Real-Time PPG-Based Biometric Identification: Advancing Security with 2D Gram Matrices and Deep Learning Models - Cherry, Ali; Nasser, Aya; Salameh, Wassim; Abou Ali, Mohamad; Hajj-Hassan, Mohamad (Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025)
Keywords: Accuracy; Adult; Algorithms; Artificial intelligence; Biometric identification; Biometric Identification - methods; biometric security; Biometrics; Biometry - methods; Deep Learning; Female; Gram matrix conversion; Humans; liveness detection; Machine learning; Male; Neural networks; photoplethysmography (PPG) signals; Photoplethysmography - methods; Physiology; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; two-dimensional format; deep learning; real-time predictions; Gram matrix conversion; biometric security; liveness detection; classification; photoplethysmography (PPG) signals; two-dimensional format