Real-Time Artifacts Reduction during TMS-EEG Co-Registration: A Comprehensive Review on Technologies and Procedures

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) excites neurons in the cortex, and neural activity can be simultaneously recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). However, TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) do not only reflect transcranial neural stimulation as they can be contaminated by artifacts. Over t...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inSensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 21; no. 2; p. 637
Main Authors Varone, Giuseppe, Hussain, Zain, Sheikh, Zakariya, Howard, Adam, Boulila, Wadii, Mahmud, Mufti, Howard, Newton, Morabito, Francesco Carlo, Hussain, Amir
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 18.01.2021
MDPI
Subjects
Achievement tests
Brain research
EEG amplifier and headset
Electroencephalography
electroencephalography (EEG)
Evoked Potentials
Experiments
Laboratories
Magnetic fields
Research methodology
Review
Sensors
Technology
TMS-artifacts
TMS-EEG
TMS-Evoked potential (TEPs)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
electroencephalography (EEG)
TMS-Evoked potential (TEPs)
EEG amplifier and headset
TMS-EEG
TMS-artifacts
subject preparation
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
TMS-EEG laboratory layout
online tricks for TMS artifact minimization
synchronization tools
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) excites neurons in the cortex, and neural activity can be simultaneously recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). However, TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) do not only reflect transcranial neural stimulation as they can be contaminated by artifacts. Over the last two decades, significant developments in EEG amplifiers, TMS-compatible technology, customized hardware and open source software have enabled researchers to develop approaches which can substantially reduce TMS-induced artifacts. In TMS-EEG experiments, various physiological and external occurrences have been identified and attempts have been made to minimize or remove them using online techniques. Despite these advances, technological issues and methodological constraints prevent straightforward recordings of early TEPs components. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review on both TMS-EEG artifacts and EEG technologies in the literature to-date. Our survey aims to provide an overview of research studies in this field over the last 40 years. We review TMS-EEG artifacts, their sources and their waveforms and present the state-of-the-art in EEG technologies and front-end characteristics. We also propose a synchronization toolbox for TMS-EEG laboratories. We then review subject preparation frameworks and online artifacts reduction maneuvers for improving data acquisition and conclude by outlining open challenges and future research directions in the field.
AbstractList Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) excites neurons in the cortex, and neural activity can be simultaneously recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). However, TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) do not only reflect transcranial neural stimulation as they can be contaminated by artifacts. Over the last two decades, significant developments in EEG amplifiers, TMS-compatible technology, customized hardware and open source software have enabled researchers to develop approaches which can substantially reduce TMS-induced artifacts. In TMS-EEG experiments, various physiological and external occurrences have been identified and attempts have been made to minimize or remove them using online techniques. Despite these advances, technological issues and methodological constraints prevent straightforward recordings of early TEPs components. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review on both TMS-EEG artifacts and EEG technologies in the literature to-date. Our survey aims to provide an overview of research studies in this field over the last 40 years. We review TMS-EEG artifacts, their sources and their waveforms and present the state-of-the-art in EEG technologies and front-end characteristics. We also propose a synchronization toolbox for TMS-EEG laboratories. We then review subject preparation frameworks and online artifacts reduction maneuvers for improving data acquisition and conclude by outlining open challenges and future research directions in the field.Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) excites neurons in the cortex, and neural activity can be simultaneously recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). However, TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) do not only reflect transcranial neural stimulation as they can be contaminated by artifacts. Over the last two decades, significant developments in EEG amplifiers, TMS-compatible technology, customized hardware and open source software have enabled researchers to develop approaches which can substantially reduce TMS-induced artifacts. In TMS-EEG experiments, various physiological and external occurrences have been identified and attempts have been made to minimize or remove them using online techniques. Despite these advances, technological issues and methodological constraints prevent straightforward recordings of early TEPs components. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review on both TMS-EEG artifacts and EEG technologies in the literature to-date. Our survey aims to provide an overview of research studies in this field over the last 40 years. We review TMS-EEG artifacts, their sources and their waveforms and present the state-of-the-art in EEG technologies and front-end characteristics. We also propose a synchronization toolbox for TMS-EEG laboratories. We then review subject preparation frameworks and online artifacts reduction maneuvers for improving data acquisition and conclude by outlining open challenges and future research directions in the field.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) excites neurons in the cortex, and neural activity can be simultaneously recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). However, TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) do not only reflect transcranial neural stimulation as they can be contaminated by artifacts. Over the last two decades, significant developments in EEG amplifiers, TMS-compatible technology, customized hardware and open source software have enabled researchers to develop approaches which can substantially reduce TMS-induced artifacts. In TMS-EEG experiments, various physiological and external occurrences have been identified and attempts have been made to minimize or remove them using online techniques. Despite these advances, technological issues and methodological constraints prevent straightforward recordings of early TEPs components. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review on both TMS-EEG artifacts and EEG technologies in the literature to-date. Our survey aims to provide an overview of research studies in this field over the last 40 years. We review TMS-EEG artifacts, their sources and their waveforms and present the state-of-the-art in EEG technologies and front-end characteristics. We also propose a synchronization toolbox for TMS-EEG laboratories. We then review subject preparation frameworks and online artifacts reduction maneuvers for improving data acquisition and conclude by outlining open challenges and future research directions in the field.
Author Hussain, Amir
Varone, Giuseppe
Boulila, Wadii
Howard, Newton
Mahmud, Mufti
Hussain, Zain
Howard, Adam
Morabito, Francesco Carlo
Sheikh, Zakariya
AuthorAffiliation 3 Howard Brain Sciences Foundation, Providence, RI 02906, USA; howard.adam@mayo.edu
4 RIADI Laboratory, National School of Computer Sciences, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia; wadii.boulila@riadi.rnu.tn
8 DICEAM Department, “Mediterranea” University, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
5 IS Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia
1 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Greacia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; giuseppe.varone1@studenti.unicz.it
2 College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; zain.hussain@ed.ac.uk (Z.H.); z.sheikh-1@sms.ed.ac.uk (Z.S.)
6 Department of Computer Science and Medical Technology Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; mufti.mahmud@ntu.ac.uk
9 School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK; a.hussain@napier.ac.uk
7 Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 5 IS Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia
– name: 8 DICEAM Department, “Mediterranea” University, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
– name: 1 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Greacia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; giuseppe.varone1@studenti.unicz.it
– name: 3 Howard Brain Sciences Foundation, Providence, RI 02906, USA; howard.adam@mayo.edu
– name: 6 Department of Computer Science and Medical Technology Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; mufti.mahmud@ntu.ac.uk
– name: 7 Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; newton.howard@nds.ox.ac.uk
– name: 2 College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; zain.hussain@ed.ac.uk (Z.H.); z.sheikh-1@sms.ed.ac.uk (Z.S.)
– name: 4 RIADI Laboratory, National School of Computer Sciences, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia; wadii.boulila@riadi.rnu.tn
– name: 9 School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK; a.hussain@napier.ac.uk
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Giuseppe
  surname: Varone
  fullname: Varone, Giuseppe
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Zain
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0559-8289
  surname: Hussain
  fullname: Hussain, Zain
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Zakariya
  surname: Sheikh
  fullname: Sheikh, Zakariya
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Adam
  surname: Howard
  fullname: Howard, Adam
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Wadii
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2133-0757
  surname: Boulila
  fullname: Boulila, Wadii
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Mufti
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2037-8348
  surname: Mahmud
  fullname: Mahmud, Mufti
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Newton
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8503-3973
  surname: Howard
  fullname: Howard, Newton
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Francesco Carlo
  orcidid: 0000-0003-0734-9136
  surname: Morabito
  fullname: Morabito, Francesco Carlo
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Amir
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8080-082X
  surname: Hussain
  fullname: Hussain, Amir
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33477526$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNptkkuP0zAQxyO0iH3AgS-AInGBQ1g_ktjhgFRVZVlpEaiUs-XY49RVYhc7KeLb47ZLtbviYNme-c1f87rMzpx3kGWvMfpAaYOuI8GIoJqyZ9kFLklZcELQ2YP3eXYZ4wYhQinlL7JzSkvGKlJfZHEJsi9WdoB8FkZrpBpjvgQ9qdF6l-spWNflq68_isXiJp_7YgmdjWOQe_fHfJZMwzbAGly0O0iROwu_8xS5ArV2vvedhZhLp_PvwaukGyC-zJ4b2Ud4dX9fZT8_L1bzL8Xdt5vb-eyuUGXdjAWTBnTTmkbWVBMAVmHFKgNK8sqQUmnOGIEGmKkoozWXJSPSpJ801FSY0qvs9qirvdyIbbCDDH-El1YcDD50QqaaVQ9C65oqwmuNWl22jHOAGiURhTDCLWqS1qej1nZqB9AKXOpB_0j0scfZtej8TjBOMT4IvLsXCP7XBHEUg40K-l468FMUpOSowvuT0LdP0I2fgkutShRrmoogTBL15mFGp1T-zTYB74-ACj7GAOaEYCT2eyNOe5PY6yessuNhxqkY2_8n4i-sj8RC
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1088_1741_2552_ad8a8e
crossref_primary_10_1088_1741_2552_ad9ee0
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10916_024_02122_7
crossref_primary_10_1002_ima_23134
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneumeth_2022_109591
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_clinph_2022_07_495
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneumeth_2022_109651
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneumeth_2021_109430
crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSRE_2024_3429176
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22010129
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneumeth_2022_109631
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bpsc_2022_12_005
crossref_primary_10_1088_1741_2552_ac160f
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10548_024_01044_4
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22051762
crossref_primary_10_3892_mmr_2022_12625
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40747_022_00767_w
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_clinph_2025_02_261
crossref_primary_10_37394_232027_2023_5_8
Cites_doi 10.1007/BF02442756
10.1007/s002210050341
10.1016/j.brs.2012.07.005
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.015
10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.139
10.1016/0013-4694(72)90122-8
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.076
10.1016/j.clinph.2004.10.001
10.1152/jn.01273.2005
10.1016/0168-5597(89)90030-0
10.1152/jn.00762.2012
10.1109/TBME.2004.834266
10.1038/nn.2237
10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02858.x
10.1007/s12274-020-3016-1
10.1212/WNL.54.4.956
10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81587-4
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.010
10.1016/j.clinph.2009.04.023
10.1007/s00221-006-0551-2
10.1007/s10548-009-0123-4
10.1016/j.brs.2013.04.004
10.1038/ncomms5160
10.1038/s41598-020-61590-2
10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.001
10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.026
10.1016/j.neulet.2010.04.059
10.1016/j.clinph.2006.05.006
10.1007/BF02474669
10.1006/nimg.2001.0849
10.1016/j.clinph.2009.10.035
10.1002/hbm.20423
10.1016/0168-5597(92)90105-K
10.1038/35036239
10.1002/ana.410230404
10.1109/TBCAS.2012.2190733
10.1007/978-1-4939-0879-0_11
10.3390/s20041235
10.1159/000328951
10.1016/0013-4694(91)90200-N
10.3389/fnhum.2013.00317
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.059
10.1007/s10548-011-0196-8
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.056
10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00038-3
10.1016/0168-5597(93)90108-2
10.1016/j.clinph.2019.01.001
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0445-09.2009
10.3389/neuro.07.017.2009
10.1109/TBME.1982.325019
10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.038
10.1007/s10548-013-0312-z
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.006
10.1007/s12559-020-09773-x
10.1371/journal.pone.0010281
10.1109/EMBC.2015.7318760
10.1007/s12559-020-09789-3
10.1016/j.clinph.2005.10.029
10.1109/TBME.1987.326092
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-15-j0003.2001
10.3389/fncel.2016.00092
10.1007/BF02513307
10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00503.x
10.1212/01.wnl.0000250268.13789.b2
10.1016/S0013-4694(96)96575-X
10.1109/RBME.2010.2084078
10.1152/jn.00915.2002
10.1093/cercor/10.8.802
10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00141-8
10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.021
10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.049
10.1016/0013-4694(78)90147-5
10.1162/0898929041502616
10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.01.008
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.037
10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.11.006
10.1177/155005940904000305
10.1080/00029238.1995.11080502
10.1016/j.neunet.2019.12.006
10.1016/0013-4694(80)90287-4
10.1007/BF02446716
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.014
10.1109/TBME.1977.326117
10.1007/7657_2011_15
10.1007/978-3-319-54918-7_1
10.1016/0168-5597(93)90115-6
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006177
10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00585-5
10.3389/fncir.2016.00073
10.1097/00006123-199712000-00016
10.1097/00001756-199711100-00024
10.1152/jn.00172.2010
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0598-07.2007
10.1586/14737175.7.2.165
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.013
10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111733
10.1016/j.clinph.2006.02.015
10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00070-X
10.1016/j.brs.2009.04.001
10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00721-0
10.1016/0168-5597(92)90096-T
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.026
10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.01.008
10.1016/0013-4694(89)90232-0
10.1007/s12559-019-09670-y
10.1016/0168-5597(92)90117-T
10.1002/hbm.20608
10.1016/j.brs.2019.10.007
10.1038/npp.2008.22
10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00321-1
10.1038/sj.npp.1300099
10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.004
10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00633-2
10.1063/1.1558635
10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.835
10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.164
10.1016/j.clinph.2010.09.004
10.1016/j.clinph.2006.04.010
10.1088/0031-9155/59/1/203
10.1097/YCO.0b013e3280ad4698
10.1016/0013-4694(74)90155-2
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.041
10.1007/s12559-019-09699-z
10.1109/TNSRE.2012.2228674
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.031
10.1007/s11517-011-0748-9
10.1002/mus.880130812
10.1177/155005940803900304
10.1002/hbm.10159
10.1016/0013-4694(71)90188-X
10.1007/s00221-009-1723-7
10.1093/brain/awr340
10.1088/0967-3334/31/2/009
10.1093/brain/awl331
10.1007/BF00952249
10.1016/j.brs.2015.07.029
10.1016/0168-5597(91)90103-5
10.1002/hbm.20142
10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.08.023
10.3389/fncir.2016.00078
10.1113/jphysiol.2010.190314
10.1016/j.clinph.2006.09.002
10.1073/pnas.0305375101
10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.004
10.1007/BF02446182
10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00205-0
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199809)21:9<1209::AID-MUS15>3.0.CO;2-M
10.1016/j.neunet.2020.01.027
10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00004-X
10.1016/j.brs.2018.08.003
10.1016/0013-4694(56)90102-X
10.1038/nrn2169
10.1016/S1050-6411(01)00033-5
10.1126/science.1117256
10.1007/BF02441961
10.1016/B978-0-12-689402-8.50010-9
10.1002/hbm.22016
10.1038/35077500
10.1016/j.brs.2008.11.002
10.3109/01050399609074958
10.1111/psyp.12283
10.3389/fncel.2017.00038
10.1016/j.brs.2018.03.014
10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.06.016
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.048
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.11.003
10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4650502
10.1007/BF02441364
10.1007/PL00005641
10.1016/j.sna.2013.06.013
10.1016/0168-5597(92)90077-O
10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00533-2
10.1007/s11481-012-9383-y
10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.009
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.052
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2021. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2021 by the authors. 2021
Copyright_xml – notice: 2021. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2021 by the authors. 2021
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
3V.
7X7
7XB
88E
8FI
8FJ
8FK
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
CCPQU
DWQXO
FYUFA
GHDGH
K9.
M0S
M1P
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PJZUB
PKEHL
PPXIY
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.3390/s21020637
DatabaseName CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
ProQuest Health & Medical Collection (NC LIVE)
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Medical Database (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central Korea
Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Collection
Medical Database
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
Health Research Premium Collection
Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central Korea
Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni)
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete
ProQuest Medical Library
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList MEDLINE - Academic
CrossRef

MEDLINE
Publicly Available Content Database
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 4
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
EISSN 1424-8220
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_dd63c286d0bd4b788ee60f51c0101b09
PMC7831109
33477526
10_3390_s21020637
Genre Journal Article
Review
GroupedDBID ---
123
2WC
53G
5VS
7X7
88E
8FE
8FG
8FI
8FJ
AADQD
AAHBH
AAYXX
ABDBF
ABUWG
ACUHS
ADBBV
ADMLS
AENEX
AFKRA
AFZYC
ALIPV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
BENPR
BPHCQ
BVXVI
CCPQU
CITATION
CS3
D1I
DU5
E3Z
EBD
ESX
F5P
FYUFA
GROUPED_DOAJ
GX1
HH5
HMCUK
HYE
IAO
ITC
KQ8
L6V
M1P
M48
MODMG
M~E
OK1
OVT
P2P
P62
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PQQKQ
PROAC
PSQYO
RNS
RPM
TUS
UKHRP
XSB
~8M
3V.
ABJCF
ARAPS
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
HCIFZ
KB.
M7S
NPM
PDBOC
7XB
8FK
AZQEC
DWQXO
K9.
PJZUB
PKEHL
PPXIY
PQEST
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
5PM
PUEGO
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c469t-7afed9bf9a63d2ee751c75feca85f24cd8772e9e7f537368a472af7f5af3f5133
IEDL.DBID M48
ISSN 1424-8220
IngestDate Wed Aug 27 01:32:43 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 21 18:18:29 EDT 2025
Thu Jul 10 23:38:08 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 25 19:59:40 EDT 2025
Wed Feb 19 02:27:45 EST 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:13:05 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 03:56:02 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 2
Keywords electroencephalography (EEG)
TMS-Evoked potential (TEPs)
EEG amplifier and headset
TMS-EEG
TMS-artifacts
subject preparation
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
TMS-EEG laboratory layout
online tricks for TMS artifact minimization
synchronization tools
Language English
License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c469t-7afed9bf9a63d2ee751c75feca85f24cd8772e9e7f537368a472af7f5af3f5133
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0002-0559-8289
0000-0002-8080-082X
0000-0003-2133-0757
0000-0002-2037-8348
0000-0003-0734-9136
0000-0002-8503-3973
OpenAccessLink http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.3390/s21020637
PMID 33477526
PQID 2479952012
PQPubID 2032333
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_dd63c286d0bd4b788ee60f51c0101b09
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7831109
proquest_miscellaneous_2480518051
proquest_journals_2479952012
pubmed_primary_33477526
crossref_primary_10_3390_s21020637
crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_s21020637
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20210118
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2021-01-18
PublicationDate_xml – month: 1
  year: 2021
  text: 20210118
  day: 18
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Switzerland
– name: Basel
PublicationTitle Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
PublicationTitleAlternate Sensors (Basel)
PublicationYear 2021
Publisher MDPI AG
MDPI
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
– name: MDPI
References Fuggetta (ref_131) 2006; 95
Pellicciari (ref_165) 2013; 83
ref_138
Belyk (ref_164) 2019; 314
Friedman (ref_92) 1991; 79
Zrenner (ref_177) 2016; 10
Hamidi (ref_80) 2010; 3
Wang (ref_183) 2020; 12
Komssi (ref_58) 2005; 24
Clancy (ref_155) 2002; 12
Farzan (ref_44) 2016; 10
Litvak (ref_79) 2010; 121
ref_135
Nikulin (ref_103) 2003; 18
Koponen (ref_78) 2020; 13
Devlin (ref_32) 2007; 130
Rogasch (ref_43) 2017; 147
Kobayashi (ref_16) 2003; 2
Geddes (ref_47) 1969; 7
Voipio (ref_141) 2003; 89
(ref_63) 2013; 21
Tchumatchenko (ref_99) 2014; 5
Hannula (ref_172) 2005; 26
Komssi (ref_93) 2004; 21
Chi (ref_149) 2010; 3
Roth (ref_89) 1991; 81
Bello (ref_91) 2007; 118
Ilmoniemi (ref_83) 2010; 478
Daskalakis (ref_90) 2008; 33
ref_128
Ieracitano (ref_178) 2020; 123
Siebner (ref_5) 2000; 54
Gugino (ref_170) 2001; 112
Veniero (ref_36) 2010; 104
Roth (ref_161) 1990; 13
Bagattini (ref_57) 2015; 70
Farzan (ref_130) 2013; 83
Devanne (ref_169) 1997; 114
Gershon (ref_26) 2003; 160
Rogasch (ref_48) 2013; 34
Deng (ref_156) 2014; 125
Morishima (ref_14) 2009; 12
ref_71
Thut (ref_41) 2005; 141
Hamstra (ref_112) 1984; 22
Ferreri (ref_133) 2011; 54
Julkunen (ref_72) 2008; 119
Antal (ref_21) 2013; 7
Mammone (ref_179) 2020; 124
Paus (ref_3) 2001; 2
Amassian (ref_157) 1992; 85
Allan (ref_28) 2011; 64
Krings (ref_59) 1997; 41
Bortoletto (ref_9) 2015; 49
Saatlou (ref_120) 2018; 11
Okazaki (ref_24) 2020; 10
Walsh (ref_34) 2000; 1
ref_147
Casali (ref_84) 2010; 49
Barr (ref_11) 2013; 8
Paus (ref_104) 2006; 175
Freeman (ref_116) 1971; 31
Vanhatalo (ref_140) 2004; 101
Epstein (ref_114) 1995; 35
Wilenius (ref_76) 2003; 28
Mills (ref_146) 1992; 85
Rosanova (ref_69) 2009; 29
(ref_94) 2012; 6
Trimmel (ref_137) 1982; 50
Restuccia (ref_40) 1998; 119
Thut (ref_53) 2003; 114
Lioumis (ref_132) 2009; 30
Ferrarelli (ref_75) 2008; 165
Parmigiani (ref_107) 2019; 12
Fitzgerald (ref_12) 2008; 39
Veniero (ref_23) 2009; 120
Counter (ref_95) 1992; 85
Beckmann (ref_134) 2010; 31
Pellicciari (ref_7) 2017; 11
Ives (ref_42) 2006; 117
Koch (ref_148) 2007; 27
Wassermann (ref_25) 2001; 112
Nikouline (ref_87) 2001; 14
Esser (ref_82) 2006; 69
Tam (ref_66) 1977; BME-24
Brignani (ref_129) 2008; 29
ref_56
Iramina (ref_118) 2003; 93
Tremblay (ref_45) 2019; 130
ref_55
Laakso (ref_51) 2013; 59
Komssi (ref_105) 2002; 113
Rogasch (ref_143) 2013; 6
Tassinari (ref_27) 2003; 114
Biabani (ref_81) 2019; 12
Sekiguchi (ref_38) 2011; 122
Rogasch (ref_64) 2013; 109
Noirhomme (ref_171) 2004; 51
ref_180
Gordon (ref_101) 2018; 11
(ref_73) 2015; 28
Bauer (ref_142) 1989; 72
Schmidt (ref_173) 2009; 120
ref_182
ref_181
Jackson (ref_152) 2014; 51
Tokimura (ref_102) 2000; 523
Picton (ref_98) 1974; 36
Levkov (ref_111) 1982; 20
Koponen (ref_158) 2018; 11
Belardinelli (ref_175) 2019; 12
Walker (ref_109) 1978; 45
Ferree (ref_154) 2001; 112
ref_61
Souza (ref_163) 2018; 309
Mota (ref_153) 2013; 199
Starck (ref_96) 1996; 25
Virtanen (ref_117) 1996; 99
Sommer (ref_86) 2006; 117
Kiers (ref_168) 1993; 89
Rossini (ref_123) 2015; 126
ref_68
Smit (ref_125) 1987; BME-34
Jakob (ref_110) 1993; 89
Peper (ref_127) 1990; 28
ref_166
Siebner (ref_22) 2009; 2
George (ref_30) 2007; 20
Virtanen (ref_39) 1999; 37
Ilmoniemi (ref_2) 1997; 8
Picton (ref_139) 1972; 33
Cohen (ref_159) 1991; 8
Cooper (ref_136) 1956; 8
McMenamin (ref_65) 2010; 49
Bennett (ref_106) 1980; 48
Haberman (ref_126) 2012; 6
Ridding (ref_18) 2007; 8
McGill (ref_122) 1982; BME-29
Thut (ref_50) 2011; 21
ref_115
Kirschstein (ref_33) 2009; 40
Hashimoto (ref_100) 1988; 23
Eaton (ref_162) 1992; 30
Tallgren (ref_54) 2005; 116
Rossini (ref_15) 2007; 68
Goshvarpour (ref_184) 2020; 12
Ilmoniemi (ref_37) 2010; 22
Massimini (ref_13) 2005; 309
Ilmoniemi (ref_85) 2011; 54
Atluri (ref_67) 2016; 10
Nikouline (ref_70) 1999; 110
McNair (ref_121) 2017; 276
Watkins (ref_151) 2004; 16
Hill (ref_8) 2016; 64
Cracco (ref_35) 1989; 74
Bonato (ref_60) 2006; 117
Rosanova (ref_150) 2012; 135
Tiitinen (ref_97) 1999; 110
Dotsinsky (ref_113) 1991; 29
Bikmullina (ref_77) 2009; 194
Ridding (ref_176) 2010; 588
Rossi (ref_17) 2000; 10
Hallett (ref_1) 2007; 55
Strafella (ref_4) 2001; 21
Xiang (ref_185) 2021; 14
Chung (ref_10) 2015; 8
Siebner (ref_167) 1998; 21
Thut (ref_119) 2009; 13
Stone (ref_31) 2007; 7
Roth (ref_88) 1992; 85
Litvak (ref_52) 2007; 37
Komssi (ref_124) 2006; 52
Couturier (ref_29) 2005; 30
Heller (ref_160) 1992; 63
Bohning (ref_6) 2000; 11
Mutanen (ref_46) 2013; 6
Fregni (ref_19) 2006; 117
Korhonen (ref_62) 2011; 49
Zrenner (ref_145) 2020; 13
Freitas (ref_20) 2011; 24
Rogasch (ref_49) 2014; 101
Fuggetta (ref_74) 2005; 27
Uhlhaas (ref_108) 2009; 3
Conde (ref_174) 2019; 185
Pfurtscheller (ref_144) 1999; 110
References_xml – volume: 22
  start-page: 272
  year: 1984
  ident: ref_112
  article-title: Low-power, low-noise instrumentation amplifier for physiological signals
  publication-title: Med Biol. Eng. Comput.
  doi: 10.1007/BF02442756
– volume: 119
  start-page: 265
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_40
  article-title: Magnetic transcranial stimulation at intensities below active motor threshold activates intracortical inhibitory circuits
  publication-title: Exp. Brain Res.
  doi: 10.1007/s002210050341
– volume: 6
  start-page: 371
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_46
  article-title: The effect of stimulus parameters on TMS–EEG muscle artifacts
  publication-title: Brain Stimul.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.07.005
– volume: 37
  start-page: 56
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_52
  article-title: Artifact correction and source analysis of early electroencephalographic responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation over primary motor cortex
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.015
– volume: 119
  start-page: 475
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_72
  article-title: Efficient reduction of stimulus artefact in TMS–EEG by epithelial short-circuiting by mini-punctures
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.139
– volume: 33
  start-page: 419
  year: 1972
  ident: ref_139
  article-title: Cephalic skin potentials in electroencephalography
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(72)90122-8
– volume: 83
  start-page: 569
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_165
  article-title: Excitability modulation of the motor system induced by transcranial direct current stimulation: A multimodal approach
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.076
– volume: 116
  start-page: 799
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_54
  article-title: Evaluation of commercially available electrodes and gels for recording of slow EEG potentials
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.10.001
– volume: 95
  start-page: 3277
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_131
  article-title: Cortico-cortical interactions in spatial attention: A combined ERP/TMS study
  publication-title: J. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1152/jn.01273.2005
– volume: 74
  start-page: 417
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_35
  article-title: Comparison of human transcallosal responses evoked by magnetic coil and electrical stimulation
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(89)90030-0
– volume: 109
  start-page: 89
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_64
  article-title: Mechanisms underlying long-interval cortical inhibition in the human motor cortex: A TMS-EEG study
  publication-title: J. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1152/jn.00762.2012
– volume: 51
  start-page: 1994
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_171
  article-title: Registration and real-time visualization of transcranial magnetic stimulation with 3-D MR images
  publication-title: IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.
  doi: 10.1109/TBME.2004.834266
– volume: 12
  start-page: 85
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_14
  article-title: Task-specific signal transmission from prefrontal cortex in visual selective attention
  publication-title: Nat. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1038/nn.2237
– volume: 18
  start-page: 1206
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_103
  article-title: Modulation of electroencephalographic responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation: Evidence for changes in cortical excitability related to movement
  publication-title: Eur. J. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02858.x
– volume: 14
  start-page: 590
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_185
  article-title: A new viewpoint and model of neural signal generation and transmission: Signal transmission on unmyelinated neurons
  publication-title: Nano Res.
  doi: 10.1007/s12274-020-3016-1
– volume: 54
  start-page: 956
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_5
  article-title: Lasting cortical activation after repetitive TMS of the motor cortex: A glucose metabolic study
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.54.4.956
– volume: 63
  start-page: 129
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_160
  article-title: Brain stimulation using electromagnetic sources: Theoretical aspects
  publication-title: Biophys. J.
  doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81587-4
– ident: ref_56
– volume: 49
  start-page: 2416
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_65
  article-title: Validation of ICA-based myogenic artifact correction for scalp and source-localized EEG
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.010
– volume: 120
  start-page: 1392
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_23
  article-title: TMS-EEG co-registration: On TMS-induced artifact
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.04.023
– volume: 175
  start-page: 231
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_104
  article-title: The neural response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. I. Intracortical and cortico-cortical contributions
  publication-title: Exp. Brain Res.
  doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0551-2
– volume: 22
  start-page: 233
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_37
  article-title: Methodology for combined TMS and EEG
  publication-title: Brain Topogr.
  doi: 10.1007/s10548-009-0123-4
– volume: 6
  start-page: 868
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_143
  article-title: Short-latency artifacts associated with concurrent TMS–EEG
  publication-title: Brain Stimul.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.04.004
– volume: 5
  start-page: 1
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_99
  article-title: A cochlear-bone wave can yield a hearing sensation as well as otoacoustic emission
  publication-title: Nat. Commun.
  doi: 10.1038/ncomms5160
– volume: 10
  start-page: 1
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_24
  article-title: Probing dynamical cortical gating of attention with concurrent TMS-EEG
  publication-title: Sci. Rep.
  doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61590-2
– volume: 126
  start-page: 1071
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_123
  article-title: Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an IFCN Committee
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.001
– volume: 55
  start-page: 187
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_1
  article-title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation: A primer
  publication-title: Neuron
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.026
– volume: 478
  start-page: 24
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_83
  article-title: The relationship between peripheral and early cortical activation induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Neurosci. Lett.
  doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.04.059
– volume: 117
  start-page: 1699
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_60
  article-title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cortical evoked potentials: A TMS/EEG co-registration study
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.05.006
– volume: 7
  start-page: 49
  year: 1969
  ident: ref_47
  article-title: Optimum electrolytic chloriding of silver electrodes
  publication-title: Med. Biol. Eng.
  doi: 10.1007/BF02474669
– volume: 14
  start-page: 322
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_87
  article-title: Ethanol modulates cortical activity: Direct evidence with combined TMS and EEG
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0849
– volume: 121
  start-page: 332
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_79
  article-title: Differences in TMS-evoked responses between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls can be observed without a dedicated EEG system
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.10.035
– volume: 29
  start-page: 603
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_129
  article-title: Modulation of cortical oscillatory activity during transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Hum. Brain Mapp.
  doi: 10.1002/hbm.20423
– volume: 85
  start-page: 291
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_157
  article-title: Modelling magnetic coil excitation of human cerebral cortex with a peripheral nerve immersed in a brain-shaped volume conductor: The significance of fiber bending in excitation
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(92)90105-K
– volume: 1
  start-page: 73
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_34
  article-title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive neuroscience
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1038/35036239
– volume: 23
  start-page: 332
  year: 1988
  ident: ref_100
  article-title: Trigeminal evoked potentials following brief air puff: Enhanced signal-to-noise ratio
  publication-title: Ann. Neurol.
  doi: 10.1002/ana.410230404
– volume: 6
  start-page: 614
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_126
  article-title: A multichannel EEG acquisition scheme based on single ended amplifiers and digital DRL
  publication-title: IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst.
  doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2012.2190733
– ident: ref_128
  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0879-0_11
– ident: ref_180
  doi: 10.3390/s20041235
– volume: 64
  start-page: 163
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_28
  article-title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the management of mood disorders
  publication-title: Neuropsychobiology
  doi: 10.1159/000328951
– volume: 79
  start-page: 358
  year: 1991
  ident: ref_92
  article-title: Facial muscle activity and EEG recordings: Redundancy analysis
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(91)90200-N
– volume: 7
  start-page: 317
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_21
  article-title: Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)
  publication-title: Front. Hum. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00317
– volume: 83
  start-page: 120
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_130
  article-title: The EEG correlates of the TMS-induced EMG silent period in humans
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.059
– volume: 24
  start-page: 302
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_20
  article-title: Characterizing brain cortical plasticity and network dynamics across the age-span in health and disease with TMS-EEG and TMS-fMRI
  publication-title: Brain Topogr.
  doi: 10.1007/s10548-011-0196-8
– volume: 54
  start-page: 90
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_133
  article-title: Human brain connectivity during single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.056
– volume: 110
  start-page: 982
  year: 1999
  ident: ref_97
  article-title: Separation of contamination caused by coil clicks from responses elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00038-3
– volume: 89
  start-page: 287
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_110
  article-title: Artifact reduction in magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(93)90108-2
– volume: 130
  start-page: 802
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_45
  article-title: Clinical utility and prospective of TMS–EEG
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.01.001
– volume: 29
  start-page: 7679
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_69
  article-title: Natural frequencies of human corticothalamic circuits
  publication-title: J. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0445-09.2009
– volume: 3
  start-page: 17
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_108
  article-title: Neural synchrony in cortical networks: History, concept and current status
  publication-title: Front. Integr. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.3389/neuro.07.017.2009
– ident: ref_115
– volume: BME-29
  start-page: 129
  year: 1982
  ident: ref_122
  article-title: On the nature and elimination of stimulus artifact in nerve signals evoked and recorded using surface electrodes
  publication-title: IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.
  doi: 10.1109/TBME.1982.325019
– volume: 125
  start-page: 1202
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_156
  article-title: Coil design considerations for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.038
– volume: 28
  start-page: 520
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_73
  article-title: Masking the auditory evoked potential in TMS–EEG: A comparison of various methods
  publication-title: Brain Topogr.
  doi: 10.1007/s10548-013-0312-z
– volume: 64
  start-page: 175
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_8
  article-title: TMS-EEG: A window into the neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation in non-motor brain regions
  publication-title: Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.006
– ident: ref_182
  doi: 10.1007/s12559-020-09773-x
– ident: ref_71
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010281
– ident: ref_68
  doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2015.7318760
– ident: ref_181
  doi: 10.1007/s12559-020-09789-3
– volume: 117
  start-page: 838
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_86
  article-title: Half sine, monophasic and biphasic transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.10.029
– volume: BME-34
  start-page: 307
  year: 1987
  ident: ref_125
  article-title: A low-cost multichannel preamplifier for physiological signals
  publication-title: IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.
  doi: 10.1109/TBME.1987.326092
– volume: 21
  start-page: RC157
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_4
  article-title: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex induces dopamine release in the caudate nucleus
  publication-title: J. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-15-j0003.2001
– volume: 10
  start-page: 92
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_177
  article-title: Closed-loop neuroscience and non-invasive brain stimulation: A tale of two loops
  publication-title: Front. Cell. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00092
– volume: 37
  start-page: 322
  year: 1999
  ident: ref_39
  article-title: Instrumentation for the measurement of electric brain responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.
  doi: 10.1007/BF02513307
– volume: 523
  start-page: 503
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_102
  article-title: Short latency inhibition of human hand motor cortex by somatosensory input from the hand
  publication-title: J. Physiol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00503.x
– volume: 68
  start-page: 484
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_15
  article-title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Diagnostic, therapeutic, and research potential
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000250268.13789.b2
– volume: 99
  start-page: 568
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_117
  article-title: MEG-compatible multichannel EEG electrode array
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/S0013-4694(96)96575-X
– volume: 3
  start-page: 106
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_149
  article-title: Dry-contact and noncontact biopotential electrodes: Methodological review
  publication-title: IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng.
  doi: 10.1109/RBME.2010.2084078
– volume: 89
  start-page: 2208
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_141
  article-title: Millivolt-scale DC shifts in the human scalp EEG: Evidence for a nonneuronal generator
  publication-title: J. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1152/jn.00915.2002
– volume: 10
  start-page: 802
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_17
  article-title: Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on movement-related cortical activity in humans
  publication-title: Cereb. Cortex
  doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.8.802
– volume: 110
  start-page: 1842
  year: 1999
  ident: ref_144
  article-title: Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: Basic principles
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00141-8
– volume: 70
  start-page: 114
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_57
  article-title: Waves of awareness for occipital and parietal phosphenes perception
  publication-title: Neuropsychologia
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.021
– volume: 21
  start-page: 1176
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_50
  article-title: Rhythmic TMS causes local entrainment of natural oscillatory signatures
  publication-title: Curr. Biol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.049
– volume: 45
  start-page: 789
  year: 1978
  ident: ref_109
  article-title: A fast-recovery electrode amplifier for electrophysiology
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90147-5
– volume: 16
  start-page: 978
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_151
  article-title: Modulation of motor excitability during speech perception: The role of Broca’s area
  publication-title: J. Cogn. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1162/0898929041502616
– volume: 314
  start-page: 28
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_164
  article-title: Accessory to dissipate heat from transcranial magnetic stimulation coils
  publication-title: J. Neurosci. Methods
  doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.01.008
– volume: 101
  start-page: 425
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_49
  article-title: Removing artefacts from TMS-EEG recordings using independent component analysis: Importance for assessing prefrontal and motor cortex network properties
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.037
– volume: 276
  start-page: 33
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_121
  article-title: MagPy: A Python toolbox for controlling Magstim transcranial magnetic stimulators
  publication-title: J. Neurosci. Methods
  doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.11.006
– volume: 40
  start-page: 146
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_33
  article-title: What is the source of the EEG?
  publication-title: Clin. EEG Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1177/155005940904000305
– volume: 35
  start-page: 64
  year: 1995
  ident: ref_114
  article-title: A simple artifact-rejection preamplifier for clinical neurophysiology
  publication-title: Am. J. EEG Technol.
  doi: 10.1080/00029238.1995.11080502
– volume: 123
  start-page: 176
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_178
  article-title: A novel multi-modal machine learning based approach for automatic classification of EEG recordings in dementia
  publication-title: Neural Netw.
  doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2019.12.006
– volume: 48
  start-page: 517
  year: 1980
  ident: ref_106
  article-title: Trigeminal evoked potentials in humans
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(80)90287-4
– volume: 29
  start-page: 324
  year: 1991
  ident: ref_113
  article-title: Multichannel DC amplifier for a microprocessor electroencephalograph
  publication-title: Med Biol. Eng. Comput.
  doi: 10.1007/BF02446716
– volume: 49
  start-page: 114
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_9
  article-title: The contribution of TMS–EEG coregistration in the exploration of the human cortical connectome
  publication-title: Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.014
– volume: BME-24
  start-page: 134
  year: 1977
  ident: ref_66
  article-title: Minimizing electrode motion artifact by skin abrasion
  publication-title: IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.
  doi: 10.1109/TBME.1977.326117
– ident: ref_147
  doi: 10.1007/7657_2011_15
– ident: ref_166
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-54918-7_1
– volume: 89
  start-page: 415
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_168
  article-title: Variability of motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(93)90115-6
– ident: ref_55
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006177
– volume: 112
  start-page: 1367
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_25
  article-title: Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A review
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00585-5
– volume: 12
  start-page: 423
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_107
  article-title: How to collect genuine TEPs: A Graphical User Interface to control data quality in real-time
  publication-title: Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation
– volume: 10
  start-page: 73
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_44
  article-title: Characterizing and modulating brain circuitry through transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography
  publication-title: Front. Neural Circuits
  doi: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00073
– volume: 41
  start-page: 1319
  year: 1997
  ident: ref_59
  article-title: Stereotactic transcranial magnetic stimulation: Correlation with direct electrical cortical stimulation
  publication-title: Neurosurgery
  doi: 10.1097/00006123-199712000-00016
– volume: 8
  start-page: 3537
  year: 1997
  ident: ref_2
  article-title: Neuronal responses to magnetic stimulation reveal cortical reactivity and connectivity
  publication-title: Neuroreport
  doi: 10.1097/00001756-199711100-00024
– volume: 104
  start-page: 1578
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_36
  article-title: Potentiation of short-latency cortical responses by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: J. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1152/jn.00172.2010
– volume: 27
  start-page: 6815
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_148
  article-title: Focal stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex increases the excitability of the ipsilateral motor cortex
  publication-title: J. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0598-07.2007
– volume: 7
  start-page: 165
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_31
  article-title: New advances in the rehabilitation of CNS diseases applying rTMS
  publication-title: Expert Rev. Neurother.
  doi: 10.1586/14737175.7.2.165
– volume: 27
  start-page: 896
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_74
  article-title: Modulation of cortical oscillatory activities induced by varying single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation intensity over the left primary motor area: A combined EEG and TMS study
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.013
– volume: 165
  start-page: 996
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_75
  article-title: Reduced evoked gamma oscillations in the frontal cortex in schizophrenia patients: A TMS/EEG study
  publication-title: Am. J. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111733
– volume: 117
  start-page: 1217
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_19
  article-title: Homeostatic effects of plasma valproate levels on corticospinal excitability changes induced by 1 Hz rTMS in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.02.015
– volume: 110
  start-page: 1325
  year: 1999
  ident: ref_70
  article-title: The role of the coil click in TMS assessed with simultaneous EEG
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00070-X
– volume: 3
  start-page: 2
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_80
  article-title: Brain responses evoked by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: An event-related potential study
  publication-title: Brain Stimul.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2009.04.001
– volume: 113
  start-page: 175
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_105
  article-title: Ipsi-and contralateral EEG reactions to transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00721-0
– volume: 85
  start-page: 17
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_146
  article-title: Magnetic brain stimulation with a double coil: The importance of coil orientation
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(92)90096-T
– volume: 49
  start-page: 1459
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_84
  article-title: General indices to characterize the electrical response of the cerebral cortex to TMS
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.026
– volume: 52
  start-page: 183
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_124
  article-title: The novelty value of the combined use of electroencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation for neuroscience research
  publication-title: Brain Res. Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.01.008
– volume: 72
  start-page: 545
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_142
  article-title: Technical requirements for high-quality scalp DC recordings
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(89)90232-0
– volume: 12
  start-page: 13
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_183
  article-title: Use of neural signals to evaluate the quality of generative adversarial network performance in facial image generation
  publication-title: Cogn. Comput.
  doi: 10.1007/s12559-019-09670-y
– volume: 85
  start-page: 280
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_95
  article-title: Analysis of the coil generated impulse noise in extracranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(92)90117-T
– volume: 30
  start-page: 1387
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_132
  article-title: Reproducibility of TMS—Evoked EEG responses
  publication-title: Hum. Brain Mapp.
  doi: 10.1002/hbm.20608
– volume: 13
  start-page: 197
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_145
  article-title: Brain oscillation-synchronized stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depression using real-time EEG-triggered TMS
  publication-title: Brain Stimul.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.10.007
– volume: 33
  start-page: 2860
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_90
  article-title: Long-interval cortical inhibition from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A TMS–EEG study
  publication-title: Neuropsychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.22
– volume: 2
  start-page: 145
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_16
  article-title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology
  publication-title: Lancet Neurol.
  doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00321-1
– volume: 28
  start-page: 747
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_76
  article-title: Alcohol reduces prefrontal cortical excitability in humans: A combined TMS and EEG study
  publication-title: Neuropsychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300099
– volume: 13
  start-page: 182
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_119
  article-title: New insights into rhythmic brain activity from TMS–EEG studies
  publication-title: Trends Cogn. Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.004
– volume: 8
  start-page: 102
  year: 1991
  ident: ref_159
  article-title: Developing a more focal magnetic stimulator. Part I: Some basic principles
  publication-title: J. Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. Public Am. Electroencephalogr. Soc.
– volume: 112
  start-page: 1781
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_170
  article-title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation coregistered with MRI: A comparison of a guided versus blind stimulation technique and its effect on evoked compound muscle action potentials
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00633-2
– volume: 93
  start-page: 6718
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_118
  article-title: Measurement of evoked electroencephalography induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: J. Appl. Phys.
  doi: 10.1063/1.1558635
– volume: 160
  start-page: 835
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_26
  article-title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression
  publication-title: Am. J. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.835
– volume: 120
  start-page: 987
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_173
  article-title: An initial transient-state and reliable measures of corticospinal excitability in TMS studies
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.164
– volume: 122
  start-page: 984
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_38
  article-title: TMS-induced artifacts on EEG can be reduced by rearrangement of the electrode’s lead wire before recording
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.09.004
– volume: 117
  start-page: 1870
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_42
  article-title: Electroencephalographic recording during transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans and animals
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.04.010
– volume: 59
  start-page: 203
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_51
  article-title: Effects of coil orientation on the electric field induced by TMS over the hand motor area
  publication-title: Phys. Med. Biol.
  doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/1/203
– volume: 20
  start-page: 250
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_30
  article-title: Brain stimulation for the treatment of psychiatric disorders
  publication-title: Curr. Opin. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3280ad4698
– volume: 36
  start-page: 179
  year: 1974
  ident: ref_98
  article-title: Human auditory evoked potentials. I: Evaluation of components
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(74)90155-2
– volume: 11
  start-page: 569
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_6
  article-title: BOLD-f MRI response to single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
  publication-title: J. Magn. Reson. Imaging Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med.
– volume: 54
  start-page: 2706
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_85
  article-title: Projecting out muscle artifacts from TMS-evoked EEG
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.041
– volume: 12
  start-page: 602
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_184
  article-title: A novel approach for EEG electrode selection in automated emotion recognition based on Lagged Poincare’s Indices and sLORETA
  publication-title: Cogn. Comput.
  doi: 10.1007/s12559-019-09699-z
– volume: 21
  start-page: 376
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_63
  article-title: Reduction of TMS induced artifacts in EEG using principal component analysis
  publication-title: IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng.
  doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2012.2228674
– volume: 147
  start-page: 934
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_43
  article-title: Analysing concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalographic data: A review and introduction to the open-source TESA software
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.031
– volume: 49
  start-page: 397
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_62
  article-title: Removal of large muscle artifacts from transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked EEG by independent component analysis
  publication-title: Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.
  doi: 10.1007/s11517-011-0748-9
– volume: 13
  start-page: 734
  year: 1990
  ident: ref_161
  article-title: A theoretical calculation of the electric field induced by magnetic stimulation of a peripheral nerve
  publication-title: Muscle Nerve Off. J. Am. Assoc. Electrodiagn. Med.
  doi: 10.1002/mus.880130812
– volume: 39
  start-page: 112
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_12
  article-title: Cortical inhibition in motor and non-motor regions: A combined TMS-EEG study
  publication-title: Clin. EEG Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1177/155005940803900304
– volume: 21
  start-page: 154
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_93
  article-title: The effect of stimulus intensity on brain responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Hum. Brain Mapp.
  doi: 10.1002/hbm.10159
– volume: 31
  start-page: 170
  year: 1971
  ident: ref_116
  article-title: An electronic stimulus artifact suppressor
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(71)90188-X
– volume: 194
  start-page: 517
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_77
  article-title: Electrophysiological correlates of short-latency afferent inhibition: A combined EEG and TMS study
  publication-title: Exp. Brain Res.
  doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-1723-7
– volume: 135
  start-page: 1308
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_150
  article-title: Recovery of cortical effective connectivity and recovery of consciousness in vegetative patients
  publication-title: Brain
  doi: 10.1093/brain/awr340
– volume: 30
  start-page: 83
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_29
  article-title: Efficacy of rapid-rate repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  publication-title: J. Psychiatry Neurosci.
– volume: 31
  start-page: 233
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_134
  article-title: Characterization of textile electrodes and conductors using standardized measurement setups
  publication-title: Physiol. Meas.
  doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/31/2/009
– volume: 130
  start-page: 610
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_32
  article-title: Stimulating language: Insights from TMS
  publication-title: Brain
  doi: 10.1093/brain/awl331
– volume: 50
  start-page: 105
  year: 1982
  ident: ref_137
  article-title: Different storage methods for biopotential skin electrodes (sintermetallic Ag/AgCl) and their influence on the bias potential
  publication-title: Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol.
  doi: 10.1007/BF00952249
– volume: 8
  start-page: 1010
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_10
  article-title: Measuring brain stimulation induced changes in cortical properties using TMS-EEG
  publication-title: Brain Stimul.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.07.029
– volume: 81
  start-page: 47
  year: 1991
  ident: ref_89
  article-title: A theoretical calculation of the electric field induced in the cortex during magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(91)90103-5
– volume: 26
  start-page: 100
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_172
  article-title: Somatotopic blocking of sensation with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex
  publication-title: Hum. Brain Mapp.
  doi: 10.1002/hbm.20142
– ident: ref_138
– volume: 309
  start-page: 109
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_163
  article-title: Development and characterization of the in Vesalius Navigator software for navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: J. Neurosci. Methods
  doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.08.023
– volume: 11
  start-page: 1189
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_120
  article-title: MAGIC: An open-source MATLAB toolbox for external control of transcranial magnetic stimulation devices
  publication-title: Brain Stimul. Basic. Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation
– volume: 10
  start-page: 78
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_67
  article-title: TMSEEG: A MATLAB-based graphical user interface for processing electrophysiological signals during transcranial magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Front. Neural Circuits
  doi: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00078
– volume: 588
  start-page: 2291
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_176
  article-title: Determinants of the induction of cortical plasticity by non-invasive brain stimulation in healthy subjects
  publication-title: J. Physiol.
  doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.190314
– volume: 118
  start-page: 131
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_91
  article-title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in Parkinson’s disease
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.09.002
– volume: 101
  start-page: 5053
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_140
  article-title: Infraslow oscillations modulate excitability and interictal epileptic activity in the human cortex during sleep
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0305375101
– volume: 13
  start-page: 873
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_78
  article-title: Sound comparison of seven TMS coils at matched stimulation strength
  publication-title: Brain Stimul.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.004
– volume: 30
  start-page: 433
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_162
  article-title: Electric field induced in a spherical volume conductor from arbitrary coils: Application to magnetic stimulation and MEG
  publication-title: Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.
  doi: 10.1007/BF02446182
– volume: 114
  start-page: 2071
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_53
  article-title: Effects of single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on functional brain activity: A combined event-related TMS and evoked potential study
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00205-0
– volume: 21
  start-page: 1209
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_167
  article-title: Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusions induced a marked increase of the transcranially evoked silent period in a patient with generalized dystonia
  publication-title: Muscle Nerve Off. J. Am. Assoc. Electrodiagn. Med.
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199809)21:9<1209::AID-MUS15>3.0.CO;2-M
– volume: 124
  start-page: 357
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_179
  article-title: A deep CNN approach to decode motor preparation of upper limbs from time–frequency maps of EEG signals at source level
  publication-title: Neural Netw.
  doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2020.01.027
– volume: 114
  start-page: 777
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_27
  article-title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation and epilepsy
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00004-X
– volume: 11
  start-page: 1322
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_101
  article-title: Comparison of cortical EEG responses to realistic sham versus real TMS of human motor cortex
  publication-title: Brain Stimul.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.08.003
– volume: 8
  start-page: 692
  year: 1956
  ident: ref_136
  article-title: Storage of silver chloride electrodes
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(56)90102-X
– volume: 8
  start-page: 559
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_18
  article-title: Is there a future for therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation?
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1038/nrn2169
– volume: 12
  start-page: 1
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_155
  article-title: Sampling, noise-reduction and amplitude estimation issues in surface electromyography
  publication-title: J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol.
  doi: 10.1016/S1050-6411(01)00033-5
– volume: 309
  start-page: 2228
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_13
  article-title: Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1117256
– volume: 28
  start-page: 389
  year: 1990
  ident: ref_127
  article-title: High-quality recording of bioelectric events
  publication-title: Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.
  doi: 10.1007/BF02441961
– ident: ref_135
  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-689402-8.50010-9
– volume: 34
  start-page: 1652
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_48
  article-title: Assessing cortical network properties using TMS–EEG
  publication-title: Hum. Brain Mapp.
  doi: 10.1002/hbm.22016
– volume: 2
  start-page: 417
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_3
  article-title: Primate anterior cingulate cortex: Where motor control, drive and cognition interface
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1038/35077500
– volume: 2
  start-page: 58
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_22
  article-title: Consensus paper: Combining transcranial stimulation with neuroimaging
  publication-title: Brain Stimul.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.11.002
– volume: 25
  start-page: 223
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_96
  article-title: The noise level in magnetic stimulation
  publication-title: Scand. Audiol.
  doi: 10.3109/01050399609074958
– volume: 51
  start-page: 1061
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_152
  article-title: The neurophysiological bases of EEG and EEG measurement: A review for the rest of us
  publication-title: Psychophysiology
  doi: 10.1111/psyp.12283
– volume: 11
  start-page: 38
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_7
  article-title: Characterizing the cortical oscillatory response to TMS pulse
  publication-title: Front. Cell. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00038
– volume: 11
  start-page: 849
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_158
  article-title: Multi-locus transcranial magnetic stimulation—Theory and implementation
  publication-title: Brain Stimul.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.03.014
– volume: 141
  start-page: 207
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_41
  article-title: A new device and protocol for combining TMS and online recordings of EEG and evoked potentials
  publication-title: J. Neurosci. Methods
  doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.06.016
– volume: 24
  start-page: 955
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_58
  article-title: Prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation produces intensity-dependent EEG responses in humans
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.048
– volume: 69
  start-page: 86
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_82
  article-title: A direct demonstration of cortical LTP in humans: A combined TMS/EEG study
  publication-title: Brain Res. Bull.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.11.003
– ident: ref_61
  doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4650502
– volume: 12
  start-page: 787
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_175
  article-title: Reproducibility in TMS–EEG studies: A call for data sharing, standard procedures and effective experimental control
  publication-title: Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation
– volume: 6
  start-page: 278
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_94
  article-title: Combining EEG and eye tracking: Identification, characterization, and correction of eye movement artifacts in electroencephalographic data
  publication-title: Front. Hum. Neurosci.
– volume: 20
  start-page: 248
  year: 1982
  ident: ref_111
  article-title: Amplification of biosignals by body potential driving
  publication-title: Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.
  doi: 10.1007/BF02441364
– volume: 114
  start-page: 329
  year: 1997
  ident: ref_169
  article-title: Input-output properties and gain changes in the human corticospinal pathway
  publication-title: Exp. Brain Res.
  doi: 10.1007/PL00005641
– volume: 199
  start-page: 310
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_153
  article-title: Development of a quasi-dry electrode for EEG recording
  publication-title: Sens. Actuators A Phys.
  doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2013.06.013
– volume: 85
  start-page: 116
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_88
  article-title: The heating of metal electrodes during rapid-rate magnetic stimulation: A possible safety hazard
  publication-title: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(92)90077-O
– volume: 112
  start-page: 536
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_154
  article-title: Scalp electrode impedance, infection risk, and EEG data quality
  publication-title: Clin. Neurophysiol.
  doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00533-2
– volume: 8
  start-page: 535
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_11
  article-title: Measuring GABAergic inhibitory activity with TMS-EEG and its potential clinical application for chronic pain
  publication-title: J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1007/s11481-012-9383-y
– volume: 12
  start-page: 1537
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_81
  article-title: Characterizing and minimizing the contribution of sensory inputs to TMS-evoked potentials
  publication-title: Brain Stimul.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.009
– volume: 185
  start-page: 300
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_174
  article-title: The non-transcranial TMS-evoked potential is an inherent source of ambiguity in TMS-EEG studies
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.052
SSID ssj0023338
Score 2.437929
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) excites neurons in the cortex, and neural activity can be simultaneously recorded using electroencephalography (EEG)....
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
pubmed
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
StartPage 637
SubjectTerms Achievement tests
Brain research
EEG amplifier and headset
Electroencephalography
electroencephalography (EEG)
Evoked Potentials
Experiments
Laboratories
Magnetic fields
Research methodology
Review
Sensors
Technology
TMS-artifacts
TMS-EEG
TMS-Evoked potential (TEPs)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1NT9wwELUQJzigllKaliJT9dCLReJJ4rg3ihZQJThsQeIW-bNUqrIVWf5_Z-JstFshcekhh8STyJ4Z2_NizzNjnz0Y7RtlhfaUklMZIzQ4K5zNC28BVJNTvvP1TX11V36_r-7XjvqiPWGJHjgp7tT7Gpxsap9bX1oEbCHUeawKR-RoNqXu4Zy3AlMj1AJEXolHCBDUn_YEbHAyVhuzz0DS_1xk-e8GybUZ5-IV2xtDRX6WqviabYVun-2uEQi-Yf0c4zxBaRyDGGUp9HxObKykb55yEPnt9Q8xm13y84WYh58TU-5XfsZpOHgMD2kXO08LBRzfnP64I5DmpvN8SCjA74X-gN1dzG7Pr8R4jIJwiH2XQpkYvLZRmxq8DEGh8lQVgzNNFWXp0FRKBh1UrEBB3ZhSSRPxzkSIdPzLW7bdLbrwjnFUui1yZ6UuTVlY0ICfyK2OALGIrs7Yl5V6WzdyjNNRF79bxBpkiXayRMY-TaJ_ErHGc0LfyEaTAHFhDw_QQ9rRQ9qXPCRjRysLt2MH7VtZEhMeRj8yYydTMXYtWi8xXVg8kUyDQxZdGTtMDjHVBKBUqpLYYrXhKhtV3Szpfj0M9N2qAaJ5ff8_2vaB7UjaZJMXomiO2Pby8Sl8xChpaY-HDvEXbd4SOw
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– databaseName: ProQuest Technology Collection
  dbid: 8FG
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1LT9wwELZaemkPVekzFCq36qEXC8dOYpsLomgXVIketiBxi_wEpCqhm-X_M5NkU7ZCPeSQeBI5nvGMx575hpCvQVoTtHLMBEzJKa1lRnrHvON5cFIqzTHf-exndXpR_LgsL8cNt24Mq1zrxF5Rh9bjHvm-KBC6DMyVOLz9w7BqFJ6ujiU0npJnOVgaDOnS85PJ4ZLgfw1oQhJc-_0O3RswyWrDBvVQ_Y-tL_8Nk3xgd-avyMtxwUiPBg5vkyexeU1ePIARfEO6Baz2GCZz9GSYq9DRBWKy4qjTIRORnp_9YrPZCT1u2SJeTXi5B_SIolJYxushlp0OxwUU3pz23cGdprYJtE8rgO_F7i25mM_Oj0_ZWEyBefCAV0zZFINxydhKBhGjKnOvyhS91WUShQeGKRFNVKmUSlbaFkrYBHc2yYRFYN6RraZt4gdCPc9dzr0TprBF7qSR8AnuTJIy5clXGfm2Ht7aj0jjWPDidw0eB3KinjiRkS8T6e0Ar_EY0Xfk0USAiNj9g3Z5VY8TrA6hkl7oKnAXCgeOfYwVh457BNFz3GRkd83hepymXf1XqDLyeWqGCYanJraJ7R3SaFBceGXk_SAQU0-kLJQqBfyx2hCVja5utjQ31z2It9ISwV53_t-tj-S5wCAanrNc75Kt1fIu7sEqaOU-9aJ-DzeuCbc
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
Title Real-Time Artifacts Reduction during TMS-EEG Co-Registration: A Comprehensive Review on Technologies and Procedures
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33477526
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2479952012
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2480518051
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7831109
https://doaj.org/article/dd63c286d0bd4b788ee60f51c0101b09
Volume 21
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3di9QwEB_u40UfxG-r5xLFB1-qbdI2jSByd-zeIewh6y3sW8nnnXB0dbsH-t8703bLrSw-tNBmGtJMPuaXZH4D8M4JrVwpTawcueTkWsdKWBNbk6TOCCHLhPydpxfF-Tz7usgXe7CJsdlXYLMT2lE8qfnq5sPvX3--YIf_TIgTIfvHhmALTrVyHw5xQpIUyGCaDZsJXCAM60iFtsW3pqKWsX-Xmfnvack708_kITzo7UZ23Cn6Eez5-jHcv8Mm-ASaGRp9Mfl0tGLkstCwGVGzUuWzziGRXU6_x-PxGTtdxjN_NdDmfmLHjMaGlb_ujrSzbteA4ZfD8juiaqZrx1rvAszPN09hPhlfnp7HfUyF2CIQXsdSB--UCUoXwnHvZZ5amQdvdZkHnlnUm-ReeRlyIUVR6kxyHfBJBxEoFswzOKiXtX8BzCapSRNruMp0lhqhBGaRGBWECGmwRQTvN9Vb2Z5wnOJe3FQIPEgT1aCJCN4Ooj87lo1dQieko0GAiLHbF8vVVdX3s8q5QlheFi4xLjOI770vEiy4JS49k6gIjjYarjaNreIZ0eKhKcQjeDMkYz-jzRNd--UtyZQ4ftEVwfOuQQwlESKTMuf4x3KrqWwVdTul_nHdcnnLUhDn68v_F-sV3ON0liZJ47Q8goP16ta_RmNobUawLxcS7-XkbASHJ-OLb7NRu7AwajvBX_4zD3Y
linkProvider Scholars Portal
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9QwELZKOQAHxJtAAYNA4mI1sZM4QUKolN1uabeHZSv1FvxsK1VJ2WyF-FP8Rmbyoosqbj3kkHhiTTLj8Yzt-YaQt1ao3GZSs9xiSk6iFMuF0czoMLJaCJmFmO88PUgnh_HXo-Rojfzuc2HwWGVvExtDbSuDa-SbPEboMpiu-KfzHwyrRuHual9Co1WLPffrJ4Rs9cfdLyDfd5yPR_PtCeuqCjADoeCSSeWdzbXPVSosd04mkZGJd0ZlieexAc4ld7mTPhFSpJmKJVce7pQXHquhQL83yM1YwEyOmenjnSHAExDvtehF0Bhu1hhOgQsgV-a8pjTAVf7sv8cyL81z43vkbueg0q1Wo-6TNVc-IHcuwRY-JPUMvEuGySMNGeZG1HSGGLAoZdpmPtL59BsbjXbodsVm7njA5_1AtygaoYU7ac_O03Z7gsKbwzo_hO9UlZY2aQzQn6sfkcNr-c2PyXpZle4poSaMdBQazfNYxZEWuYAuQp17IXzkTRqQ9_3vLUyHbI4FNs4KiHBQEsUgiYC8GUjPWziPq4g-o4wGAkTgbh5Ui-OiG9CFtakwPEttqG2sZZY5l4bAuEHQPh3mAdnoJVx0ZqEu_ipxQF4PzTCgcZdGla66QJoMDCVeAXnSKsTAiRCxlAmHL5YrqrLC6mpLeXrSgIbLTCC47LP_s_WK3JrMp_vF_u7B3nNym-MBnjBiUbZB1peLC_cCPLClftmoPSXfr3uc_QEmV0hD
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9QwEB6VrYToAfFmoYBBIHGxNrGTOEZCqI9dWkpX1dJKvaV-tpVQtmy2Qvw1fh2eJBu6qOLWQw6JJ5bjGY9n4plvAN5arqTNhabSYkpOqhSV3GhqdBRbzbnII8x33h9nO0fJl-P0eAV-L3JhMKxyoRNrRW2nBv-RD1iC0GVhu2ID34ZFHGyPPl38oFhBCk9aF-U0GhHZc79-Bvet-ri7HXj9jrHR8HBrh7YVBqgJbuGcCuWdldpLlXHLnBNpbETqnVF56lliwlcI5qQTPuWCZ7lKBFM-3CnPPVZGCf3eglWBXlEPVjeH44NJ5-7x4P01WEacy2hQoXMVDAKxtAPWhQKus27_DdK8suuN7sHd1lwlG4183YcVVz6AtSsghg-hmgRbk2IqSU2GmRIVmSAiLPKcNHmQ5HD_Gx0OP5OtKZ240w6t9wPZIKiSZu6siaQnzWEFCW92f_2DM09UaUmd1BD6c9UjOLqRiX4MvXJauqdATBTrODKayUQlseaShy4iLT3nPvYm68P7xfQWpsU5x3Ib34vg7yAnio4TfXjTkV404B7XEW0ijzoCxOOuH0xnp0W7vAtrM25YntlI20SLPHcui8LADUL46Uj2YX3B4aJVElXxV6T78LprDssbz2xU6aaXSJMHtYlXH540AtGNhPNEiJSFLxZLorI01OWW8vyshhAXOUeo2Wf_H9YruB3WWPF1d7z3HO4wjOaJYhrn69Cbzy7di2COzfXLVu4JnNz0UvsDmAFN1Q
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Real-Time+Artifacts+Reduction+during+TMS-EEG+Co-Registration%3A+A+Comprehensive+Review+on+Technologies+and+Procedures&rft.jtitle=Sensors+%28Basel%2C+Switzerland%29&rft.date=2021-01-18&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=1424-8220&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=637&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fs21020637&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1424-8220&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1424-8220&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1424-8220&client=summon