Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): An overview of the immunopathology, serological diagnosis and management

SARS‐CoV‐2 is a novel human coronavirus responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the major complications of COVID‐19. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can activate innate and adaptive immune responses and result in massive inflammato...

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Published inScandinavian journal of immunology Vol. 93; no. 4; p. e12998
Main Authors Anka, Abubakar Umar, Tahir, Mohammed Ibrahim, Abubakar, Sharafudeen Dahiru, Alsabbagh, Mohamed, Zian, Zeineb, Hamedifar, Haleh, Sabzevari, Araz, Azizi, Gholamreza
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England John Wiley and Sons Inc 01.04.2021
Subjects
Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use
COVID-19 - diagnosis
COVID-19 - drug therapy
COVID-19 - immunology
COVID-19 - therapy
COVID-19 Serological Testing
Cytokine Release Syndrome
Humans
Immunologic Factors - therapeutic use
Lymphopenia
Pandemics
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Review
Reviews
SARS-CoV-2 - physiology
Virus Replication
COVID-19
acute respiratory distress syndrome
cytokine storm
immunopathology
hyperinflammation
coronavirus disease 2019
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Abstract SARS‐CoV‐2 is a novel human coronavirus responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the major complications of COVID‐19. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can activate innate and adaptive immune responses and result in massive inflammatory responses later in the disease. These uncontrolled inflammatory responses may lead to local and systemic tissue damage. In patients with severe COVID‐19, eosinopenia and lymphopenia with a severe reduction in the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells are a common feature. COVID‐19 severity hinges on the development of cytokine storm characterized by elevated serum levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, IgG‐, IgM‐ and IgA‐specific antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 can be detected in most patients, along with the viral RNA, forming the basis for assays that aid in patient diagnosis. Elucidating the immunopathological outcomes due to COVID‐19 could provide potential targets for immunotherapy and are important for choosing the best clinical management by consultants. Currently, along with standard supportive care, therapeutic approaches to COVID‐19 treatment involve the use of antiviral agents that interfere with the SARS‐CoV‐2 lifecycle to prevent further viral replication and utilizing immunomodulators to dampen the immune system in order to prevent cytokine storm and tissue damage. While current therapeutic options vary in efficacy, there are several molecules that were either shown to be effective against other viruses such as HIV or show promise in vitro that could be added to the growing arsenal of agents used to control COVID‐19 severity and spread.
AbstractList SARS‐CoV‐2 is a novel human coronavirus responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the major complications of COVID‐19. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can activate innate and adaptive immune responses and result in massive inflammatory responses later in the disease. These uncontrolled inflammatory responses may lead to local and systemic tissue damage. In patients with severe COVID‐19, eosinopenia and lymphopenia with a severe reduction in the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells are a common feature. COVID‐19 severity hinges on the development of cytokine storm characterized by elevated serum levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, IgG‐, IgM‐ and IgA‐specific antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 can be detected in most patients, along with the viral RNA, forming the basis for assays that aid in patient diagnosis. Elucidating the immunopathological outcomes due to COVID‐19 could provide potential targets for immunotherapy and are important for choosing the best clinical management by consultants. Currently, along with standard supportive care, therapeutic approaches to COVID‐19 treatment involve the use of antiviral agents that interfere with the SARS‐CoV‐2 lifecycle to prevent further viral replication and utilizing immunomodulators to dampen the immune system in order to prevent cytokine storm and tissue damage. While current therapeutic options vary in efficacy, there are several molecules that were either shown to be effective against other viruses such as HIV or show promise in vitro that could be added to the growing arsenal of agents used to control COVID‐19 severity and spread.
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel human coronavirus responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the major complications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection can activate innate and adaptive immune responses and result in massive inflammatory responses later in the disease. These uncontrolled inflammatory responses may lead to local and systemic tissue damage. In patients with severe COVID-19, eosinopenia and lymphopenia with a severe reduction in the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells are a common feature. COVID-19 severity hinges on the development of cytokine storm characterized by elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, IgG-, IgM- and IgA-specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in most patients, along with the viral RNA, forming the basis for assays that aid in patient diagnosis. Elucidating the immunopathological outcomes due to COVID-19 could provide potential targets for immunotherapy and are important for choosing the best clinical management by consultants. Currently, along with standard supportive care, therapeutic approaches to COVID-19 treatment involve the use of antiviral agents that interfere with the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle to prevent further viral replication and utilizing immunomodulators to dampen the immune system in order to prevent cytokine storm and tissue damage. While current therapeutic options vary in efficacy, there are several molecules that were either shown to be effective against other viruses such as HIV or show promise in vitro that could be added to the growing arsenal of agents used to control COVID-19 severity and spread.SARS-CoV-2 is a novel human coronavirus responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the major complications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection can activate innate and adaptive immune responses and result in massive inflammatory responses later in the disease. These uncontrolled inflammatory responses may lead to local and systemic tissue damage. In patients with severe COVID-19, eosinopenia and lymphopenia with a severe reduction in the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells are a common feature. COVID-19 severity hinges on the development of cytokine storm characterized by elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, IgG-, IgM- and IgA-specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in most patients, along with the viral RNA, forming the basis for assays that aid in patient diagnosis. Elucidating the immunopathological outcomes due to COVID-19 could provide potential targets for immunotherapy and are important for choosing the best clinical management by consultants. Currently, along with standard supportive care, therapeutic approaches to COVID-19 treatment involve the use of antiviral agents that interfere with the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle to prevent further viral replication and utilizing immunomodulators to dampen the immune system in order to prevent cytokine storm and tissue damage. While current therapeutic options vary in efficacy, there are several molecules that were either shown to be effective against other viruses such as HIV or show promise in vitro that could be added to the growing arsenal of agents used to control COVID-19 severity and spread.
Author Zian, Zeineb
Anka, Abubakar Umar
Sabzevari, Araz
Alsabbagh, Mohamed
Hamedifar, Haleh
Azizi, Gholamreza
Tahir, Mohammed Ibrahim
Abubakar, Sharafudeen Dahiru
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Medical Sciences Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria
2 Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
4 Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan Morocco
5 CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center Alborz University of medical sciences Karaj Iran
7 Orchid pharmed Company Tehran Iran
3 Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch Sidra Medicine Doha Qatar
6 CinnaGen Research and production Co Alborz Iran
8 Non‐communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 8 Non‐communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
– name: 3 Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch Sidra Medicine Doha Qatar
– name: 4 Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan Morocco
– name: 6 CinnaGen Research and production Co Alborz Iran
– name: 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Medical Sciences Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria
– name: 2 Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
– name: 5 CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center Alborz University of medical sciences Karaj Iran
– name: 7 Orchid pharmed Company Tehran Iran
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Abubakar Umar
  orcidid: 0000-0001-7983-8284
  surname: Anka
  fullname: Anka, Abubakar Umar
  organization: Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Medical Sciences Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Mohammed Ibrahim
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8611-5452
  surname: Tahir
  fullname: Tahir, Mohammed Ibrahim
  organization: Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Medical Sciences Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Sharafudeen Dahiru
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2947-589X
  surname: Abubakar
  fullname: Abubakar, Sharafudeen Dahiru
  organization: Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Medical Sciences Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Mohamed
  surname: Alsabbagh
  fullname: Alsabbagh, Mohamed
  organization: Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch Sidra Medicine Doha Qatar
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Zeineb
  surname: Zian
  fullname: Zian, Zeineb
  organization: Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan Morocco
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Haleh
  surname: Hamedifar
  fullname: Hamedifar, Haleh
  organization: CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center Alborz University of medical sciences Karaj Iran, CinnaGen Research and production Co Alborz Iran
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Araz
  surname: Sabzevari
  fullname: Sabzevari, Araz
  organization: CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center Alborz University of medical sciences Karaj Iran, Orchid pharmed Company Tehran Iran
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Gholamreza
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5658-2511
  surname: Azizi
  fullname: Azizi, Gholamreza
  organization: Non‐communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33190302$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords COVID-19
acute respiratory distress syndrome
cytokine storm
immunopathology
hyperinflammation
coronavirus disease 2019
Language English
License 2020 The Scandinavian Foundation for Immunology.
This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
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Funding informationThis work was supported by CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Company.
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Snippet SARS‐CoV‐2 is a novel human coronavirus responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are...
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel human coronavirus responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are...
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SubjectTerms Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use
COVID-19 - diagnosis
COVID-19 - drug therapy
COVID-19 - immunology
COVID-19 - therapy
COVID-19 Serological Testing
Cytokine Release Syndrome
Humans
Immunologic Factors - therapeutic use
Lymphopenia
Pandemics
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Review
Reviews
SARS-CoV-2 - physiology
Virus Replication
Title Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): An overview of the immunopathology, serological diagnosis and management
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33190302
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2460999459
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7744910
Volume 93
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