A Cross-Correlational Analysis between Electroencephalographic and End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Signals: Methodological Issues in the Presence of Missing Data and Real Data Results

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 16; no. 11; p. 1828
• Main Authors: Morelli, Maria Sole, Giannoni, Alberto, Passino, Claudio, Landini, Luigi, Emdin, Michele, Vanello, Nicola
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 31.10.2016; MDPI
• Subjects: Bayesian analysis; Carbon dioxide; control of breathing; Correlation analysis; cross correlation function; EEG; Electroencephalography; Missing data; missing data segments; Physiology; Reliability analysis; Simulation; missing data segments; cross correlation function; EEG; control of breathing
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s16111828

Electroencephalographic (EEG) irreducible artifacts are common and the removal of corrupted segments from the analysis may be required. The present study aims at exploring the effects of different EEG Missing Data Segment (MDS) distributions on cross-correlation analysis, involving EEG and physiological signals. The reliability of cross-correlation analysis both at single subject and at group level as a function of missing data statistics was evaluated using dedicated simulations. Moreover, a Bayesian-based approach for combining the single subject results at group level by considering each subject's reliability was introduced. Starting from the above considerations, the cross-correlation function between EEG Global Field Power (GFP) in delta band and end-tidal CO₂ (P CO₂) during rest and voluntary breath-hold was evaluated in six healthy subjects. The analysis of simulated data results at single subject level revealed a worsening of precision and accuracy in the cross-correlation analysis in the presence of MDS. At the group level, a large improvement in the results' reliability with respect to single subject analysis was observed. The proposed Bayesian approach showed a slight improvement with respect to simple average results. Real data results were discussed in light of the simulated data tests and of the current physiological findings.