal model was one in which nicotine dependence led to increased risk of depression. The findings suggest that the comorbidity between smoking and depression arises from two routes; the first involving common or correlated risk factors and the second a direct path in which smoking increases the risk of depression.CONCLUSIONSThis evidence is consistent with the conclusion that there is a cause and effect relationship between smoking and depression in which cigarette smoking increases the risk of symptoms of depression. Research on the comorbidity between cigarette smoking and major depression has not elucidated the pathways by which smoking is associated with depression. To examine the causal relationships between smoking and depression via fixed-effects regression and structural equation modelling. Data were gathered on nicotine-dependence symptoms and depressive symptoms in early adulthood using a birth cohort of over 1000 individuals. Adjustment for confounding factors revealed persistent significant (P<0.05) associations between nicotine-dependence symptoms and depressive symptoms. Structural equation modelling suggested that the best-fitting causal model was one in which nicotine dependence led to increased risk of depression. The findings suggest that the comorbidity between smoking and depression arises from two routes; the first involving common or correlated risk factors and the second a direct path in which smoking increases the risk of depression. This evidence is consistent with the conclusion that there is a cause and effect relationship between smoking and depression in which cigarette smoking increases the risk of symptoms of depression. Background: Research on the comorbidity between cigarette smoking and major depression has not elucidated the pathways by which smoking is associated with depression. Aims: To examine the causal relationships between smoking and depression via fixed-effects regression and structural equation modelling. Method: Data were gathered on nicotine-dependence symptoms and depressive symptoms in early adulthood using a birth cohort of over 1000 individuals. Results: Adjustment for confounding factors revealed persistent significant (P<0.05) associations between nicotine-dependence symptoms and depressive symptoms. Structural equation modelling suggested that the best-fitting causal model was one in which nicotine dependence led to increased risk of depression. The findings suggest that the comorbidity between smoking and depression arises from two routes; the first involving common or correlated risk factors and the second a direct path in which smoking increases the risk of depression. Conclusions: This evidence is consistent with the conclusion that there is a cause and effect relationship between smoking and depression in which cigarette smoking increases the risk of symptoms of depression. Adapted from the source document. |
Author | Horwood, L John Fergusson, David M Boden, Joseph M |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Joseph M surname: Boden fullname: Boden, Joseph M organization: Christchurch Health and Development Study, University of Otago, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand – sequence: 2 givenname: David M surname: Fergusson fullname: Fergusson, David M – sequence: 3 givenname: L John surname: Horwood fullname: Horwood, L John |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513853$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Copyright | Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2010 |
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References | 20513848 - Br J Psychiatry. 2010 Jun;196(6):425-6 21200080 - Br J Psychiatry. 2011 Jan;198(1):73; author reply 73-4 21037220 - Br J Psychiatry. 2010 Nov;197(5):413-4 S0007125000008382_ref19 S0007125000008382_ref18 S0007125000008382_ref39 S0007125000008382_ref17 S0007125000008382_ref16 S0007125000008382_ref38 S0007125000008382_ref37 S0007125000008382_ref15 S0007125000008382_ref14 S0007125000008382_ref36 S0007125000008382_ref13 S0007125000008382_ref35 S0007125000008382_ref12 S0007125000008382_ref8 S0007125000008382_ref22 S0007125000008382_ref21 S0007125000008382_ref7 S0007125000008382_ref20 S0007125000008382_ref41 S0007125000008382_ref9 S0007125000008382_ref40 (S0007125000008382_ref34) 1994 S0007125000008382_ref2 S0007125000008382_ref1 S0007125000008382_ref4 S0007125000008382_ref3 S0007125000008382_ref6 Rohde (S0007125000008382_ref5) 2004; 6 S0007125000008382_ref29 S0007125000008382_ref27 S0007125000008382_ref26 S0007125000008382_ref25 S0007125000008382_ref24 Hamerle (S0007125000008382_ref28) 1995 S0007125000008382_ref23 S0007125000008382_ref11 S0007125000008382_ref32 S0007125000008382_ref10 S0007125000008382_ref30 (S0007125000008382_ref33) 1993 Fergusson (S0007125000008382_ref31) 2001; 35 |
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To... BackgroundResearch on the comorbidity between cigarette smoking and major depression has not elucidated the pathways by which smoking is associated with... BACKGROUNDResearch on the comorbidity between cigarette smoking and major depression has not elucidated the pathways by which smoking is associated with... Background: Research on the comorbidity between cigarette smoking and major depression has not elucidated the pathways by which smoking is associated with... |
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SubjectTerms | Adolescent Age Factors Causal models Child Child development Child, Preschool Childbirth Childbirth & labor Cigarette smoking Cigarettes Comorbidity Confounding factors Data analysis Depression Depressive Disorder, Major - epidemiology Depressive Disorder, Major - psychology Drug dependence Epidemiologic Methods Female Generalized linear models Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male Mental depression Mental disorders Mental health Modelling New Zealand - epidemiology Nicotine Psychiatry Public health Risk factors Self-medication Smoking Smoking - epidemiology Smoking - psychology Symptoms Tobacco Use Disorder - epidemiology Tobacco Use Disorder - psychology |
Title | Cigarette smoking and depression: tests of causal linkages using a longitudinal birth cohort |
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